Using international indices

AI strategy document includes commitment to providing formal technical AI training at higher education level

AI skills policies are common to national AI strategies, including initiatives focused on formal education in STEM or AI specific courses, as well as informal, upskilling, training and shorter courses.

AI strategy document includes visa or immigration policies to attract AI talent

The technical AI talent pool is a significant barrier to AI development in many regions. Visa and immigration policies are another lever governments can pull to attract AI talent from other countries and remedy this problem.

Brain drain

Measures the extent to which countries are able to retain highly skilled workers.

Graduates in STEM

Github activity

Technical cybersecurity capacity

Having strong cybersecurity measures ensures that other enabling infrastructure for AI is resilient to attacks, and also ensures that this infrastructure can support the AI ecosystem.

Energy Independence

Countries need a significant amount of energy in order to build, train, and deploy AI technologies. This energy can be bought from other countries, but if a country has enough energy resources to power this themselves, this makes them significantly more resilient to shifting geopolitical dynamics, and helps to support their AI sovereignty.

Electricity access

Electricity is essential to the development and deployment of AI technologies. If a country has high levels of electricity access, this will help AI technologies to be used across the country and economy, and help to reduce the risk that certain regions or populations will be left out

Broadband speed

Stable internet connectivity and telecommunications infrastructure are necessary for creating and deploying AI applications.

4G coverage

Mobile data coverage is an essential part of this, as it helps people in different regions throughout the country access AI technologies, and also helps to ensure data representativeness.

Secure Internet servers (per 1 million people)

Reliable IT infrastructure is a precondition for the adoption of AI. Secure internet servers are a component of this basic infrastructure, essential for data security.

AI in the public sector strategy document

Governments need to develop a view of what they would like to achieve, and what it is possible to achieve, using AI in their public sector, as well as how AI projects should be run by teams across government. This requires a strategy or policy to articulate ambitions and practices. Beyond this, AI projects require talent, financing, and support to ensure sustainability, which a public sector AI strategy or policy can also help coordinate.

Government AI training programmes

Governments need staff with both technical and soft skills to develop and deliver AI projects. Even when the government is procuring an AI system from an external provider, there are concerns that a lack of technical expertise in government lead to dependence on technology providers and inability to fully understand AI systems. Training programmes are an important way to build this expertise within the public sector.

Use of service standards and evaluations

Governments need to evaluate AI solutions carefully to ensure they are effective and deliver for the people who will be using those services. Service standards and evaluation practices are important ways to assess this in government. This process can include feasibility studies, pilots, and post-implementation monitoring.

Data governance policy for public administration

Developing and deploying AI solutions requires high-quality government datasets. For data to meet the requirements of AI developers, datasets must, among other quality criteria, follow established standards, remain consistent, use appropriate formats, and include metadata. A data governance policy helps to ensure the quality of such government data

Govtech support policy

The government plays an important role in facilitating collaborations with AI providers.

Data protection regulation

AI introduces new risks to individual privacy through interference from data and increased surveillance.

Algorithmic Transparency

An essential component of data protection regulation is to maintain people’s access to the logic behind AI decision-making and to enable them to challenge decisions made by AI technologies which affect them.

Cybersecurity regulation

Cybersecurity is an essential element of ensuring that countries are able to develop and deploy safe and secure AI systems.

Ethics principles published

Actions, outputs, outcomes and timeline included in strategy

A detailed roadmap with timelines and outcomes facilitates all government entities’ adoption of, and implementation of, relevant actions in order to support the delivery of the AI strategy.

Responsible agency for AI in strategy

Common agencies that take on this task are ICT agencies, economics or finance agencies, or education, science, and innovation agencies.

Budget allocation announced

Agencies tasked within an AI strategy will require funding to deliver on government priorities.

Membership of, or signatory to, major global AI initiatives

International cooperation is crucial for AI readiness, and especially important for countries in the Global South, where lower institutional capacity might limit AI policy advancement. Inclusive forums allow a wider range of countries to have a voice in AI governance.

Participation in ISO AI standards committee

The ISO AI Standards committee focuses on developing and providing standards and guidance on developing AI applications. Membership in this committee shows that countries are committed to aligning with international standards and best practices in terms of AI development and use.

Use of regulatory sandboxes

The ISO AI Standards committee focuses on developing and providing standards and guidance on developing AI applications. Membership in this committee shows that countries are committed to aligning with international standards and best practices in terms of AI development and use.

Data protection authority

The effectiveness of a government’s regulatory approach relies on having institutions empowered to enforce regulations. An independent data protection authority is especially critical for regulating AI use in the public sector.

Consumer protections authority

AI products and services developed for public use should be monitored and assessed by an independent authority to determine their safety and security.

Competitions authorities

A competitive AI sector is important for catering to different client needs and for innovation. Competition is not inevitable in the AI industry, and governments play an important role in encouraging it. Competition authorities can enforce antitrust laws and promote a level playing field.

Open data portal

Businesses often cite access to quality public data as a barrier to AI adoption and development. Open data can be a key input for AI development, and open data portals make this data accessible to a wide range of actors.

International trade in digitally-deliverable services

Ensuring data can be shared securely across borders is critical for data availability. Companies operating across multiple jurisdictions cite this as a key barrier to AI adoption. To address this in the context of the wider digital economy, countries have been developing cross border data flow agreements that enable sharing of data between countries with data protection regulations. The amount of digital trade is an indicator that gets at this ease of the flow of data.

Socioeconomic divide in connectivity

It is important for AI to benefit all segments of the population. Addressing socioeconomic divides is essential for ensuring AI benefits are widespread and not limited to certain groups.

Gender divide in connectivity

It is important for AI to benefit all segments of the population. Addressing socioeconomic divides is essential for ensuring AI benefits are widespread and not limited to certain groups.

Households access to internet

Labour rights

% Primary energy consumption from fossil fuels, nuclear and renewables

For AI to benefit the population it needs to not contribute to the destruction of the environment or undermine environmental goal. AI's relationship with environmental sustainability is multidirectional, e.g. negative impacts from energy consumption for training and deployment and positive applications. Governments can contribute to sustainability by lowering CO2 emissions from their electricity grids.

Digital skills

Government Effectiveness

AI advisory council

An AI Advisory Council gives governments access to expert knowledge from industry and academia, helping them design informed and effective AI policies.

Publication of strategy updates

Assesses whether countries have published additional policy documentation beyond their National AI Strategy.

Intention to participate in international cooperation on AI r&d in strategy

International cooperation strengthens AI readiness because AI opportunities and challenges cross borders. It enhances the impact and credibility of research, enables access to shared resources like data and compute, and allows more ambitious outcomes than national efforts alone.

Intention to participate in international cooperation on AI governance

AI governance requires international cooperation because AI risks and opportunities are global, while advanced AI development is concentrated in a few companies and countries.

National AI Strategy

Digitalisation of services

AI can be used to improve public services. The digitisation of services demonstrates that government has the delivery methods necessary to incorporate AI-enabled services.

Digital public infrastructure

Digital public infrastructure connects government data, hardware, and services, enabling the development and large-scale deployment of AI solutions. By improving data availability and quality and linking more people to digital systems, it helps governments deliver AI-enabled services more effectively across the country.

Government Interoperability Framework

Using common standards for data and infrastructure across government helps increase the public sector’s leverage as a buyer of AI systems. It also helps to avoid vendor lock-in, which is a common problem in digital government projects.

E-procurement portal

Public sector adoption of AI relies on the availability of providers who can collaborate with the government. An e-procurement portal makes procurement opportunities more accessible to AI providers and facilitates these collaborations.

Advanced AI companies

Having domestic AI companies is important for the development of AI solutions which cater specifically to the socio-economic needs, languages, and values of a country’s population.

AI unicorns

The existence of unicorns, startups valued at over 1 billion USD, indicates the presence of a mature domestic AI sector.

Evidence of government (or PPP) AI startup funding programme

Many early stage AI companies rely on government funding and grants. Having a startup funding programme focused on AI companies will help to support more companies to grow and scale, strengthening a country’s AI ecosystem.

VC availability

Computer software spending

Public cloud providers with AI deployment capacity chips

Actors need access to computing resources to develop and deploy AI models. These resources can be found in the cloud, on premises, or on edge devices.Large AI projects typically rely on servers with AI-capable chips housed in data centres, while smaller projects may use an organisation’s own server rooms.

Public cloud providers with AI training capacity chips

Publicly-owned supercomputers

Publicly-owned compute resources provide the government with greater control over access to compute.

Domestic data centre companies

Although data centre services can be accessed internationally, governments increasingly prefer domestic infrastructure.

Adoption of AI among local businesses

National Research Institute for AI

AI research contributes to the domestic AI sector by generating ideas that can be translated into new businesses or business applications.

Number of AI research papers

R&D spending

Commitment to monitoring systemic AI risks in strategy

As AI models grow more capable and widespread, the scale and severity of risks increase. These include chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) threats stemming from AI lowering barriers to weapon development. Additionally, risks arise from advanced AI systems acting autonomously in ways misaligned with human values and goals, including losing control over models that can self-improve

AI safety institute or AI security institute is set up

AI safety institutes are prominent routes for governments to monitor and prepare for emerging AI risks. These institutes support the development of technical tools for safe and secure AI, and also contribute to global AI resilience.

Countries with cybersecurity agencies

As AI models grow more capable and widespread, the scale and severity of risks increase. These include chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) threats stemming from AI lowering barriers to weapon development.

Share of individuals using the Internet

All individuals who have used the Internet in the last 3 month are counted as Internet users. The Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV etc

UPU postal reliability score

UPU postal reliability index considers the reliability, reach, relevance and resilience of the postal service

Share of individuals with an account

The percent of population that ages 15+ and has an account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider

Secure Internet servers

The number of distinct, publicly-trusted TLS/SSL certificates found in the Netcraft Secure Server Survey

Government agency for persons with disabilities

The government Agency for Persons with Disabilities works with local communities and private providers to support people who have developmental disabilities and their families in living, learning, and working in their communities; provides assistance in identifying the service needs of people with developmental disabilities; and educates the public on disability issues while focusing attention on employment for people with disabilities.

Government agency for icts

Governments play a key role in stimulating the introduction of ICT-enabled solutions adapted to the needs of persons with disabilities, increasing the availability of accessible ICT and promoting the affordability of assistive technologies in social, educational, economic and other domains. These benefits can be achieved through the promotion of national innovation systems that foster public-private collaboration, as well as development and diffusion of knowledge, accessible products and content as well as assistive technologies.

Process to involve dpos in ICT accessibility policy making

The ITU-G3ict Model ICT accessibility policy report is a practical tool for national policy-makers and regulators, for creating ICT accessibility policy frameworks and promoting accessible ICTs and the empowerment of persons with disabilities. It looks at developing national policies in consultation with persons with disabilities, and includes six modules focused on different aspects of ICT accessibility:• amendments to the existing ICT legal framework• public ICT access• mobile communications• television/video programming• public procurement of accessible ICTs.

Country refers to international ICT accessibility standards

Country refers to information and communications technology (ICT) to enhance its livability, workability, and sustainability”. Cities should begin by understanding and adopting an appropriate ICT accessibility standard to help ensure their Smart Cities programs and digital services are inclusive of persons with disabilities and older persons.

ICT accessibility courses available at universities

Making reasonable accommodations in order to provide community members with disabilities an equal opportunity to participate in courses, programs, and activities. universities should ensure that the information and communication technology (ICT) that they create or provide in conducting its programs, services, and activities is accessible to people with disabilities.

Web

Web accessibility means that websites, tools, and technologies are designed and developed so that people with disabilities can use them. More specifically, people can: perceive, understand, navigate, and interact with the Web /contribute to the Web. Such as screen readers, speech recognition, video communication (for sign language communication and video relay interpretation), voice to text services (open and closed captioning, both real-time and embedded) and visual assistance.

TV & multimedia

As far as traditional television sets and broadcasting services are concerned, these technologies continue providing visual, audio and text output through closed captioning. The introduction of digital TV is expanding the range of features and functions that can be enabled for persons with disabilities.

Mobile telephone

Mobile phones have proved to be the ultimate technology to connect the disabled since they have features and services which cater for persons with any disability and can be used to read, write, connect to the Internet, talk and navigate independently.

E-books and digital contents

eBooks can become large-print books with only a few clicks, and most eBook readers offer fonts and line spacing that make reading easier for people who have dyslexia or other visual challenges. Because portable devices are light and easy to hold, eBooks are easier to use for some people who have physical disabilities. Digital information is inherently flexible, so it can be rendered in nearly any format our imaginations permit, such as audio, text, graphics, and movement.

Promoting the internet among persons with disabilities

An accessible Internet holds enormous potential to heighten the inclusion of people with disabilities, facilitating telework, online education, participation in e-government, and formation of relationships that overcome barriers and challenges in the physical world.

Inclusive icts for all in education

The aim is to provide knowledge on contemporary educational approaches that draw on the principles of inclusive education and promote equal learning, participation and opportunities for all students, including students with disabilities. It is also an approach on the significance of the contribution of ICT use in the classroom as a learning tool and especially in the education of disabled students as it assures accessibility and active participation for all students.

Enabling icts for all in employment

The development, procurement, lease, maintenance and use of information and communication technology (ICT) are central to the operation of businesses today. To fully participate in the workforce, applicants and employees with certain types of disabilities (such as those with limited vision and hearing) must have access to and use of information and data that is comparable to the access and use by applicants and employees without these types of disabilities. For example, if an online application system is not accessible, some applicants with disabilities can never “get through the front door.

E-government and smart cities for all

The concepts of e-government and smart city are increasingly used to refer to one another and have started to converge. While e-government was introduced under the flag of better service delivery by focusing on internal processes and the use of information and communications technologies (ICTs) by administrations, the smart city for All Toolkit aims to fix the disparity in cities through smart technology, making cities both smart and accessible to a range of users regardless of their abilities or disabilities.

Enabling assistive technologies and icts for independent living

ICTs are utilized to both facilitate access and assist in independent living. More than any other ICT in use today, mobile devices and services have by far the greatest impact on independent living for persons with disabilities. At the basic level, feature phones provide a means of on-demand communication for the user through both SMS and voice calls. This in itself can enable independent living by ensuring that emergency services, family members, personal aides, assistive and everyday services are just a call or text away.

Procurement of accessible public goods and services for all citizens

A general term used to describe the degree of ease that something (e.g. device, service, environment) can be used and enjoyed by persons with a disability. The term implies conscious planning, design and/or effort to ensure it is barrier free to persons with a disability, and by extension, highly usable and practical for the general population as well"

CRPD ratification (un treaty)

The Convention follows decades of work by the United Nations to change attitudes and approaches to persons with disabilities. It takes to a new height the movement from viewing persons with disabilities as “objects” of charity, medical treatment and social protection towards viewing persons with disabilities as “subjects” with rights, who are capable of claiming those rights and making decisions for their lives based on their free and informed consent as well as being active members of society.

General law protecting the rights of persons with disabilities

The Convention is intended as a human rights instrument with an explicit, social development dimension. It adopts a broad categorization of persons with disabilities and reaffirms that all persons with all types of disabilities must enjoy all human rights and fundamental freedoms. It clarifies and qualifies how all categories of rights apply to persons with disabilities and identifies areas where adaptations have to be made for persons with disabilities to effectively exercise their rights and areas where their rights have been violated, and where protection of rights must be reinforced.

Definition of ICT accessibility

ICT Accessibility Links to resources for making websites, public access terminals, telecommunication devices, and software accessible for people with disabilities.

Definition of reasonable accommodation

Reasonable Accommodation' means necessary and appropriate modification and adjustments not imposing a disproportionate or undue burden, where needed in a particular case, to ensure to persons with disabilities the enjoyment or exercise on an equal basis with others of all human rights and fundamental freedoms.” Additional dispositions affirming and detailing several areas of applicability of the notion of ‘Reasonable Accommodation,’

Universal service obligation includes persons with disabilities

Universal Service Obligation (USO) is a legislation adopted by most countries to equalize telecommunications services opportunities among all citizens. While historically USOs targeted rural populations, an increasing number of countries designate Persons with Disabilities as an underserved segment of the population. The main benefit of such designation is that it supports a funding mechanism (generally named as Universal Service Fund) based on recurring revenues generated by a tax on telecommunications services collected by operators. This provides a predictable source of funding, independent of annual governments budget cycles, to support services such as relay services or other ongoing accessibility services.

Merrakesh ratification

The Marrakesh Treaty was adopted on June 27, 2013 in Marrakesh, Morocco, and it forms part of the body of international copyright treaties administered by WIPO, the World Intellectual Property Organization. It has a clear humanitarian and social development dimension and its main goal is to create a set of mandatory limitations and exceptions for the benefit of the blind, visually impaired, and otherwise print disabled (VIPs).

Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

Mobile cellular telephone subs per 100 inh:The term “mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions” refers to the number of subscriptions to a public mobile-telephone service providing access to the public switched telephone network using cellular technology. It includes both the number of postpaid subscriptions and the number of active prepaid accounts (i.e. accounts that have been active during the previous three months). It includes all mobile-cellular subscriptions that offer voice communications. It excludes subscriptions via data cards or USB modems, subscriptions to public mobile data services, private trunked mobile radio, telepoint, radio paging, machine-to-machine (M2M) and telemetry services.

Percentage of Individuals using the Internet

ICT use / Percentage of individuals using the Internet:“Internet users” refers to the proportion of individuals who used the Internet in the last 12 months. Data are generally based on national household surveys where the percentage should reflect the total population of the country.

Fixed (wired) broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

Fixed wired broadband subscriptions include the total number of subscriptions to the following broadband technologies with download speeds of 256 kbit/s or greater: DSL, cable modem, fiber-to-the-home and other fixed technologies (such as broadband over power lines and leased lines). This indicator is measured in number of subscriptions per 100 inhabitants and in total number of subscriptions.

Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

ICT use / Active mobile broadband subscription per 100 inh:This indicator refers to the sum of active handset-based and computer-based mobile-broadband subscriptions to the public Internet, where users have accessed the Internet in the last three months. It covers actual subscribers, not potential subscribers, even though the latter may have broadband-enabled handsets.

Fixed telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

Percentage of Mobile data and voice high-consumption basket price

This basket refers to the cheapest mobile broadband plan (and add-on) providing at least 2 GB of monthly data using at least 3G technology140 minutes of voice, and 70 SMS messages.

Percentage of Fixed-broadband Internet basket price

Fixed-broadband (wired) Internet traffic is traffic generated by fixed-broadband subscribers and measured at the end-user access point. Such traffic should be measured by tallying up download and upload traffic; this should exclude wholesale traffic, walled garden, Internet Protocol television (IPTV) and cable TV traffic. The indicator is calculated by dividing fixed-broadband Internet traffic by total fixed-broadband subscriptions.

Adult Literacy (%)

Adult literacy rate” is defined as the percentage of the population aged 15 years and over who can read, write, and understand a short, simple statement on his/her everyday life.

Gross Enrollment Ratio

The total number of students enrolled at the primary, secondary and tertiary level, regardless of age, as a percentage of the school-age population.

Expected years of schooling

The term “mean years of schooling” is the average number of completed years of education of a country’s population, excluding years spent repeating individual grades.

Mean years of schooling

The term “mean years of schooling” is the average number of completed years of education of a country’s population, excluding years spent repeating individual grades.

E-government literacy

Measures the level of e-government literacy within a country by assessing key features on government portals.

Online Service Index

The Government Online Service Index (OIS) is one of the three main components of the E-Government Development Index (EGDI) constructed and published by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. The OIS assesses the quality of a government’s delivery of online services on a 0-to-1 (best) scale. The assessment is carried out by researchers, who evaluate “each country’s national website in the native language, including the national portal, e-services portal, and e-participation portal, as well as the websites of the related ministries of education, labor, social services, health, finance, and environment, as applicable.

Content Provision

National portal(s) available in more than ONE official language, Information available about payments for government services through channels other than online,Evidence of free access to services through kiosks/community centers/post offices/libraries/public spaces/free Wi-Fi, Links and references for EMPLOYMENT for youth, Information about service provision in partnership with the private sector.

E-participation

The E-Participation Index measures the use of online services to facilitate provision of information by governments to citizens (“e-information sharing”), interaction with stakeholders (“e-consultation”) and engagement in decision-making processes (“e-decision making”).

Institutional Framework

Information available on the organizational structure and/or chart of the government, Names/titles of heads of government agencies/departments/ministries available on the national portal(s),Digital ID to access online services, Legislation/law/policy/regulation on e-participation.

Service Provision

E-procurement platform for bidding processes/submission of tenders, Service provision on Income taxes,Registration for a new company or business entity,Land title registration, Pay online for government fees or fines, Apply for: Receiving an affidavit of criminal record/background clearance,Access to justice: retrieve information.

Technology

Availability of Tutorials or guidance to understand and use online services, Accessibility by citizens/businesses to own data, Responsive web design, Evidence of being updated in the past month, Advanced search options

E-information

E-information: Enabling participation by providing citizens with public information and access to information without or upon demand.

E-decision-making

E-decision-making: Empowering citizens through co-design of policy option and co-production of service components and delivery modalities.

E-consultation

E-consultation: Engaging citizens in contributions to and deliberation on public policies and services.

National CERT/CIRT/ CSIRT

CIRT-CSIRT-CERT: computer incident response teams, staffed concrete organizational entities that are assigned the responsibility for coordinating and supporting the response to computer security events or incidents on national or government level.

National framework for implementation of cybersecurity standards

Adopted a national framework (or frameworks) for the implementation of internationally recognized cybersecurity standards within the public sector (government agencies) and within the critical infrastructure (even if operated by the private sector). These standards include, but are not limited to, those developed by the following agencies: ISO, ITU, IETF, IEEE, ATIS, OASIS, 3GPP, 3GPP2, IAB, ISOC, ISG, ISI, ETSI, ISF, RFC, ISA, IEC, NERC, NIST, FIPS, PCI DSS, etc.

Sectorial CERT/CIRT/ CSIRT

A sectoral CIRT/CSIRT/CERT is an entity that responds to computer security or cybersecurity incidents which affect a specific sector. Sectoral CERTs are usually established for critical sectors such as healthcare, public utilities, academia, emergency services and the financial sector. The sectoral CERT provides its services to constituents from a single sector only.

Technical mechanisms and capabilities to address spam

Cloud for cybersecurity purposes in the public sector

Child Online Protection

This indicator measures the existence of a national agency dedicated to Child Online Protection, the availability of a national telephone number to report issues associated with children online, any technical mechanisms and capabilities deployed to help protect children online, and any activity by government or non-government institutions to provide knowledge and support to stakeholders on how to protect children online telephone number, email address, web forms and other, where the interested parties can report incidents or concerns related to Child Online Protection (COP).

Bilateral cybersecurity agreements

Bilateral agreements (one-to-one agreements) refer to any officially recognized national or sector‑specific partnerships for sharing cybersecurity information or assets across borders by the government with one other foreign government and regional entity (i.e., the cooperation or exchange of information, expertise, technology and other resources). The indicator also measures whether information sharing of threat intelligence. Capacity building refers to the sharing of professional tools, advanced envelopment of experts, and others.

Cybersecurity multilateral agreements

Multilateral agreements (one to multiparty agreements) refers to any officially recognized national or sector-specific programs for sharing cybersecurity information or assets across borders by the government with multiple foreign governments or international organizations (i.e. the cooperation or exchange of information, expertise, technology and other resources).

Government participation in international cybersecurity mechanisms

It may also include ratification of international agreements regarding cybersecurity, such as African Union Convention on Cyber Security and Personal Data Protection, Budapest Convention on Cybercrime and others.

Partnerships with the private sector (PPPs)

Public‑private partnerships (PPP) refer to ventures between the public and private sector. This performance indicator measures the number of officially recognized national or sector‑specific PPPs for sharing cybersecurity information and assets (people, processes, tools) between the public and private sector (i.e. official partnerships for the cooperation or exchange of information, expertise, technology and/or resources), whether nationally or internationally

Inter agency cooperation

This performance indicator refers to any official partnerships between the various government agencies within the nation state (does not refer to international partnerships). This can designate partnerships for information- or asset-sharing between ministries, departments, programs and other public sector institutions.

Best practice

National Cybersecurity Strategy

The development of policy to promote cybersecurity as one of national top priorities. A national cybersecurity strategy should define the maintaining of resilient and reliable national critical information infrastructures including the security and the safety of citizens; protect the material and intellectual assets of citizens, organizations and the nation; respond, prevent cyber-attacks against critical infrastructures; and minimize damage and recovery time from cyber-attacks.

Responsible Agency

A responsible agency for implementing the national cybersecurity strategy/policy can include permanent committees, official working groups, advisory councils, or cross-disciplinary centers. Such a body may also be directly responsible for the national CIRT. The responsible agency may exist within the government and may have the authority to compel other agencies and national bodies to implement policies and adopt standards.

Cybersecurity metrics

Existence of any officially recognized national or sector‑specific benchmarking exercises or referential used to measure cybersecurity development, risk-assessment strategies, cybersecurity audits, and other tools and activities for a rating or evaluating resulting performance for future improvements. For example, based on ISO/IEC 27004, which is concerned with measurements relating to information security management.

Child Online Protection

Refers to legal, technical, and policy measures implemented by countries to safeguard children from online risks and cyber threats.

Cybercrime substantive law

Substantive law refers to all categories of public and private law, including the law of contracts, real property, torts, wills, and criminal law that essentially creates, defines, and regulates rights.

Cybersecurity regulations

Regulation is rule based and meant to carry out a specific piece of legislation. Regulations are enforced usually by a regulatory agency formed or mandated to carry out the purpose or provisions of a legislation. Cybersecurity regulation designates the principles, to be abided by various stakeholders, emanating from and being part of the implementation of laws dealing with data protection, breach notification, cybersecurity certification/standardization requirements, implementation of cybersecurity measures, cybersecurity audit requirements, privacy protection, child online protection, digital signatures and e-transactions, and the liability of Internet service providers.

Containment or curbing of spam

Public cybersecurity awareness campaigns

Public awareness includes efforts to promote campaigns to reach as many citizens as possible as well as making use of NGOs, institutions, organizations, ISPs, libraries, local trade organizations, community centers, community colleges and adult education programs, schools and parent-teacher organizations to get the message across about safe cyber-behavior online. This includes actions such as setting up portals and websites to promote awareness, disseminating support materials and other relevant activities.

Training for Cybersecurity Professionals

The existence of sector-specific professional training programs for raising awareness for the general public (i.e., national cybersecurity awareness day, week, or month), promoting cybersecurity education for the workforce of different profiles (technical, social sciences, etc.) and promoting certification of professionals in either the public or the private sector. It also includes cybersecurity training for law enforcement officers, judicial and other legal actors designate professional and technical training that can be recurring for police officers, enforcement agents, judges, solicitors, barristers, attorneys, lawyers, paralegals and other persons of the legal and law enforcement profession. This indicator also includes the existence of a government-approved (or endorsed) framework (or frameworks) for the certification and accreditation of professionals by internationally recognized cybersecurity standards. These certifications, accreditations, and standards include, but are not limited to, the following: Cloud Security knowledge (Cloud Security Alliance), CISSP, SSCP, CSSLP CBK, Cybersecurity Forensic Analyst (ISC²), and other.

Educational programs/academic curricula in cybersecurity

Existence and the promotion of national education courses and programs to train the younger generation in cybersecurity-related skills and professions in schools, colleges, universities and other learning institutes. Cybersecurity-related professions include, but are not limited to, cryptanalysts, digital forensics experts, incident responders, security architects and penetration testers.

Educational programs/academic curricula in cybersecurity

Existence and the promotion of national education courses and programs to train the younger generation in cybersecurity-related skills and professions in schools, colleges, universities and other learning institutes. Cybersecurity-related professions include, but are not limited to, cryptanalysts, digital forensics experts, incident responders, security architects and penetration testers.

Research and development programs

This indicator measures the investment into national cybersecurity research and development programs at institutions that could be private, public, academic, non-governmental, or international. It also considers the presence of a nationally recognized institutional body overseeing the program. Cybersecurity research programs include but are not limited to, malware analysis, cryptography research, and research into system vulnerabilities and security models and concepts. Cybersecurity development programs refer to the development of hardware or software solutions that include but are not limited to firewalls, intrusion prevention systems, honey pots, and hardware security modules. The presence of an overarching national body to increase coordination among the various institutions and the sharing of resources is required.

Government incentive mechanisms

This indicator looks at any incentive efforts by the government to encourage capacity building in the field of cybersecurity, whether through tax breaks, grants, funding, loans, disposal of facilities, and other economic and financial motivators, including dedicated and nationally recognized institutional body overseeing cybersecurity capacity-building activities. Incentives increase the demand for cybersecurity-related services and products, which improves defenses against cyber threats.

National cybersecurity industry

A favorable economic, political, and social environment supporting cybersecurity development incentivizes the growth of a private sector around cybersecurity. The existence of public awareness campaigns, workforce development, capacity building, and government incentives drive a market for cybersecurity products and services. The existence of a home-grown cybersecurity industry is a testament to such a favorable environment and drives the growth of cybersecurity start-ups and associated cyber-insurance markets.

Knowledge-intensive employment

Sum of people in categories 1 to 3 as a percentage of total people employed, according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO). Categories included in ISCO-08 are: 1 Managers, 2 Professionals, and 3 Technicians and associate professionals.

Firms offering formal training

The percentage of firms offering formal training programs for their permanent, full-time employees in the sample of firms in the World Bank’s Enterprise Survey in each country.

GERD performed by business enterprise

Gross expenditure on R&D performed by business enterprise as a percentage of GDP

GERD financed by business enterprise

Gross expenditure on R&D financed by business enterprise as a percentage of total gross expenditure on R&D.

Females employed with advanced degrees

The percentage of females employed with advanced degrees out of total employed. The employed comprise all persons of working age who, during a specified brief period, were in one of the following categories: (1) paid employment (whether at work or with a job but not at work); or (2) self-employment (whether at work or with an enterprise but not at work).

Youth demographic dividend, %

The Youth Demographic Dividend refers to the share of the population aged 0–24 years as a percentage of the total population. It reflects the potential economic and innovation-related advantage that a country may derive in the future from a large youth cohort. This demographic structure is referred to as a “dividend” because, if effectively educated and integrated into the labor force, young people can enhance future innovation capacity, sustain long-term economic growth, and mitigate the effects of population aging.

Trademark application class count by origin

A “trademark” is a sign used by the owner of certain products or provider of certain services to distinguish them from the products or services of other companies. A trademark can consist of words and/or combinations of words, such as slogans, Names, logos, figures and images, letters, numbers, sounds, and moving images, or a combination thereof.

Industrial design by origin

Sum of Global Brand Values, top 5,000 as a percentage of GDP. Brand Finance calculates brand value using the Royalty Relief methodology, which determines the value a company would be willing to pay to license its brand as if it did not own it. The methodology is compliant with industry standards set in ISO 10668. ISO This approach involves estimating the future revenue attributable to a brand and calculating a royalty rate that would be charged for the use of the brand.

ICTs and business model creation

An “industrial design” is a set of exclusive rights granted by law to applicants for protecting the Ornamental or aesthetic aspect of their products. An industrial design is valid for a limited period of time and within a limited territory. A resident industrial design application refers to an application filed with the IP office for or on behalf of the applicant’s country of residence.

ICTs and organizational model creation

Average answer to the question: In your country, to what extent do ICTs enable new organizational models (e.g., virtual teams, remote working, telecommuting)

Global brand value, top 5,000

Intangible asset intensity, top 15, %

The data cover a global list of firms for which intangible asset value and total firm value are observed. Only the top 15 firms of each economy are considered, ranked by intangible assets in absolute terms (in USD). Countries with fewer than 15 firms are not considered. For each firm, the intangible asset value is divided by the firm’s total value before computing the arithmetic mean across the top 15 firms for each economy

Patent applications by origin

A resident patent application refers to an application filed with an IP office for or on behalf of the first-named applicant’s country of residence. For example, an application filed with the Japan Patent Office (JPO) by a resident of Japan is considered a resident application for Japan.

PCT patents by inventor origin/bn ppp$ GDP

A PCT application refers to an international patent applications filed through the WIPO-administered Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT). The PCT system makes it possible to seek patent protection for an invention simultaneously in a number of countries by filing a single international patent application. The origin of PCT applications is defined by the residence of the first-named applicant.

Utility models by origin

Terms and conditions for granting a utility model are slightly different from those for normal patents and include a shorter term of protection and less stringent patentability requirements. A utility model is sometimes referred to in certain countries as “petty patents”, “short-term patents”, or “innovation patents”. A resident UM application refers to an application filed with an IP office for or on behalf of the first-Named applicant’s country of residence.

Scientific and technical publications

Articles are counted on a count basis (rather than a fractional basis)—that is, for articles with collaborating institutions from multiple countries/economies, each country/economy receives credit on the basis of its participating institutions. The data are reported per billion PPP$ GDP.

Citable documents H index

The H-index expresses the journal’s number of articles (H) that have received at least H citations. It quantifies both journal scientific productivity and scientific impact. The H-index is tabulated from the number of citations received in subsequent years by articles published in a given year, divided by the number of articles published that year.

Ease of getting credit

These scores are the score for the sum of the strength of the legal rights index (range 0–12) and the depth of credit information index (range 0–8). Doing Business measures the legal rights of borrowers and lenders with respect to secured transactions through one set of indicators and the reporting of credit information through another. The first set of indicators measures whether certain features that facilitate lending exist within the applicable collateral and bankruptcy laws. The second set measures the coverage, scope, and accessibility of credit information available through credit reporting service providers such as credit bureaus or credit registries. Although Doing Business compiles data on getting credit for public registry coverage (% of adults) and for private bureau coverage (% of adults), these indicators are not included in the ranking.

Domestic credit to private sector

Domestic credit to private sector” refers to financial resources provided to the private sector by financial corporations, such as through loans, purchases of nonequity securities, and trade credits and other accounts receivable that establish a claim for repayment. For some countries, these claims include credit to public enterprises. The financial corporations include monetary authorities and deposit money banks, as well as other financial corporations where data are available (including corporations that do not accept transferable deposits but do incur such liabilities as time and savings deposits).

Microfinance institutions gross loan portfolio

Combined gross loan balances of microfinance institutions (current US$) in a country as a percentage of its GDP (current US$).

Finance for startups and scaleups

Average perception scores (five-year average) of experts on finance for starting and growing firms. Experts in different fields assess conditions for entrepreneurship in their country via statements (1=completely false; 10 = completely true).

Loans from microfinance institutions, % GDP

Outstanding loans from all microfinance institutions in a country as a percentage of its GDP

ICT access

The ICT access index, previously part of the ITU ICT Development Index, is a composite index that weights five ICT indicators (20% each): (1) Fixed telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; (2) Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; (3) International Internet bandwidth (bit/s) per Internet user; (4) Percentage of households with a computer; and (5) Percentage of households with Internet access.

ICT use

The ICT use index, previously part of the ITU ICT Development Index, is a composite index that weights three ICT indicators (33% each): (1) Percentage of individuals using the Internet; (2) Fixed (wired)-broadband Internet subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; (3) Active mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants.

Government online service

The Online Services Index component of the E-Government Development Index is a composite indicator measuring the use of ICTs by governments in delivering public services at the national level.

online e-participation

The E-Participation Index (EPI) is derived as a supplementary index to the United Nations E-Government Survey. It extends the dimension of the Survey by focusing on the government use of online services in providing information to its citizens or “e-information sharing”, interacting with stakeholders or “e-consultation” and engaging in decision-making processes or “e-decision-making.”

Ease of protecting minority investors

This ranking is the sum of the scores for the extent of conflict of interest regulation index and the extent of shareholder governance index. The extent of conflict of interest regulation index measures the protection of shareholders against directors’ misuse of corporate assets for personal gain by distinguishing three dimensions of regulation that address conflicts of interest: transparency of related-party transactions (extent of disclosure index), shareholders ‘ability to sue and hold directors liable for self-dealing (extent of director liability index), and access to evidence and allocation of legal expenses in shareholder litigation(ease of shareholder suits index).

Market capitalization

Market capitalization (also known as “market value”) is the share price times the number of shares outstanding (including their several classes) for listed domestic companies. Investment funds, unit trusts, and companies whose only business goal is to hold shares of other listed companies are excluded.

VC investors, deal count/bn ppp$ GDP

Thomson Reuters Eikon data on private equity deals, per deal, with information on the location of investment, investment company, investor firms, funds, and crowdfunding, among other details.

Venture capital (vc) received, deal count/bn ppp$ GDP

Venture capital received, value, % GDP

Refinitiv data on private equity deals, per deal, with information on the location of the firm investing in a venture capital (VC) deal, among other details. The data represent the three-year average of 2019–21 deals invested in and are reported per billion PPP$ GDP.

Late-stage VC deal count, % global VC

Indicator that reflects the total number of VC late-stage deal counts going to a venture or company which has its headquarters in the underlying economy. The transactions encompass both Late Stage and Venture Growth rounds, according to the firm’s internal stage classification system. Late-Stage VC is defined as either (1) financings for companies that are five or more years old, regardless of round label, or (2) rounds labelled Series C or later, regardless of company age. Venture Growth typically includes Series E and beyond. In cases where a round label is not available, classification is determined by factors such as company age, number of prior VC rounds, investor type, and company status. Only equity and mixed equity-debt financings are included. Full-debt financings are excluded. The data corresponds to VC deals between January 1, 2022, and December 31, 2024. The data represent the three-year average of 2022–24 deals and are reported as a percentage of all VC deals worldwide at all investment stages.

VC investor co-participation/bn PPP$ GDP

Indicator that captures VC deals received by investor location, using fractional counting. For each deal, the total is divided equally among all participating investors (i.e., 1/n per investor, where n is the number of investors). The resulting fractions are aggregated by the investors’ country of headquarters. This methodology ensures that the total number of deals is preserved when summing across countries with known investor locations. The data corresponds to VC deals between January 1, 2022, and December 31, 2024. The data represent the three-year average of 2022–24 deals and are reported per billion PPP$ GDP.

Regulatory quality

Index that reflects perceptions of the ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development.

Rule of law

Index that reflects perceptions of the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, property rights, the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence.

Cost of redundancy dismissal

Sum of notice period and severance pay for redundancy dismissal (salary in weeks, averages for workers with 1, 5, and 10 years of tenure, with a minimum threshold of 8 weeks) Redundancy costs measure the cost of advance notice requirements and severance payments due when terminating a redundant worker, expressed in weeks of salary.

Electricity output

Electricity output

Logistics performance

Logistics performance: A multidimensional assessment of logistics performance, the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) ranks 160 countries combining data on six core performance components into a single aggregate measure—including customs performance, infrastructure quality, and timeliness of shipments. The LPI’s six components are: (1) the efficiency of customs and border management clearance (“Customs”); (2) the quality of trade and transport infrastructure (“Infrastructure”); (3) the ease of arranging competitively priced shipments (“International shipments”); (4) the competence and quality of logistics services (“Services Quality”); (5) the ability to track and trace consignments (“Tracking and tracing”); and (6) the frequency with which shipments reach consignees within scheduled or expected delivery times (“Timeliness”). The LPI consists therefore of both qualitative and quantitative measures and helps build profiles of logistics friendliness for these countries.

Gross capital formation

Gross capital formation is expressed as a ratio of total investment in current local currency to GDP in current local currency. Investment or gross capital formation is measured by the total value of the gross fixed capital formation and changes in inventories and acquisitions less disposals of valuables for a unit or sector, on the basis of the System of National Accounts (SNA) of 1993.

University/industry research collaboration

Average answer to the survey question: In your country, to what extent do businesses and universities collaborate on research and development (R&D) [1 = do not collaborate at all; 7 = collaborate extensively]

State of cluster development

Average answer to the survey question on the role of clusters in the economy: In your country, how widespread are well-developed and deep clusters (geographic concentrations of firms, suppliers, producers of related products and services, and specialized institutions in a particular field)? [1 = non-existent; 7 = widespread in many fields]

GERD financed by abroad

Percentage of gross expenditure on R&D financed by abroad (billions, national currency)—that is, with foreign financing as a percentage of GDP (billions, national currency).

Joint venture/strategic alliance deals

Thomson Reuters data on joint ventures/strategic alliances deals, per deal, with details on the country of origin of partner firms, among others. The series corresponds to a query on joint venture/strategic alliance deals from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019, for a total of 10,535 deals announced in 2019, with firms headquartered in 122 GII participating economies. Each participating nation of each company in a deal (n countries per deal) gets, per deal,a score equivalent to 1/n (with the effect that all country scores add up to 10,535). The data are reported per billion PPP$ GDP.

Patent families filed in two offices

A “patent family” is a set of interrelated patent applications filed in one or more countries or jurisdictions to protect the same invention. Patent families containing applications filed in at least two different offices is a subset of patent families where protection of the same invention is sought in at least two different countries.

Innovation linkage

Public Research–Industry co-publications, %

Public–private co-authored research publications as a percentage of all research publications. Research publications are limited to the following four main fields of science: Biomedical and health sciences, Life and earth sciences, Mathematics and computer science, and Physical sciences and engineering. The definition of the "private sector" includes all for profit business enterprises, covering all manufacturing and services sectors. This includes research institutes and other corporate R&D laboratories that are fully funded or owned by for profit business enterprises. Organizations in the private education sector and private healthcare sector organizations (including hospitals and clinics) are not classified as private sector.

University industry & international engagement, top 5

Average score of the top five universities per country, based on the Times Higher Education World University Rankings. The score is calculated as the average of the International Outlook score (encompassing international staff, students, and co-authorship) and the industry score (reflecting industry income and patent citations). For countries with fewer than five universities listed in the THE World University Rankings, the score is the average of all ranked universities. The 2025 ranking corresponds to data from the academic year ended in 2022.

Tertiary enrolment

The ratio of total tertiary enrolment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the tertiary level of education. Tertiary education, whether or not at an advanced research qualification, normally requires, as a minimum condition of admission, the successful completion of education at the secondary level.

Graduates in Science and engineering

The share of all tertiary-level graduates in natural sciences, mathematics, statistics, information and technology, manufacturing, engineering, and construction as a percentage of all tertiary-level graduates.

Tertiary inbound mobility

The number of students from abroad studying in a given country as a percentage of the total tertiary-level enrolment in that country.

GDP per unit of energy use

Purchasing power parity gross domestic product (PPP$ GDP) per kilogram of oil equivalent of energy use. Total primary energy supply (TPES) is made up of production + imports - exports - international marine bunkers - international aviation bunkers +/– stock changes.

Environmental performance

These indicators provide a gauge at a national scale of how close countries are to established environmental policy targets. The EPI offers a scorecard that highlights leaders and laggards in environmental performance and provides practical guidance for countries that aspire to move toward a sustainable future.

ISO 14001 environmental certificates

ISO 14001:2015 specifies the requirements for an environmental management system that an organization can use to enhance its environmental performance. ISO 14001 is intended for use by an organization seeking to manage its environmental responsibilities in a systematic manner that contributes to the environmental pillar of sustainability. ISO 14001 helps an organization achieve the intended outcomes of its environmental management system, which provide value for the environment, the organization itself, and interested parties.

Low-carbon energy use, %

The low-carbon intensive energy share is calculated based on its share of a country’s total primary energy consumption (expressed in petajoules). Primary energy is the energy available in raw, unprocessed natural resources that serve as inputs into the energy system. It measures total energy consumed before any significant efficiency losses due to converting it to secondary energy (a transportable form) or final energy (delivered to the consumer). The full energy mix is considered, comprising high-carbon intensive fossil fuel sources; oil, coal, and natural gas; as well as low-carbon intensive sources; hydro, nuclear, wind, biomass, solar, geothermal, etc.

Labor productivity growth

Growth rate of real GDP per person employed (constant 1990 PPP$), average of three last available years. Growth of gross domestic product (GDP) per person engaged provides a measure of labor productivity (defined as output per unit of labor input). GDP per person employed is GDP divided by total employment in the economy. PPP$ GDP is Constant 1990 in U.S. dollars, expressed in 1990 GK PPP, Millions. While this is a relatively robust measure, it does not correct for part-time jobs as it merely counts people who are employed. Hence, GDP per person employed is somewhat underestimated in countries with a higher share of part-time workers, which are mostly OECD countries.

New business density

Number of newly registered corporations per 1,000 working-age (15–64 years old). The units of measurement are private, formal sector companies with limited liability.

Total computer software spending

Computer software spending includes the total value of purchased or leased packaged software such as operating systems, database systems, programming tools, utilities, and applications. It excludes expenditures for internal software development and outsourced custom software development.

High-tech manufacturing

High-tech and medium-high-tech output as a percentage of total manufactures output, on the basis of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) classification of Technology Intensity Definition.

Unicorn valuation

Total valuation of all unicorns in a country as a percentage of GDP. A unicorn company is a private company with a valuation over $1 billion. Unicorn companies as of April 7, 2023, with 1,207 unicorns worldwide.

Gross expenditure on R&D (GERD)

Total domestic intramural expenditure on R&D during a given period as a percentage of GDP. “Intramural R&D expenditure” is all expenditure for R&D performed within a statistical unit or sector of the economy during a specific period, whatever the source of funds

Global RnD companies, average expenditure, top 3

Average expenditure on R&D of the top three global companies. If a country has fewer than three global companies listed, the figure is either the average of the sum of the two companies listed or the total for a single listed company. A score of 0 is given to countries with no listed companies.

QS university ranking average score of top 3 universities

Average score of the top three universities per country. If fewer than three universities are listed in the QS ranking of the global top 1000 universities, the sum of the scores of the listed universities is divided by three, thus implying a score of zero for the non-listed universities.

Researchers FTE

Researchers per million population, FTE. Researchers in R&D are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods, or systems and in the management of the projects concerned. Postgraduate PhD students (ISCED97 level 6) engaged in R&D are included.

Cultural and creative services exports

World Trade Organization

National feature films produced

A film with a running time of 60 minutes or longer. It includes works of fiction, animation, and documentaries. It is intended for commercial exhibition in cinemas. Feature films produced exclusively for television broadcasting, as well as newsreels and advertising films, are excluded.

Entertainment and media market

The Global Entertainment & Media Outlook (the Outlook) is a comprehensive source of global analyses and five-year forecasts of consumer and advertising spending across 53 territories for 14 entertainment and media segments.

Printing publications and other media output

Printing, and reproduction of recorded media output (ISIC Revision 4 Division 18, group 181 with class 1811 and 1812 and group 182 with class 1820) as a percentage of total manufacturing output.

Creative goods exports

Total value of creative goods exports (current US$) over total trade.

Ease of starting a business

Doing Business records all procedures officially required, or commonly done in practice, for an entrepreneur to start up and formally operate an industrial or commercial business, as well as the time and cost to complete these procedures and the paid-in minimum capital requirement.

Ease of doing insolvency

The ranking of economies on the ease of resolving insolvency is determined by sorting their scores. These scores are the simple average of the scores for the recovery rate and the strength of insolvency framework index. The recovery rate is recorded as cents on the dollar recovered by secured creditors through reorganization, liquidation, or debt enforcement (foreclosure or receivership) proceedings.

Policies for doing business

The extent to which governments ensure a stable policy environment for doing business.

Entrepreneurship policies and culture

Average perception scores (five-year average) of experts on entrepreneurial policies and entrepreneurial culture. Experts in different fields assess conditions for entrepreneurship in their country via statements (1= completely false; 10 =completely true).

Intellectual property payments

Value according to the Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification EBOPS 2010—that is, code SH charges for the use of intellectual property not included elsewhere as a percentage of total trade. “Total trade” is defined as the sum of total imports code G goods and code SOX commercial services (excluding government goods and services not included elsewhere) plus total exports of code G goods and code SOX commercial services (excluding government goods and services not included elsewhere), divided by 2. According to the sixth edition of the International Monetary Fund’s Balance of Payments Manual, the item “Goods” covers general merchandise, net exports of goods under merchanting, and non-monetary gold.

High tech imports

High-technology imports as a percentage of total trade. High-technology exports and imports contain technical products with a high intensity of R&D, defined by the Eurostat classification, which is based on Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) Revision 4 and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) definition. Commodities belong to the following sectors: aerospace; computers & office machines; electronics; telecommunications; pharmacy; scientific instruments; electrical machinery; chemistry; non-electrical machinery; and armament.

ICT services imports

Telecommunications, computer and information services as a percentage of total trade according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)’s Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification EBOPS 2010, coded SI: Telecommunications, computer and information services.

Foreign direct investment net inflows

Foreign direct investment is the average of the most recent three years of net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock)in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments. This series shows net inflows (new investment inflows less disinvestment) in the reporting economy from foreign investors, and is divided by GDP.

Research talent in business enterprise

Full-time equivalent (FTE) researchers in the business enterprise sector” refers to researchers as professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods, and systems, as well as in the management of these projects, broken down by the sectors in which they are employed (business enterprise, government, higher education, and private non-profit organizations).

Generic TLD

A generic top-level domain (gTLD) is one of the categories of top-level domains (TLDs) maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for use on the Internet. Generic TLDs can be unrestricted (.com, .info, .net, and.org) or restricted—that is, used on the basis of fulfilling eligibility criteria (.biz, .Name, and .pro). Of these, the statistic covers the five generic domains .biz, .info, .org,.net, and .com.

Country code TLD

A country-code top-level domain (ccTLD) is one of the categories of top-level domains (TLDs) maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for use on the Internet. Country-code TLDs are two-letter domains especially designated for a particular economy, country, or autonomous territory"

Wikipedia yearly edits

Data extracted from Wikimedia Foundation’s internal data sources. Data reflects economies with more than 100,000 edit counts in 2019; The data exclude both contributions to the extent that is identifiable in the data sources. Data are reported per million population 15–69 years old.

Mobile apps creation

Global downloads of mobile apps, by origin of the headquarters of the developer/firm, scaled by PPP$ GDP (billions). Global downloads are compiled by App Annie Intelligence, public data sources, and the company’s proprietary forecast model based on data from Google play store and iOS App store in each country between January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2019.

GitHub commits/mn pop. 15–69

GitHub is the world’s largest host of source code, and a commit is the term used for a change on this platform. One or more commits can be saved (or pushed) to projects (or repositories). Thus, “GitHub commit pushes received” refers to the number of batched changes received by publicly-available projects on GitHub within a specific economy.

Top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69

The sum of Generic top-level domains (TLDs) and country-code TLDs as a proportion of thousand population, 15-69 years old. A top-level domain (TLD) encompasses various categories maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for internet use. Generic TLDs cover five generic domains (.biz, .info, .org, .net, and .com), excluding sponsored domains such as .name or .pro, and all new generic TLDs. Country-code TLDs are assigned to specific economies, countries, or territories and represent total domain registrations within each country-code TLD, with exceptions for ccTLDs licensed for global commercial use.

Expenditure on education

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers), expressed as a percentage of GDP.

Government funding per secondary student

Total general (local, regional and central, current and capital) initial government funding of education per student, which includes transfers paid (such as scholarships to students), but excludes transfers received, in this case international transfers to government for education (when foreign donors provide education sector budget support or other support integrated in the government budget). This is then expressed as a share of GDP per capita, in US$.

School life expectancy

Total number of years of schooling that a child of a certain age can expect to receive in the future, assuming that the probability of his or her being enrolled in school at any particular age is equal to the current enrolment ratio for that age.

PISA scales in reading, math and science

PISA is the OECD’s (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) Program for International Student Assessment. PISA measures 15-year-olds’ ability to use their reading, mathematics and science knowledge and skills. Results from PISA indicate the quality and equity of learning outcomes attained around the world.

Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

The number of pupils enrolled in secondary school divided by the number of secondary school teachers (regardless of their teaching assignment).A high pupil-teacher ratio suggests that each teacher has to be responsible for a large number of pupils. In other words, the higher the pupil/ teacher ratio, the lower the relative access of pupils to teachers.

Applied tariff rate, weighted average

"Weighted mean applied tariff” is the average of effectively applied rates weighted by the product import shares corresponding to each partner country. Data are classified using the Harmonized System of trade at the six- or eight-digit level. Tariff line data were matched to Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) revision 3 codes to define commodity groups and import weights. To the extent possible, specific rates have been converted to their ad valorem equivalent rates and have been included in the calculation of weighted mean tariffs. Effectively applied tariff rates at the six- and eight-digit product level are averaged for products in each commodity group. When the effectively applied rate is unavailable, the most favored nation rate is used instead.

Domestic industry diversification

Average answer to the survey question: In your country, how intense is competition in the local markets? [1 = not intense at all; 7 = extremely intense

Domestic market scale

The domestic market size is measured by gross domestic product (GDP) based on the purchasing-power-parity (PPP) valuation of country GDP, in current international dollars (billions).

ISO 9001 quality/bn PPP$ GDP

ISO 9001:2015 specifies requirements for a quality management system when an organization needs to demonstrate its ability to consistently provide products and services that meet customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements, and aims to enhance customer satisfaction through the effective application of the system, including processes for improving the system and assuring conformity to customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements.

IP receipts

Value according to the Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification EBOPS 2010—that is, code SH charges for the use of intellectual property not included elsewhere as a percentage of total trade. Receipts are between residents and non-residents for the use of proprietary rights (such as patents, trademarks, copyrights, industrial processes, and designs including trade secrets, franchises), and for licenses to reproduce or distribute (or both) intellectual property embodied in produced originals or prototypes (such as copyrights on books and manuscripts, computer software, cinematographic works, and sound recordings) and related rights (such as for live performances and television, cable, or satellite broadcast).

High Tech exports

High-technology exports minus re-exports (% of total trade):High-technology exports and imports contain technical products with a high intensity of R&D, defined by the Eurostat classification, which is based on Standard International Trade Classification (SITC).

ICT services export

Telecommunications, computer and information services (% of total trade) according to the Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification EBOPS 2010,

FDI outflows

Foreign direct investment” refers to the average of the most recent three years of direct investment equity flows in an economy. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, and other capital. Direct investment is a category of cross-border investment associated with a resident in one economy having control or a significant degree of influence on the management of an enterprise that is resident in another economy.

Production and export complexity

Operational stability for businesses

Index that measures the likelihood and severity of political, legal, operational or security risks affecting business operations. Scores are annualized, standardized and aggregated for end Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4.

Government effectiveness

Index that reflects perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government’s commitment to such policies.

domestic credit to private sector (% gdp)

Domestic credit to private sector refers to financial resources provided to the private sector by financial corporations, such as through loans, purchases of nonequity securities and trade credits and other accounts receivable, that establish a claim for repayment. For some countries these claims include credit to public enterprises.

msme financing gap (% gdp)

MSME finance gap is estimated as the difference between current supply and potential demand which can potentially be addressed by financial institutions.

tax and contribution rate (% profit)

The total tax rate measures the amount of taxes and mandatory contributions borne by a business in the second year of operation, expressed as a share of commercial profit. The total amount of taxes borne is the sum of all the different taxes and contributions payable after accounting for allowable deductions and exemptions.

bank non-performing loans (%)

Nonperforming loans to total gross loans ratio is calculated by using the value of nonperforming loans (NPLs) as the numerator and the total value of the loan portfolio (including NPLs, and before the deduction of specific loan- loss provisions) as the denominator.

medium- and high-tech activities value added

This variable is defined as the proportion of medium and high technology (MHT) manufacturing value added from the total value added of all manufacturing industries.

industry and services value added (% gdp)

Industry (including construction) corresponds to ISIC divisions 05-43 and includes manufacturing (ISIC divisions 10-33).

labor underutilization rate

The composite measure of labor underutilization represents the share of the extended labor force that are in unemployment, time-related underemployment or the potential labor force.

output per worker

Labour productivity represents the total volume of output (measured in terms of GDP) produced per unit of labour (measured in terms of the number of employed persons) during a given time reference period.

research institutions prominence

Measures the prominence and standing of private and public research institutions. The score is computed as the sum of the inverse ranks of all research institutions in a country included in the Scimago Institutions Rankings (SIR).

growth of innovative companies

Based on response to the survey question: In your country, to what extent do new companies with innovative ideas grow rapidly? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent].

iso 9001 quality certificates (% gdp)

ISO 9001 is defined as the international standard that specifies requirements for a quality management system (QMS). It can be used by any organization, large or small, regardless of its field of activity. GDP data are expressed in billion 2017 US purchasing power parity (PPP) dollars.

iso 14001 environmental certificates (% gdp)

ISO 14001 is defined as the international standard that specifies the requirements for an environmental management system that an organization can use to enhance its environmental performance. It can be used by any organization, large or small, regardless of its field of activity. GDP data are expressed in billion 2017 US purchasing power parity (PPP) dollars.

gerd financed from abroad (%)

Total intramural expenditure on R&D performed during a specific reference period, financed by ‘the rest of the world’ as a percentage of total gross expenditure on R&D.

joint ventures per strategic alliance deals (per billion gdp)

Number of deals, fractional counting (per billion PPP$ GDP). It is from Thomson Reuters data on joint ventures/strategic alliance deals, per deal, with details on the country of origin of partner firms, among others.

computer software spending (% gdp)

Computer software spending includes the total value of purchased or leased packaged software such as operating systems, database systems, programming tools, utilities and applications.

new business density per thousand population

The number of newly registered firms with limited liability per 1,000 working-age people (ages 15-64) per calendar year.

firms with new product/service (%)

Percentage of firms that introduced new or significantly improved products or services over the last three years that were also new for the firms’ main product and services market.

firms constrained with inadequately educated workforce (%)

To what degree is an inadequately educated workforce an obstacle to the current operations of this establishment?

employment educational mismatch (%)

The variable is calculated by summing the number of workers who are under-educated with the number of workers who are over-educated. The sum is divided by the total number of workers.

proportion of skilled production workers

Skilled workers comprise workers in highly skilled production jobs, professionals whose tasks require extensive theoretical and technical knowledge, and workers in semi-skilled production jobs, technicians whose tasks require some level of mechanical or technical knowledge.

unemployment rate with vocational education

The unemployed comprise all persons of working age who were: a) without work during the reference period, i.e. were not in paid employment or self-employment; b) currently available for work, i.e. were available for paid employment or self-employment during the reference period; and c) seeking work, i.e. had taken specific steps in a specified recent period to seek paid employment or self-employment.

share of tvet occupations

Measures the share of workers in TVET occupations among all workers. TVET occupations are categorized according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO).

manufacturing employment (%)

Conveys the share of employment in manufacturing. Employment in manufacturing is defined based on the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC).

enrollment in vocational education, gender parity

Percentage of young people aged 15-24 years participating in technical or vocational education either in formal or non-formal (e.g. work-based or other settings) education, on a given date or during a specified period.

vulnerable employment rate

The employed comprise all persons of working age who, during a specified brief period, were in one of the following categories: a) paid employment (whether at work or with a job but not at work); or b) self-employment (whether at work or with an enterprise but not at work).

Educational attainment rate, bachelor’s or equivalent

Distribution of the population aged 25 years and above according to the highest level of education attained or completed. This variable is usually presented for age groups of at least 25 years and older in order to ensure that the majority of the population has completed their education.

educational attainment rate, master's or equivalent

Distribution of the population aged 25 years and above according to the highest level of education attained or completed. This variable is usually presented for age groups of at least 25 years and older in order to ensure that the majority of the population has completed their education.

educational attainment rate, doctoral or equivalent

Distribution of the population aged 25 years and above according to the highest level of education attained or completed. This variable is usually presented for age groups of at least 25 years and older in order to ensure that the majority of the population has completed their education.

Labor force participation rate with advanced education

The labor force participation rate with an advanced level of education (ISCED 5, 6, 7 and 8) is the labor force with an advanced level education as a percent of the working age population with an advanced level of education.

unemployment rate with advanced education

The percentage of the labor force with an advanced level of education (ISCED 5, 6, 7 and 8) who are unemployed.

university-industry collaboration in r&d

Based on response to the survey question: In your country, to what extent do business and universities collaborate on research and development (R&D)? [1 =do not collaborate at all; 7 = collaborate extensively].

citable documents per r&d personnel in higher education

Citable documents refers to the number of citable documents published by a journal in the three previous years (selected year documents are excluded). Exclusively articles, reviews and conference papers are considered.

government online services

This index assesses e-government development at the national level, based on data collected from an independent survey questionnaire that assesses the national online presence of all 193 United Nations Member States.

fixed broadband internet traffic per subscription

The fixed (wired)- broadband Internet traffic (exabytes) refers to traffic generated by fixed-broadband subscribers measured at the end-user access point. It should be measured adding up download and upload traffic.

mobile broadband internet traffic per subscription

Mobile-broadband Internet traffic (exabytes) refers to broadband traffic volumes originated from 3G networks or other more advanced mobile-networks; including 3G upgrades; and evolutions or equivalent standards in terms of data transmission speeds.

internet users (%)

Internet users refers to the percent of total population who use the Internet. This includes those using the Internet from any device (including mobile phones) in the last 12 months. This variable can include both; estimates and survey data corresponding to the proportion of individuals using the Internet, based on results from national household surveys.

ict pct patent applications (per 100 billion gdp)

Refers to the number of applications for information and communication technology-related patents filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) per 100 billion PPP$ GDP constant.

e-participation

A country’s E-participation Index (EPI) reflects its e-participation mechanisms that are deployed by the government as compared to all other countries. The purpose of this measure is not to prescribe any specific practice, but rather to offer insight into how different countries are using online tools in promoting interaction between the government and its people, as well as among the people, for the benefit of all.

internet activities by individuals (%)

The variable is computed by calculating the average of the following activities: Internet banking, reading or downloading newspapers, magazines or electronic books in a digital format, getting information about goods or services, getting information from general government organizations, interacting with general government organizations, purchasing or ordering goods or services, seeking health information (on injury, disease, nutrition, etc.), using services related to travel or travel-related accommodation and doing a formal online course.

trade in digitally deliverable services (% total trade)

Digitally-deliverable services are an aggregation of insurance and pension services, financial services, charges for the use of intellectual property, telecommunications, computer and information services, other business services and audiovisual and related services.

government expenditure per tertiary student

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure per student in tertiary education, expressed in purchasing power parity (PPP) dollars at constant prices. Expenditure on education refers to expenditure on core educational goods and services, such as teaching staff, school buildings, or schoolbooks and teaching materials and peripheral educational goods and services such as ancillary services, general administration and other activities.

teaching staff compensation (% tertiary expenditure)

Teacher compensation expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional) of the tertiary level of education.

enrollment in bachelor's or equivalent level (%)

This variable is calculated by dividing the number of individuals officially registered in tertiary education ISCED 6 programs regardless of age by the number of individuals aged between 18-24 years.

enrollment in master's, doctoral or equivalent (%)

This variable is calculated by dividing the number of individuals officially registered in tertiary education ISCED 7 and 8 programs regardless of age by the number of individuals aged between 22-40 years.

pupil-teacher ratio in tertiary education

Average number of pupils per teacher in tertiary education in a given academic year

researchers in higher education (%)

Researchers refers to all professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge (who conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models, techniques instrumentation, software or operational methods) broken down by the sectors they are employed in (business enterprise, government, higher education and private non-profit organizations).

gerd (% gdp)

Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) as a percentage of GDP is the total intramural expenditure on R&D performed in the national territory during a specific reference period expressed as a percentage of GDP of the national territory.

gerd per researcher

Total intramural expenditure on R&D performed during a specific reference period per researcher, expressed in purchasing power parity (PPP) dollars at constant prices.

researchers per thousand labor force

Researchers refers to the number of professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge (who conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models, techniques instrumentation, software or operational methods) during a given year expressed as a proportion of a labor force of 1,000 people.

tertiary graduates from stem programs (%)

Refers to the percentage of students who have successfully graduated from tertiary education in information and communication technologies, natural sciences, mathematics and statistics or engineering, manufacturing and construction programs in a given academic year.

gerd performed by business enterprises (%)

GERD performed by business enterprises as a percentage of GDP is the total intramural expenditure on R&D performed during a specific reference period corresponding to business enterprise, independent of the source of funds, as a percentage of GDP.

gerd financed by business enterprises (%)

Refers to the total intramural expenditure on R&D performed during a specific reference period financed by business enterprise as a percentage of total gross expenditure on R&D.

researchers in business enterprises (%)

Researchers refers to professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge (who conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models, techniques instrumentation, software or operational methods) employed by business enterprises.

firms that spend on r&d (%)

The percentage of firms that spent on formal research and development activities during the last fiscal year out of all firms in the manufacturing and services sectors. This corresponds to formal (registered) firms classified with ISIC codes 15-37, 45, 50-52, 55, 60-64 and 72 (ISIC Rev.3.1) companies.

high-skilled employment (%)

The employed comprise all persons of working age who, during a specified brief period, were in one of the following categories: a) paid employment (whether at work or with a job but not at work); or b) self-employment (whether at work or with an enterprise but not at work). The working-age population is defined as all persons aged 15 and older.

intellectual property payments (% total trade)

Charges for the use of intellectual property (credit) are payments between non-residents and residents for the authorized use of proprietary rights (such as patents, trademarks, copyrights, industrial processes and designs including trade secrets and franchises) and for the use, through licensing agreements, of produced originals or prototypes (such as copyrights on books and manuscripts, computer software, cinematographic works and sound recordings) and related rights (such as for live performances and television, cable, or satellite broadcast).

state of cluster development

Based on response to the survey question: In your country, how widespread are well-developed and deep clusters (geographic concentrations of firms, suppliers, producers of related products and services and specialized institutions in a particular field)? [1 = non-existent; 7 = widespread in many fields].

universal health coverage

Coverage of essential health services is defined as the average coverage of essential services based on tracer interventions that include reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health, infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases and service capacity and access, among the general and the most disadvantaged population.

healthy life expectancy (years)

Average number of years that a person can expect to live in ‘full health’ by taking into account years lived in less than full health due to disease and/or injury.

under-five mortality rate

The probability of a child born in a specific year or period dying before reaching the age of five, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of that period.

renewable energy consumption (%)

The share of renewable energy in total final energy consumption.

ecological footprint per capita

It refers to the ecological footprint of consumption and is a measure of how much area of biologically productive land and water an individual, population or activity requires to produce all the resources it consumes and to absorb the waste it generates, using prevailing technology and resource management practices.

natural hazard exposure

It represents the load that the community has to deal with when exposed to a hazard event.

government expenditure on primary education (% gdp)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on primary education (current, capital and transfers), expressed as a percentage of GDP.

government expenditure on secondary education (% gdp)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on secondary education (current, capital and transfers), expressed as a percentage of GDP.

government funding per primary student (% gdp per capita)

Total initial funding from government (central, regional, local) for primary education per student enrolled at that level in a given year.

government funding per secondary student (% gdp per capita)

Total initial funding from government (central, regional, local) for secondary education per student enrolled at that level in a given year. The results are expressed as a percentage of GDP per capita.

pupil-trained teacher ratio in primary education

Average number of pupils per trained teacher in primary education based on headcounts of both pupils and teachers in a given academic year.

pupil-trained teacher ratio in secondary education

Average number of pupils per trained teacher in secondary education based on headcounts of both pupils and teachers in a given academic year.

schools with access to computers in primary education (%)

Measures the use of computers to support course delivery or independent teaching and learning needs in primary education.

schools with access to computers in secondary education (%)

Measures the use of computers to support course delivery or independent teaching and learning needs in secondary education

gross enrollment ratio in early childhood education

Total enrolment in early childhood education regardless of age expressed as a percentage of the population of the official age.

proportion of children who are developmentally on track

Measures the proportion of children aged 24-59 months who have achieved the minimum number of milestones expected, defined as follows: (i) health - gross motor development, fine motor development and self-care; (ii) learning expressive language - literacy, numeracy, pre-writing and executive functioning; and (iii) psychosocial well-being - emotional skills, social skills, internalizing behavior and externalizing behavior.

proportion of children with stimulating home learning environments

Evaluates learning environment to ensure that it promotes and does not harm children's development.

pupil-trained teacher ratio in pre-primary education

Average number of pupils per trained teacher in pre-primary education based on headcounts of both pupils and teachers in a given academic year.

completion rate in upper secondary education, gender parity

Percentage of a cohort of children or young people aged 3-5 years above the intended age for the last grade of upper secondary education who have completed that grade. The gender parity index represents the ratio of the variable value for one group (females) to that of the other (males).

completion rate in upper secondary education, wealth parity

Percentage of a cohort of children or young people aged 3-5 years above the intended age for the last grade of upper secondary education who have completed that grade.

completion rate in upper secondary education, location parity

Percentage of a cohort of children or young people aged 3-5 years above the intended age for the last grade of upper secondary education who have completed that grade.

3g/4g mobile network coverage (% population)

Percentage of the population covered by at least an LTE/WiMAX mobile network refers to the percentage of inhabitants that live within range of LTE/LTE-Advanced; mobile WiMAX/WirelessMAN or other more advanced mobile-cellular networks; irrespective of whether or not they are subscribers.

secure internet servers per 1 million population

Secure servers are servers using encryption technology in Internet transactions. The number of secure Internet servers, from the Netcraft Secure Server Survey, indicates how many companies conduct encrypted transactions over the Internet.

investment in telecommunication services (% gdp)

Measures investment made by entities providing telecommunication networks and/or services in the country and includes expenditure on initial installations and additions to existing installations where the usage is expected to be over an extended period of time.

mobile upload and download speeds

Measures the equal-weighted average of the variables ‘average mobile upload speed’ and ‘average mobile download speed’.

fixed-broadband upload and download speeds

Measures the equal-weighted average of the variables ‘average fixed- broadband upload speed' and 'average fixed broadband download speed'.

fixed-broadband subscriptions by speed per hundred people

It is derived from data on the number of subscriptions with a maximum speed below 2 Mbit/s (‘slow’ data are speed tier), between 2 and 10 Mbit/s (‘medium’ speed tier) and equal to or above 10 Mbit/s (‘fast’ speed tier).

fixed broadband basket (% gni per capita)

Fixed broadband price basket (5GB) refers to the cheapest plan providing at least 5GB of monthly high-speed data (equal to or above 256 Kbit/s) over a 30-day (or four weeks) period of time from the operator with the largest market share in each economy. The variable is reported as a percentage of GNI per capita.

mobile broadband basket (% gni per capita)

Based on a monthly data usage of a minimum of 1.5 GB. For plans that limit the monthly amount of data transferred by including data volume caps below 1.5 GB, the cost for the additional bytes is added to the basket.

internet and telephony competition

Measures the level of competition in 17 categories of ICT services, including fixed wireless broadband, Internet services, international fixed long distance calls and international gateways.

firms offering formal training (%)

The percentage of firms offering formal training programs for their permanent, full-time employees.

Labor force with short-cycle tertiary education (%)

Measures the labor force participation rate for persons who attained a short-cycle tertiary education level.

participation rate in formal and non-formal education and training

Percentage of youth and adults (15-24 years and 25-64 years) participating in formal or non-formal education or training in the last 12 months as a percentage of the population of the same age bracket.

government expenditure on vocational education (%)

Government expenditure on secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational education, expressed as a percentage of total government expenditure on all sectors.

Share of students enrolled in post-secondary vocational programs

Total number of students enrolled in vocational programs in post-secondary non-tertiary education, expressed as a percentage of the total number of students enrolled in all programs (vocational and general) at that level.

share of students enrolled in post-secondary vocational programmes

Total number of students enrolled in vocational programmes in post-secondary non-tertiary education, expressed as a percentage of the total number of students enrolled in all programmes (vocational and general) at that level.

extent of staff training

In your country, to what extent do companies invest in training and employee development? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent].

quality of vocational training

In your country, how do you assess the quality of vocational training? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent].

ratio of high-skill tvet occupations earnings to average wage

The earnings of employees relate to the gross remuneration in cash and in kind paid to employees, as a rule at regular intervals, for time worked or work done together with remuneration for time not worked, such as annual vacation, other type of paid leave or holidays. High-skill TVET occupations comprise technicians and associate professionals according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO 08,3).

ratio of medium-skill tvet occupations earnings to average wage

The earnings of employees relate to the gross remuneration in cash and in kind paid to employees, as a rule at regular intervals, for time worked or work done together with remuneration for time not worked, such as annual vacation, other type of paid leave or holidays. Medium-skill TVET occupations comprise clerical support workers (ISCO-08,4), craft and related trade workers (ISCO-08,7) and plant and machine operators and assemblers (ISCO-08,8) according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations.

gross fixed capital formation (% gdp)

Gross fixed capital formation (formerly gross domestic fixed investment) includes land improvements (fences, ditches, drains and so on); plant, machinery and equipment purchases; and the construction of roads, railways and the like, including schools, offices, hospitals, private residential dwellings and commercial and industrial buildings. According to the 1993 SNA, net acquisitions of valuables are also considered capital formation. The variable is reported as a percentage of GDP.

logistics performance

The international Logistics Performance Index (LPI) is a summary indicator of logistics sector performance, combining data on six core performance components into a single aggregate measure.

transport productive capacity

The Productive Capacities Index provide a quantitative measure of the productive resources, entrepreneurial capabilities and production linkages of a given economy.

building quality control

The Building Quality Control Index is based on six indices—the quality of building regulations, quality control before, during, and after construction, liability and insurance regimes and professional certifications indices. Index scores range between 0 and 100.

ease of starting a business

Measures the paid-in minimum capital requirement, number of procedures, time and cost for a small- to medium-sized limited liability company to start up and formally operate in an economy’s largest business city. These procedures include the processes entrepreneurs undergo when obtaining all necessary approvals, licenses, permits and completing any required notifications, verifications or inscriptions for the company and employees with relevant authorities.

insolvency recovery rate

The recovery rate is recorded as cents on the dollar recovered by secured creditors through judicial reorganization, liquidation or debt enforcement (foreclosure or receivership) proceedings. The calculation takes into account the outcome: whether the business emerges from the proceedings as a going concern or the assets are sold piecemeal.

entrepreneurial employee activity rate

Entrepreneurial employee activity refers to employees who, in the past three years, were actively involved in and had a leading role in at least one of these phases (i.e., ‘idea development for a new activity’ and/or ‘preparation and implementation of a new activity’). The prevalence of entrepreneurial employee activity can be defined as the number of entrepreneurial employees, as a percentage of the adult population (between 18-64 years of age).

extent of corporate transparency

The Extent of Corporate Transparency Index measures the level of information that companies must share regarding their board members, senior executives, annual meetings and audits.

peace and stability

Political stability and absence of violence measures perceptions of the likelihood that the government will be destabilized or overthrown by unconstitutional or violent means, including politically-motivated violence and terrorism.

voice and accountability

Voice and accountability captures perceptions of the extent to which a country's citizens are able to participate in selecting their government, as well as freedom of expression, freedom of association and a free media.

rule of law

Rule of Law captures perceptions of the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, property rights, the police and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence.

control of corruption

Control of corruption captures perceptions of the extent to which public power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as 'capture' of the state by elites and private interests.

government effectiveness

Government effectiveness captures perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation and the credibility of the government's commitment to such policies.

teachers in tertiary education, gender parity

Measures the level of gender representation in the teaching profession rather than the effectiveness and quality of teaching.

inbound mobility rate

Number of students from abroad studying in a given country, expressed as a percentage of total tertiary enrolment in that country.

academic freedom

The Academic Freedom Index is designed to provide an aggregated measure of the following 5 dimensions: freedom to research and teach, freedom of academic exchange and dissemination, institutional autonomy, campus integrity and freedom of academic and cultural expression. The variable ranges from 0 (low) to 1 (high).

gross attendance ratio for tertiary education, gender parity

Number of students attending a given level of education at any time during the reference academic year, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education. For the tertiary level, the population used is the 5-year age group starting from the official secondary school graduation age.

gross attendance ratio for tertiary education, wealth parity

Number of students attending a given level of education at any time during the reference academic year, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

gross attendance ratio for tertiary education, location parity

Number of students attending a given level of education at any time during the reference academic year, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

female-to-male ratio in parliament

The percentage of women in parliament is based on the number of seats held by women members in single or lower chambers of national parliaments, expressed as a percentage of all occupied seats.

female-to-male labor force participation

This is the ratio of female labor force participation rate to that of males.

female-to-male ratio in internet usage

Internet users refers to the percent of total population who use the Internet.

social protection coverage (% population)

This indicator conveys the share of the population effectively covered by a social protection system, including social protection floors.

adult literacy rate

Percentage of the number of literate persons aged 15 years out of the total number of persons in the same age group, excluding persons with unknown literacy status.

youth not in employment, education or training (%)

The share of youth not in education, employment or training (also known as ‘the NEET rate’) conveys the number of young persons not in education, employment or training as a percentage of the total youth population.

poverty headcount ratio (% population)

National poverty headcount ratio is the percentage of the population living below the national poverty line(s). National estimates are based on population-weighted subgroup estimates from household surveys.

gdp per capita

GDP at purchaser's prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the country plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products.

net enrollment rate in primary education

Measures the actual school participation of official school age population for primary education

net enrollment rate in lower secondary education

Measures the actual school participation of official school age population for lower secondary education

net enrollment rate in upper secondary education

Measures the actual school participation of official school age population for upper secondary education

years of compulsory education in primary and secondary

Number of years of primary and secondary education to which children are legally entitled.

completion rate in upper secondary education

Percentage of a cohort of children or young people aged 3-5 years above the intended age for the last grade of upper secondary education who have completed that grade.

gross intake ratio to the last grade of lower secondary education

Total number of new entrants into the last grade of lower secondary general education as a percentage of the population at the intended entrance age to the last grade of lower secondary general education.

assessment of 15-year-old students in math, science and reading

The OECD Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) assesses the extent to which 15-year-old students near the end of their compulsory education have acquired key knowledge and skills that are essential for full participation in modern societies.

learning-adjusted years of schooling

Compares years of schooling across countries, while adjusting by the amount of learning that takes place during those years.

active mobile-broadband subscriptions per hundred inhabitants

Active mobile-broadband subscriptions refers to the sum of active handset-based and computer-based (USB/dongles mobile-broadband subscriptions to the public Internet. It covers actual subscribers, not potential subscribers, even though the latter may have broadband-enabled handsets.

international internet bandwidth per user

International Internet bandwidth refers to the total used capacity of international Internet bandwidth in Kbits per second (Kbits/s). It is measured as the sum of the used capacity of all Internet exchanges (locations where Internet traffic is exchanged) offering international bandwidth.

households with internet access at home (%)

This variable includes both; estimates and survey data corresponding to the proportion of households with Internet.

individuals with standard ict skills (%)

This variable refers to ICT skills, defined as having undertaken certain computer-related activities in the last three months.

tertiary graduates from ict programs (%)

A graduate is defined as a 'person who, during the reference school or academic year, has successfully completed an education program’.

ict employment (%)

Employment refers to all persons of working age who, during a specified brief period, were in the following categories: a) paid employment (whether at work or with a job but not at work); or b) self-employment (whether at work or with an enterprise but not at work).

average documents per researcher

Average published documents per researcher.

citations per document

Average number of citations per document published in a specific year.

patent applications (per 100 billion gdp)

This variable measures the total count of resident patent applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), by priority date and inventor nationality, using fractional count if an application is filed by multiple inventors per 100 billion PPP$ GDP constant.

intellectual property receipts (% total trade)

Charges for the use of intellectual property not included elsewhere receipts (% of total trade) according to the Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification EBOPS 2010. Receipts are between residents and non-residents for the use of proprietary rights (such as patents, trademarks, copyrights, industrial processes and designs including trade secrets, franchises), and for licenses to reproduce or distribute (or both) intellectual property embodied in produced originals or prototypes (such as copyrights on books and manuscripts, computer software, cinematographic works and sound recordings) and related rights (such as for live performances and television, cable, or satellite broadcast).

industrial design applications (per 100 billion gdp)

Refers to the number of designs contained in industrial design applications filed at a given national or regional office per 100 billion PPP$ GDP constant. Data refer to industrial design application design counts – the number of designs contained in applications – and include designs contained in resident industrial design applications filed at both the national office and the regional office, where applicable.

pct applications (per 100 billion gdp)

This variable measures the total count of applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), by priority date and inventor nationality, using fractional count if an application is filed by multiple inventors per 100 billion PPP$ GDP constant.

firms producing new goods and services (%)

Refers to the percentage of firms that introduced new or significantly improved products or services over the last three years.

trademark applications (per 100 billion gdp)

Trademark applications filed are applications to register a trademark with a national or regional Intellectual Property (IP) offices and designations received by relevant offices through the Madrid System. A trademark is a sign which identifies certain goods or services as those produced or provided by a specific person or enterprise. It provides protection to the owner by ensuring the exclusive right to use it to identify goods or services, or to authorize another to use it in return for payment.

cultural goods exports (% exports)

The value of exported cultural goods expressed as percentage of the value of all exported goods. Cultural goods refer to consumer goods that convey ideas, symbols and ways of life, i.e. books, magazines, multimedia products, software, recordings, films, videos, audio-visual programs, crafts and fashion.

printing and publishing output (% manufactured output)

Measures gross output of printing and publishing as percentage of gross output of total manufacturing industries.

trade (% gdp)

Trade is the sum of exports and imports of goods and services measured as a share of gross domestic product.

high-technology trade (% total trade)

High-technology exports and imports minus re-exports and re-imports expressed as a percentage of total trade.

product concentration

The Product Concentration Index shows to which degree exports (of goods) of individual economies are concentrated on a few products rather than being distributed in a more homogeneous manner among several products.

market concentration

Measures the dispersion of trade value across an exporter's partners. A country with exports that are concentrated in a very few markets will have an Index value close to one. Similarly, a country with a perfectly diversified trade portfolio will have an Index close to zero.

chinn-ito financial openness

The Index measures the extent of openness in capital account transactions. Capital ‘openness’ (KAOPEN) is based on the binary dummy variables that codify the tabulation of restrictions on cross-border financial transactions reported in the IMF’s Annual Report.

foreign direct investment, net inflows (% gdp)

Foreign direct investment is the net inflow of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor.

debt dynamics

This variable measures the change in public debt-to-GDP ratio, weighted by a country’s credit rating and debt level in relation to its GDP.

Percentage of households with internet access

Percentage of households with internet access:The Internet is a worldwide public computer network. It provides access to a number of communication services, including the World Wide Web, and carries e-mail, news, entertainment and data files, irrespective of the device used (not assumed to be only a computer; it may also be a mobile telephone, tablet, PDA, games machine, digital television, etc.). Access can be via a fixed or mobile network. Household with Internet access means that the Internet is available for use by all members of the household at any time.

Percentage of individuals using the Internet

ICT use / Percentage of individuals using the Internet:The term “individuals using the Internet” refers to people who used the Internet from any location and for any purpose, irrespective of the device and network used, in the previous three months. Usage can be via a computer (i.e. desktop computer, laptop computer, tablet or similar handheld computer), mobile phone, games machine, digital television, etc.). Access can be via a fixed or mobile network.

Active mobile broadband subscription per 100 inh

ICT use / Active mobile broadband subscription per 100 inh

Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network (%)

Percentage of the population covered by at least a 3G mobile network refers to the percentage of inhabitants that are within range of at least a 3G mobile-cellular signal, irrespective of whether or not they are subscribers. This is calculated by dividing the number of inhabitants that are covered by at least a 3G mobile-cellular signal by the total population and multiplying by 100.

Population covered by at least a 4G/LTE mobile network (%)

Percentage of the population covered by at least a 4G/LTE mobile network refers to the percentage of inhabitants that live within range of LTE/LTE-Advanced, mobile WiMAX/WirelessMAN or other more advanced mobile-cellular networks, irrespective of whether or not they are subscribers. This is calculated by dividing the number of inhabitants that are covered by the previously mentioned mobile-cellular technologies by the total population and multiplying by 100. It excludes people covered only by HSPA, UMTS, EV-DO and previous 3G technologies, and also excludes fixed WiMAX coverage.

Mobile broadband Internet traffic per subscription (GB)

Mobile broadband Internet traffic per mobile-broadband subscription (GB). Mobile-broadband Internet traffic (within the country) refers to broadband traffic volumes originated within the country from 3G networks or other more advanced mobile-networks, including 3G upgrades, evolutions or equivalent standards in terms of data transmission speeds. Traffic should be collected and aggregated at the country level for all 3G or more advanced mobile networks within the country. Download and upload traffic should be added up and reported together. Traffic should be measured at the end-user access point. Wholesale and walled-garden traffic should be excluded. The indicator is calculated by dividing mobile-broadband Internet traffic (within the country) by active mobile-broadband subscriptions.

Fixed broadband Internet traffic per subscription (GB)

Fixed broadband Internet traffic per fixed broadband subscription (GB). Fixed (wired)- broadband Internet traffic refers to traffic generated by fixed-broadband subscribers measured at the end-user access point. It should be measured by adding up download and upload traffic. This should exclude wholesale traffic, walled garden, IPTV and cable TV traffic. The indicator is calculated by dividing fixed-broadband Internet traffic by total fixed broadband subscriptions.

Mobile data and voice high-consumption basket price (% GNI p.c.)

Mobile-broadband data and voice high-consumption basket price as a percentage of GNI per capita (p.c.). The basket refers to the cheapest mobile broadband plan (and add-on) providing at least 2 GB of monthly data using at least 3G technology, 140 minutes of voice and 70 SMSs. See ITU ICT price statistics website for detailed data collection rules.

Fixed-broadband internet basket price (% GNI p.c.)

Entry-level fixed-broadband basket price as percentage of GNI per capita. The basket is composed of the cheapest plan providing at least 5GB of monthly high-speed data (256Kbit/s or higher) from the operator with the largest market share in each economy. See ITU ICT price statistics website for detailed data collection rules.

Individuals owning a mobile phone (%)

Proportion of individuals who own a mobile phone. An individual owns a mobile cellular phone if he/she has a mobile cellular phone device with at least one active SIM card for personal use. It includes mobile cellular phones supplied by employers that can be used for personal reasons (to make personal calls, access the Internet, etc.) and those who have a mobile phone for personal use that is not registered under his/her name. It excludes individuals who have only active SIM card(s) and not a mobile phone device.

Availability of local news in local languages

This indicator measures whether the country has news websites that provide information online in local language(s). It gives additional credit for countries with news websites in local languages other than the official language. If news websites are available in local languages, adoption becomes more likely.

Concentration of websites using country-level domains

This measures the proportion of websites in the top 25 most-visited websites that use a country code top-level domain (ccTLD). The higher the proportion, the more likely there are popular websites catering to local content needs.

Availability of e-government services in the local language

This measures whether the government of the largest city in the country has a website that offers transactional services, including applying for a business license or permit. The availability of government services online is likely to increase adoption.

e-Finance content

This measures whether the largest retail banking institution offers online banking services. Online banking services are likely to stimulate economic activity.

Value of e-finance

The indicator looks at country-level responses to questions about personal finance. A higher proportion of respondents that value e-finance in their country suggests that more relevant content is available.

e-Health content

This measures whether the Ministry of Health in the country has a website that provides information regarding healthcare, and also provides e-Health services functionalities. Easily available health information is likely to inform both social and economic activity, and increase adoption.

Value of e-health

The indicator looks at country-level responses to questions about health and fitness. A higher proportion of respondents that value e-health in their country suggests that more relevant content is available.

e-Entertainment usage

The indicator looks at country-level responses to questions about how often respondents use the Internet for entertainment purposes. A higher proportion of respondents that use the Internet for entertainment in their country suggests that more relevant content is available.

e-Commerce content

This indicator seeks to measure the availability—and extent—of electronic commerce (e-commerce) in the country, which can serve both as a way to buy products and to sell them. E-content refers to both electronic (online) and mobile commerce.

Value of e-Commerce

The indicator looks at country-level responses to questions about how often respondents purchase goods via the Internet. A higher proportion of respondents that use the Internet for purchasing goods in their country suggests that more relevant content is available.

Open data policies

This indicator measures the existence of government “open data” policies that promote the dissemination of public-sector (public and publicly funded) data, as well as the existence of government open data platforms.

Value of e-education

The indicator looks at country-level responses to questions about how often respondents use the Internet for education purposes. A higher proportion of respondents that use the Internet for education in their country suggests that more relevant content is available.

e-Education in local languages

This indicator assesses whether there is an online education platform in local languages, including both official and non-official languages, and at what levels.

Trust in online privacy

The indicator looks at country-level responses to questions about how confident respondents are that their activity online is private.

Level of literacy

This indicator assesses the extent of literacy within countries. To use the Internet for useful purposes, such as to read news and access health or educational information, people must be able to read. The higher the level of literacy, the higher the capacity to take advantage of being online.

Educational attainment

This indicator measures educational attainment through average years of schooling (ISCED 1 or higher). Internet adoption tends to be higher among highly educated groups. The greater the number of years of schooling, the higher the capacity to take advantage of being online.

Support for digital literacy

This measures whether the government has a plan or strategy that addresses digital literacy for students and training for teachers. Higher digital literacy increases the capacity of users to take advantage of being online.

Level of web accessibility

This measures whether the national government website passes W3C guidelines on web accessibility. If websites are not accessible to people with disabilities, there are fewer opportunities to use them.

Privacy regulations

This measures whether the country has data protection law(s) and whether there are legal or financial penalties in place for firms that do not follow the law.

Trust in government websites and apps

The indicator looks at country-level responses to questions about the extent to which respondents trust information they receive from government websites and apps.

Trust in non-government websites and apps

The indicator looks at country-level responses to questions about the extent to which respondents trust information they receive from non-government websites and apps.

Trust in information from social media

The indicator looks at country-level responses to questions about the extent to which respondents trust the information they receive from social media.

e-Commerce safety

The indicator looks at country-level responses to questions regarding the extent to which respondents agree with the statement“Making purchases online is safe and secure”.

Comprehensive female e-inclusion plan

This indicator assesses whether strategies addressing female e-inclusion exist to help address gender digital divides. The indicator also examines whether e-inclusion strategies exist to address female Internet access and adoption.

Female digital skills training plan

This indicator assesses whether strategies addressing female e-inclusion exist to help address gender digital divides. The indicator examines whether e-inclusion strategies exist to address digital skills training for women. A current strategy helps women take advantage of being online.

Female STEM education plan

This indicator assesses whether policies or government initiatives exist that encourage girls and women to study STEM subjects. A current strategy helps women take advantage of being online.

Government e-inclusion strategy

This measures whether the government has any current initiatives or strategies in place that address e-inclusion—the inclusion and promotion of Internet access for underserved groups.

National broadband strategy

This measures whether the government has a current national broadband strategy that promotes widespread Internet use and has been published recently.

Funding for broadband buildout

This indicator assesses whether the country has an active government program(s) that helps subsidize or incentivize the buildout of broadband networks.

Technology-neutral policy for spectrum use

This indicator assesses the country’s ability to expand broadband connectivity by way of gauging operator flexibility within a country’s spectrum policy to migrate to the next generation of network technology.

National digital identification system

This measures whether the country has a national digital identification (e-ID) system that can be used online to access government services. The existence of an e-ID system promotes the safe and widespread use of the Internet.

Government efforts to promote 5G

This indicator assesses government efforts to promote 5G roll-out across use case applications (e.g., FWA, eMBB, mMTC, IoT, URLLC).

Online harassment/bullying prevention

This indicator assesses whether the country is measuring the incidence of online harassment/bullying, and if so, making those statistics publicly available.

Internet users

This measures the number of people who have used the Internet in the past 12 months. A higher number of people using the Internet indicates greater connectivity.

Fixed-line broadband subscribers

This measures fixed-line broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants. The higher the number of subscriptions, the greater the level of Internet connectivity.

Mobile subscribers

This measures mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants. A higher number of smartphones increases the propensity to use the Internet and related services, especially advanced mobile services, though this may be concentrated among certain groups.

Gender gap in Internet access

This measures the gap between male and female access to the Internet (% maleaccess - % female access / % male access). Positive values indicate that male access exceeds female access. A smaller or negative gap indicates greater female connectivity.

Gender gap in mobile phone access

This measures the gap between male and female access to the Internet (% maleaccess - % female access / % male access).

Average fixed broadband upload speed

This measures the average fixed broadband upload speed. Averages are based on Ookla’sanalysis of Speedtest data. A faster speed is a positive indicator of better performance.

Average fixed broadband download speed

This measures average fixed broadband download speed. Averages are based on Ookla’s analysis of Speedtest data. A faster speed is a positive indicator for better performance.

Average fixed broadband latency

This measures average fixed broadband latency (or how long it takes for data to travel between its source and destination). Averages are based onOokla’s analysis of Speedtest data.

Average mobile upload speed

This measures average mobile upload speed.Averages are based on Ookla’s analysis of Speedtest data. A faster speed is a positive indicator for better performance.

Average mobile download speed

This measures average mobile upload speed.Averages are based on Ookla’s analysis of Speedtest data. A faster speed is a positive indicator for better performance.

Average mobile latency

This measures average mobile upload speed.Averages are based on Ookla’s analysis of Speedtest data. A faster speed is a positive indicator for better performance.

Bandwidth capacity

This measures the total used capacity of international Internet bandwidth, in bits per second per Internet user. Used international Internet bandwidth refers to the average traffic load (expressed in bits per second) of international fiber optic cables and radio links carrying Internet traffic. More Bits/s indicates better quality.

Network coverage (min. 2G)

This measures the percentage of people covered by 2G networks (number of people as a percentage of the total population). The higher the percentage, the greater the number of people connected.

Network coverage (min. 3G)

This measures the percentage of people covered by 3G networks (number of people as a percentage of the total population).

5G Deployment

This indicator measures whether 5G New Radio (NR) technology has been deployed in any area of the country, either as a trial or for commercial or public use.

Network coverage (min. 4G)

This measures the percentage of people covered by 4G networks (number of people as a percentage of the total population). The higher the percentage, the greater the number of people connected.

Government initiatives to make Wi-Fi available

This indicator looks at whether the government provides public Wi-Fi access in the largest city in the country and whether the Wi-Fi is free to connect to. Initiatives that come at no cost to the consumer are likely to promote usage.

Private-sector initiatives to make Wi-Fi available

This indicator looks at whether the largest privately owned ISP provides public Wi-Fi access to its customers in the largest city in the country and whether the Wi-Fi is free to connect to.

Unlicensed spectrum policy

This indicator assesses the country’s ability to expand broadband connectivity by way of assessing its openness to provisioning unlicensed spectrum for greater Wi-Fi access and other productive uses.

Internet exchange points

This indicator measures the number of Internet exchange points (IXPs) in each country. The higher the number of IXPs, the wider the infrastructure coverage.

Urban electricity access

This indicator measures the urban electrification rate (%). The higher the percentage of population with access to electricity, the easier it is for people to gain access to the Internet.

Rural electricity access

This indicator measures the rural electrification rate (%). The higher the percentage of the population with access to electricity, the easier it is for people to gain access to the Internet.

Average revenue per user

This measures the average revenue per user (ARPU) for wireless operators.

Smartphone cost (handset)

This measures the indexed scores of the price of an entry-level handset to the consumer, as a percentage of GNI per capita. Generally, the lower the cost of a smartphone handset, the higher the adoption rates.

Mobile phone cost (prepaid tariff)

This measures the price of a prepaid 1 GB mobile data plan, as a percentage of monthly income. Generally, the lower the mobile phone data cost, the higher the

Mobile phone cost (postpaid tariff)

This measures the price of a postpaid 1GB mobile data plan, as a percentage of monthly income. Generally, the lower the mobile phone data cost, the higher the

Fixed-line monthly broadband cost

This measures the price of fixed-line monthly broadband to the consumer as a percentage of monthly income. Generally, the lower the broadband cost, the higher the adoption rates

Wireless operators' market share

This measures the market concentration among all wireless operators. The Hirschman-Herfindahl Index measures the the concentration of markets on a 0-10,000

Broadband operators' market share

This measures the market concentration among all wireless operators. The Hirschman-Herfindahl Index measures the the concentration of markets on a 0-10,000

digital participation and content creation

DKEI digital participation and content creation subindex This indicator is a sub-index comprised of three variables: GitHub commits, Wikipedia edits, and top-level domain registrations. The sub-index has been constructed by Ojanperä et al. (2019) as a measure of digital capacities and skills in a country. They use it to estimate a Digital Knowledge Economy Index, whereby they complement the World Bank’s Knowledge Economy Index by adding the sub-index as a fifth dimension.

mobile app development

Number of active mobile applications developed per person. This indicator is included in the Mobile Connectivity Index published by the GSM Association. It is one of four indicators that make up the Local Relevance sub-index that, in turn, is part of the Content & Services pillar. The original data is sourced from AppFigures (https://appfigures.com/).

Intellectual property receipts

Charges for the use of intellectual property not included elsewhere, receipts (% of total trade) This indicator is based on receipts related to four subitems of charges for the use of intellectual property not included elsewhere: franchises and trademarks licensing fees, licenses for the use of outcomes of research and development, licenses to reproduce and/or distribute computer software, and licenses to reproduce and/or distribute audiovisual and related products. The data refers to the three-year average as a percentage of total trade. The product category follows the Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification (EBOPS 2010), which is based on the sixth edition of the IMF Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (BPM6).

AI scientific publications

The AI scientific publications indicator measures the total number of AI publications in Elsevier per economy. Any paper with a field of study categorized as “artificial intelligence” and “machine learning” according to the Microsoft Academic Graph (MAG) taxonomy is measured.

GitHub commits

GitHub is the world’s largest host of source code, and a commit is the term used for a saved change on this platform. One or more commits can be saved (or pushed) to projects (or repositories).

Internet domain registrations

The Internet domain registrations indicator measures the production of Internet content. It refers to two types of top-level domains: generic top-level domains and countrycode top-level domain.

Mobile application development

Global downloads of mobile apps, by origin of the headquarters of the developer/firm, scaled by PPP$ GDP (billions).

Wikipedia edits

All data extracts from internal sources provided by The Wikimedia Foundation. A country with edit counts in 2020 greater than 100,000 use data from that year.

Regulation quality

The regulatory quality indicator captures perceptions of the ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development. Scores are standardized to a scale from -2.5 (worst) to 2.5 (best).

Ease of doing business

Doing Business records all procedures officially required, or commonly done in practice, for an entrepreneur to start up and formally operate an industrial or commercial business, as well as the time and cost to complete these procedures and the paid-in minimum capital requirement. These procedures include the processes entrepreneurs undergo when obtaining all necessary approvals, licenses, and permits and completing any required notifications, verifications, or inscriptions for the company and employees with relevant authorities.

Legal framework adaptability to digital business models

Average answer to survey questions concerning the extent to which the legal framework is adapting to five types of emerging technology? The World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey (EOS) is conducted on an annual basis to gather information from business leaders on topics for which hard data sources are scarce or nonexistent. The data refer to the simple mean of the average answers to a similarly worded question regarding five different emerging technologies: In your country, how adequately is the legal framework adapting to Artificial intelligence|Robotics|Appand web-enabled markets|Big data analytics|Cloud computing? (1: not at all; 7: to a great extent - the legal framework is up-to-date)

e-commerce legislation

The E-commerce legislation indicator refers to a country’s adoption of e-commerce legislation. The Global Cyberlaw Tracker provides information on whether a country has adopted legislation or has a draft law pending adoption within four areas: electronic transactions, consumer protection, privacy and data protection, and cybercrime.

Social safety net protection

Average answer to the question: What does the legal framework to protect Internet users’ privacy and their data stipulate? This indicator refers to responses on privacy protection given by multiple country experts on a 0-to-4 scale. The responses have been aggregated and, taking disagreement and measurement error into account, a probability distribution has been computed over country-year scores on a standardized interval scale. The point estimates are the median values of these distributions for each country year. The scale of a measurement model variable is similar to a normal (“Z”) score (e.g. typically between -5 and 5, with 0 approximately representing the mean for all country years in the sample), though it does not necessarily follow normal distribution. Only estimates based on at least four ratings are included in the data.

ICT regulatory environment

The ICT regulatory environment indicator is based on the ICT Regulatory Tracker composite index that provides a measure of the existence and features of ICT legal and regulatory frameworks

Legal framework's adaptability to emerging technologies

The Legal framework’s adaptability to emerging technologies indicator refers to the simple mean of the average answer of a similarly-worded question posited by the EOS regarding five different emerging technologies (Artificial intelligence, Robotics, App- and web-enabled markets, Big data analytics, and Cloud computing)

Privacy protection by law content

The Privacy protection by law content indicator refers to responses on privacy protection given by multiple country experts on a 0-4 scale. With disagreement and measurement error taken into account.

Regulation quality

The regulatory quality indicator captures the perception of a government’s ability to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development.

Regulation of emerging technologies

“In your country, how adequately is the legal framework adapting to artificial intelligence, robotics, app- and webenabled markets, big data analytics, and cloud computing? (1: not at all; 7: to a great extent - the legal framework is up-to-date)

Happiness

Happiness refers to the national average response to the following survey question included in the Gallup World Poll: “Please imagine a ladder, with steps numbered from 0 at the bottom to 10 at the top.

Freedom to make life choices

Freedom to make life choices refers to the national average response to the following survey question included in the Gallup World Poll: “Are you satisfied or dissatisfied with your freedom to choose what you do with your life?”

Income inequality

The Gini index is a measure of income inequality within an individual economy. At a technical level, it is based ona Lorenz curve that “plots the cumulative percentages of total income received against the cumulative number of recipients.

Healthy life expectancy at birth

The Healthy life expectancy at birth indicator expresses the “average number of years that a person can expect to live in ‘full health’ by taking into account years lived in less than full health due to disease and/or injury.”

Firms with websites

The data for the Firms with website indicator consists of enterprise surveys conducted by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the World Bank.

Internet shopping

Used the Internet to buy something online in the past year (%) . This indicator refers to the percentage of respondents aged at least 15 years old who have used the Internet in the past year to buy something online. The data stem from a triennial survey that is carried out in more than 140 economies.

Professionals

Sum of people in categories 1 to 3 as a percentage of total people employed, according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO). Categories included in ISCO-08 are: 1 Managers; 2 Professionals; 3 Technicians and Associate Professionals.

Technicians and associate professionals

This indicator refers to the number of technicians and associate professionals as a share of the total workforce. The employment by occupation is based on the International Standard Classification of Occupation (ISCO) Revision 2008 (data based on ISCO Rev. 1988 is used for those countries where ISCO Rev. 2008 is not available). It includes physical and engineering science associate professionals, life science and health associate professionals, teaching associate professionals, and other associate professionals (finance and sales, social work, artistic, entertainment and sports, religious associate professionals, police inspectors and detectives, administrative, customs, and tax and related government associate professionals).

Extent of staff training

Average answer to the question: In your country, to what extent do companies invest in training and employee development? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent] The World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey (EOS) is conducted on an annual basis to gather information from business leaders on topics for which hard data sources are scarce or nonexistent. It is part of the effort to supplement The Global Competitiveness Report in assessing issues that drive national competitiveness

R&D expenditure by businesses

Gross domestic expenditure on R&D performed by business enterprise (% of GDP) This indicator refers to business enterprise expenditure on research and development (R&D) as a percentage of GDP. This includes both private enterprises and public enterprises. R&D expenditure is defined as all current expenditure plus gross fixed capital expenditure for R&D performed by businesses, whatever the source of funds

Annual investment in telecommunication services

The Annual investment in telecommunication services indicator refers to the investments made within the financial year by entities that provide telecommunication networks and/or services (including fixed mobile and Internet services and the transmission of TV signals).

GERD financed by business enterprise

The following indicator refers to the Gross expenditure on R&D (GERD) financed by a business enterprise as a percentage of total gross R&D expenditure.

GERD performed by business enterprise

The indicator measures the gross expenditure on R&D performed by a business enterprise as a percentage of GDP.

Number of venture capital deals invested in AI

Refers to the occurrences of deals associated with venture capital investments specifically targeting artificial intelligence startups. This metric is expressed per billion PPP$ GDP and focuses on private companies that either develop AI systems or deliver products that significantly rely on AI technologies.

Public cloud computing market scale

A public cloud is the digital infrastructure and computing resources managed by a service provider. These resources, which include virtual machines, storage, and associated services, are available for purchase through flexible business models such as pay-as-you-go and subscriptions. The public cloud market encompasses companies that provide these resources and services to individuals, businesses, and organizations.

Gov online services

In your country, to what extent do government purchasing decisions foster innovation? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]

Publication and use of open data

The Open Data Barometer indicator refers to the fourth edition of the Open Data Barometer index that provides a measure of how governments publish and use open data based on readiness (35%), implementation (35%), and impact (30%)

ICT use and government efficiency

The data refer to the simple mean of the average answers to a similarly worded question regarding five different emerging technologies: In your country, to what extent does the government foster investment (public and private) in Artificial intelligence and machine learning|Robotics|App- and web-enabled markets|Big data analytics|Cloud computing? (1: not at all; 7: to a great extent)

R&D expenditure by government and higher education

The following indicator refers to the combined expenditure by governments and higher education institutions on research and development (R&D) as a percentage of GDP.

Government online services

The OIS assesses the quality of a government’s delivery of online services on a 0-to-1 (best) scale.

Government promotion of investment in emerging technologies

“In your country, to what extent does the government foster investment (public and private) in artificial intelligence and machine learning?” (1: not at all; 7: to a great extent)

Data Capabilities

Refers to a country’s ability to effectively create, manage, and utilize data. This includes aspects such as access, skills, infrastructure, institutions, and intermediaries. It evaluates the training level of the civil service in data practices, the presence of open data initiatives, support for data reuse, and the strength of data activities at sub-national levels.

availability of latest technologies

In your country, to what extent are the latest technologies available? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent] | 2016-17 weighted average

company investment in emerging technology

Average answer to the question: In your country, to what extent do companies invest in emerging technologies (e.g. Internet of Things, advanced analytics and artificial intelligence, augmented virtual reality and wearables, advanced robotics, 3D printing)? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]. The World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey (EOS) is conducted on an annual basis to gather information from business leaders on topics for which hard data sources are scarce or nonexistent.

Gov procurement of advanced tech products

The Government Online Service Index (OIS) is one of the three main components of the E-Government Development Index (EGDI) constructed and published by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. The OIS assesses the quality of a government’s delivery of online services on a 0-to-1 (best) scale. The assessment is carried out by researchers, who evaluate “each country’s national website in the native language, including the national portal, e-services portal, and e-participation portal, as well as the websites of the related ministries of education, labor, social services, health, finance, and environment, as applicable.

ICT PCT patent applications

Number of applications for information and communication technology–related patents filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) (per million population) This indicator refers to the count of applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) in the technology domain of information and communication technologies by priority date and inventor nationality. The count is divided by million population. The classification for ICT-related patents is based on the International Patent Classification (IPC), as described in Inaba and Squicciarini (2017).

Computer software spending

Computer software spending refers to the total value of purchased or leased packaged software, including operating systems, database systems, programming tools, utilities, and applications.

Robot density

Robot density refers to the estimated number of multipurpose industrial robots per 10,000 persons employed in the manufacturing industry.

Adoption of emerging technologies

“In your country, to what extent are companies adopting Artificial intelligence?” (1: not at all; 7: to a great extent - on par with the most technologically advanced economies)

Investment in emerging technologies

In your country, to what extent do companies invest in emerging technologies (e.g., Internet of Things, advanced analytics and artificial intelligence, augmented virtual reality and wearables, advanced robotics, 3D printing)?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]

Access to basic services

Population with access to basic sanitation services and basic drinking water services (%). This indicator refers to the average of the percentage of the population using at least basic sanitation services and the percentage of the population using at least basic drinking water services. Basic sanitation services relate to “improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households”, while the definition for basic drinking water services is “drinking water from an improved source, provided collection time is not more than 30 minutes for a round trip”. The measure is based on SDG indicator “1.4.1 Proportion of population living in households with access to basic services”, which is one of the official indicators for “SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere” .

Pollution

Annual mean levels of fine particulate matter in cities, urban population (micrograms per cubic meter) . Pollution refers to air pollution in urban areas, as measured by annual mean concentrations of fine particulate matter that are less than 2.5 microns in diameters. The data on PM2.5 concentrations come from fixed-site, population-oriented monitors in metropolitan areas. The country-level mean is a population-weighted average for the urban population. The indicator is one of the official measures for “SDG 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.

Road safety

Road traffic death rate (per 100,000 population). Road safety refers to the estimated number of deaths that are due to road traffic injuries per 100,000 population. The indicator is one of the official measures for “SDG 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages” .

Reading proficiency in schools

Minimum proficiency in reading, lower primary education (%) This indicator relates to the proportion of students in grades 2 or 3 that have at least minimum proficiency in reading. The level of minimum proficiency is measured through learning assessments and United Nations (2018) provides further details on what minimum proficiency levels are associated with different learning assessments. The indicator is one of the official measures for “SDG 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all” and, specifically, for “Target 4.1: By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes”.

Math proficiency in schools

Minimum proficiency in mathematics, lower primary education (%) This indicator relates to the proportion of students in grades 2 or 3 that have at least minimum proficiency in mathematics. The level of minimum proficiency is measured through learning assessments and United Nations (2018) provides further details on what minimum proficiency levels are associated with different learning assessments. The indicator is one of the official measures for “SDG 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all” and, specifically, for “Target 4.1: By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes”.

Use of clean fuels and technology

Proportion of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology (%) . This indicator is defined as “the number of people using clean fuels and technologies for cooking, heating and lighting divided by total population”, expressed as a percentage. By “clean” is meant meeting specific emission rate targets and fuel recommendations as set out in World Health Organization (2014). The indicator is one of the official measures for “SDG 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all

SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities

Two indicators capture the safety and sustainability of cities: urban pollution and household.

SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being

The following indicator refers to the Universal health coverage (UHC) service coverage index and is one of the official indicators related to SDG 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.

SDG 4: Quality Education

PISA measures 15-year-olds’ ability to use their reading, mathematics and science knowledge skills.

SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy

The Affordable and Clean Energy indicator refers to the energy intensity level of primary energy and is an official indicator related to SDG 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.

Females employed with advanced degrees

This indicator refers to the percentage of females employed with advanced degrees out of the total employed population.

SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity

Women, Business and the Law tracks progress toward legal equality between men and women in 190 economies. Data are collected with standardized questionnaires to ensure comparability across economies.

e-participation

The E-Participation Index assesses on a 0-to-1 (best) scale the quality, relevance, and usefulness of government websites.

Availability of local online content

Average answer to the question: In your country, to what extent are Internet content and services tailored to the local population (e.g. in the local language, meeting local demand)? (1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent]

Gender gap in internet use

The Gender gap in Internet use indicator refers to the share of women and men in a country that use the Internet.

Rural gap in use of digital payment

The following indicator refers to the share of the rural population against a country’s total population that made or received digital payments within the past 12 months.

Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments

The following indicator refers to the share of the poorest 40% and the richest 60% income groups in a country that made or received digital payment within the past 12 months.

mobile tariffs

The sub-index relates to the cost of three separate basket profiles that are distinguished in part by usage allowance (100MB, 500 MB, and 1 GB per month, respectively). Tariffs are given as a percentage of monthly GDP per capita.

handset prices

The Handset prices indicator relates to the cheapest smartphone or feature phone that allows user access to the Internet.

FTTh/Building internet subscriptions

Fibre-to-the-home/building Internet subscriptions refers to the number of Internet subscriptions using fibre-to-the-home or fibre-to-the-building; at downstream speeds equal to; or greater than; 256 kbit/s

4G mobile network coverage

4G mobile network coverage:This indicator measures the percentage of inhabitants out of the total population who are within range of an advanced mobile cellular signal, such as LTE/LTE-Advanced and mobile WiMAX/Wireless MAN networks, irrespective of whether they are subscribers.

fixed broadband subs

ICT use / fixed-broadband subscriptions per 100 inh:The term “fixed-broadband subscriptions” refers to fixed subscriptions for high-speed access to the public Internet (a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/IP connection) at downstream speeds equal to or higher than 256 kbit/s. This includes cable modem, DSL, fibre-to-the-home/building, other fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions, satellite broadband and terrestrial fixed wireless broadband. The total is measured irrespective of the method of payment. It excludes subscriptions that have access to data communications (including the Internet) via mobile-cellular networks. It includes fixed WiMAX and any other fixed wireless technologies, and both residential subscriptions and subscriptions for organizations.

International internet bandwidth

International Internet bandwidth refers to the total used capacity of international Internet bandwidth in megabits per second (Mbit/s).

Internet access in schools

The Internet access in schools indicator refers to the share of primary schools with access to the Internet via fixed narrowband, fixed broadband, or mobile networks.

Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network

The following indicator refers to the percentage of inhabitants within range of at least a 3G mobile-cellular signal, irrespective of whether or not they are subscribers.

SMS sent by population 15-69

SMS sent refers to the total number of mobile short-message service (SMS) messages initiated to and from national and international destinations.

Internet users

ICT use / Percentage of individuals using the Internet:“Internet users” refers to the proportion of individuals who used the Internet in the last 12 months. Data are generally based on national household surveys where the percentage should reflect the total population of the country.

Active mobile broadband subs

ICT use / Active mobile broadband subscription per 100 inh:This indicator refers to the sum of active handset-based and computer-based mobile-broadband subscriptions to the public Internet, where users have accessed the Internet in the last three months. It covers actual subscribers, not potential subscribers, even though the latter may have broadband-enabled handsets.

Use of virtual social network

The Use of virtual social networks indicator refers to the penetration of active social media users expressed as a percentage of the total population.

Tertiary enrollment

Tertiary enrollment refers to the ratio of total education enrollment, regardless of age, by the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the expected level of tertiary education.

Adult literacy rate

The Adult literacy rate indicator defines the percentage of the population aged 15 years and over who can read, write, and understand short, simple statements about their everyday life.

ICT skills in the education system

Average answer to the question: In your country, to what extent is the workforce proficient in the following skills? Technology skills [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent]

Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country

Mobile-broadband Internet traffic (within the country) refers to broadband traffic volumes originated within the country from 3G networks or other more advanced mobile-networks; including 3G upgrades; evolutions or equivalent standards in terms of data transmission speeds.

AI talent concentration

A LinkedIn member is considered AI talent if they have explicitly added AI skills to their profile and/or they are occupied in an AI job. The counts of AI talent are used to calculate talent concentration metrics.

Medium and high tech industry

Proportion of medium and high-tech industry value added in total value added (%) . This indicator refers to the ratio between the value added of medium and high-tech industry and the total value added of manufacturing, expressed as a percentage.

PCT patent application

A PCT application refers to an international patent application filed through the WIPO-administered Patent Cooperation Treaty.

Labor productivity per employee

The Conference Board provides two calculations of its estimates on output, labor, and labor productivity: an original version based on official GDP data and an adjusted version based on GDP growth and levels that take into account rapidly falling ICT prices. “Labor productivity per employee” is based on the estimates of the adjusted version.

Growth rate of GDP per person engaged

The following indicator refers to the growth rate of real GDP per person employed averaged over the three most recent and available years (2018, 2019, 2020). Growth of GDP per person engaged provides a measure of labor productivity (defined as output per unit of labor input). GDP per person employed is expressed as a percentage of total employment in the economy.

High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing

High-technology and medium-high-technology output as a percentage of total manufacturing output.

High-tech exports

High-technology exports as a percentage of total trade.

ICT services exports

Telecommunications, computer and information services exports as a percentage of total trade according to the Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification.

Prevalence of gig economy

Average answer to the question: In your country, to what extent is the online gig economy prevalent? [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent]

Domestic market size

The domestic market size is measured by GDP based on the PPP valuation of country GDP, in current international dollars (billions).

Rule of law

The rule of law indicator ‘reflects perceptions of the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, property rights, the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence’. Scores are standardized to a scale from -2.5 (worst) to 2.5 (best).

Software piracy rate

This measure covers piracy of all packaged software that runs on personal computers (PCs), including desktops, laptops, and ultra-portables, including netbooks. This includes operating systems; systems software such as databases and security packages; business applications; and consumer applications such as games, personal finance, and reference software. The study does not include software that runs on servers or mainframes, or Software loaded onto tablets or smart phones.

Secure Internet servers

Secure Internet server s are servers that use encryption technology in Internet transactions.

Cybersecurity

The Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) measures the level of cybersecurity commitments made by individual countries.

Online trust and safety

The Trust & Safety sub-index is one of three components that make up the Readiness pillar of the Inclusive Internet Index . The sub-index measures Internet safety and cultural acceptance of the Internet based on the weighted average of six indicators: Privacy regulations, Trust in online privacy, Trust in Government websites and apps, Trust in Non-government websites and apps, Trust in information from social media, and e-Commerce safety. Scores are standardized to a scale of 0-100.

Online access to financial account

The Online access to financial account indicator refers to the percentage of people who have a financial institution account that report using a mobile phone or the Internet to access their financial institution account within the past 12 months.

Internet shopping

The Internet shipping indicator refers to the percentage of respondents aged 15 years and older who have used the Internet in the past year to purchase goods and services online.

Education outcomes

The number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, is expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Health facilities

The number of hospitals, primary care centers, health clinics in a country, hospital beds for the care of admitted patients, the number of employed people whose primary intent is to enhance health, and the amount of money spent on health in a country in any currency.

Health outcomes

The number of people who have been immunized against certain diseases per any number of inhabitants, and the number of existing cases (new and old) from certain diseases at the end of a specific year.

Reproductive health

The number of maternal deaths during a given period per live birth during the same period, the number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per live births in a given year or another period, and the quotient between the number of deaths in children under 5 year of age in a given year and the number of live births in that year.

Food security & nutrition

A percentage estimate of the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normally active and healthy life.

Gender statistics

The proportion of women subject to any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life

Crime & justice

The total count of unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury per unit of population, the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area, and the number of persons held in prison per unit of population.

Poverty & income

The share of population living in households with income or consumption expenditure below a stated national or international poverty line, and the number or percentage of households divided into 10 income groups.

National accounts

The sum of the gross values added of all resident producers at basic prices, plus all taxes fewer subsidies on products.

Labor

The percentage distribution of those employed by their industry or occupation as well as the percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Price indexes

A measure of the change in the cost of purchasing a given “basket” of consumer goods and services, whereas a cost of living index is defined as measuring the change in the cost of maintaining a given standard of living, or level of utility.

Government finance

Government revenue is reported at the end of the fiscal year and government expenditures are reported at the end of the fiscal year.

Money & banking

The money supply is the total amount of money in circulation in a country and the interest rates that are available for various lending instruments.

Population & vital statistics

The number of people living in a given area at a certain time, the number of babies born every year per inhabitant, and the number of people who died every year per inhabitant.

Education facilities

The number of educational institutions in a country, rooms where classes are held in educational institutions in a country, professional personnel directly involved in teaching students, and the amount of money spent on education in a country in any currency.

International trade

Exports of goods and services – merchandise trade comprise goods leaving the statistical territory of a country.

Balance of payments

The number of transactions (other than those in financial items) that involve economic values and occur between resident and non-residents entities.

Agriculture & Land Use

The established land area under either public or private ownership that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives, presented in physical units.

Resource use

The volume of fish brought ashore, the amount of forest area or trees cut in physical units or value as well as the value of raw materials extracted from the earth presented in physical units or value.

Energy

Total energy consumed by end-users, such as households, industry, and agriculture.

Pollution

The amount of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone, and chloro-fluorocarbons occurring naturally and resulting from human (production and consumption) activities, and contributing to the greenhouse effect (global warming), presented in physical units.

Built environment

Percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources and the percentage of the population having access to and using improved sanitation facilities. It includes also the number or percentage of households by a total number of rooms or bedrooms, the number or percentage of households that have access to electricity, and the number or percentage of households by construction material type for roofs, floors, walls, etc.

Population & vital statistics

The number of people living in a given area at a certain time, the number of babies born every year per inhabitant, and the number of people who died every year per inhabitant.

Education facilities

The number of educational institutions in a country, rooms where classes are held in educational institutions in a country, professional personnel directly involved in teaching students, and the amount of money spent on education in a country in any currency.

Education outcomes

The number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, is expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Health facilities

The number of hospitals, primary care centers, health clinics in a country, hospital beds for the care of admitted patients, the number of employed people whose primary intent is to enhance health, and the amount of money spent on health in a country in any currency.

Health outcomes

The number of people who have been immunized against certain diseases per any number of inhabitants, and the number of existing cases (new and old) from certain diseases at the end of a specific year.

Reproductive health

The number of maternal deaths during a given period per live birth during the same period, the number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per live births in a given year or another period, and the quotient between the number of deaths in children under 5 year of age in a given year and the number of live births in that year.

Food security & nutrition

A percentage estimate of the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normally active and healthy life.

Gender statistics

The proportion of women subject to any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life

Crime & justice

The total count of unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury per unit of population, the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area, and the number of persons held in prison per unit of population.

Poverty & income

The share of population living in households with income or consumption expenditure below a stated national or international poverty line, and the number or percentage of households divided into 10 income groups.

National accounts

The sum of the gross values added of all resident producers at basic prices, plus all taxes fewer subsidies on products.

Labor

The percentage distribution of those employed by their industry or occupation as well as the percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Price indexes

A measure of the change in the cost of purchasing a given “basket” of consumer goods and services, whereas a cost of living index is defined as measuring the change in the cost of maintaining a given standard of living, or level of utility.

Government finance

Government revenue is reported at the end of the fiscal year and government expenditures are reported at the end of the fiscal year.

Money & banking

The money supply is the total amount of money in circulation in a country and the interest rates that are available for various lending instruments.

International trade

Exports of goods and services – merchandise trade comprise goods leaving the statistical territory of a country.

Balance of payments

The number of transactions (other than those in financial items) that involve economic values and occur between resident and non-residents entities.

Agriculture & Land Use

The established land area under either public or private ownership that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives, presented in physical units.

Resource use

The volume of fish brought ashore, the amount of forest area or trees cut in physical units or value as well as the value of raw materials extracted from the earth presented in physical units or value.

Energy

Total energy consumed by end-users, such as households, industry, and agriculture.

Pollution

The amount of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone, and chloro-fluorocarbons occurring naturally and resulting from human (production and consumption) activities, and contributing to the greenhouse effect (global warming), presented in physical units.

Built environment

Percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources and the percentage of the population having access to and using improved sanitation facilities. It includes also the number or percentage of households by a total number of rooms or bedrooms, the number or percentage of households that have access to electricity, and the number or percentage of households by construction material type for roofs, floors, walls, etc.

Population & vital statistics

The number of people living in a given area at a certain time, the number of babies born every year per inhabitant, and the number of people who died every year per inhabitant.

Education facilities

The number of educational institutions in a country, rooms where classes are held in educational institutions in a country, professional personnel directly involved in teaching students, and the amount of money spent on education in a country in any currency.

Education outcomes

The number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, is expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Health facilities

The number of hospitals, primary care centers, health clinics in a country, hospital beds for the care of admitted patients, the number of employed people whose primary intent is to enhance health, and the amount of money spent on health in a country in any currency.

Health outcomes

The number of people who have been immunized against certain diseases per any number of inhabitants, and the number of existing cases (new and old) from certain diseases at the end of a specific year.

Reproductive health

The number of maternal deaths during a given period per live birth during the same period, the number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per live births in a given year or another period, and the quotient between the number of deaths in children under 5 year of age in a given year and the number of live births in that year.

Food security & nutrition

A percentage estimate of the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normally active and healthy life.

Gender statistics

The proportion of women subject to any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life

Crime & justice

The total count of unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury per unit of population, the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area, and the number of persons held in prison per unit of population.

Poverty & income

The share of population living in households with income or consumption expenditure below a stated national or international poverty line, and the number or percentage of households divided into 10 income groups.

National accounts

The sum of the gross values added of all resident producers at basic prices, plus all taxes fewer subsidies on products.

Labor

The percentage distribution of those employed by their industry or occupation as well as the percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Price indexes

A measure of the change in the cost of purchasing a given “basket” of consumer goods and services, whereas a cost of living index is defined as measuring the change in the cost of maintaining a given standard of living, or level of utility.

Government finance

Government revenue is reported at the end of the fiscal year and government expenditures are reported at the end of the fiscal year.

Money & banking

The money supply is the total amount of money in circulation in a country and the interest rates that are available for various lending instruments.

International trade

Exports of goods and services – merchandise trade comprise goods leaving the statistical territory of a country.

Balance of payments

The number of transactions (other than those in financial items) that involve economic values and occur between resident and non-residents entities.

Agriculture & Land Use

The established land area under either public or private ownership that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives, presented in physical units.

Resource use

The volume of fish brought ashore, the amount of forest area or trees cut in physical units or value as well as the value of raw materials extracted from the earth presented in physical units or value.

Energy

Total energy consumed by end-users, such as households, industry, and agriculture.

Pollution

The amount of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone, and chloro-fluorocarbons occurring naturally and resulting from human (production and consumption) activities, and contributing to the greenhouse effect (global warming), presented in physical units.

Built environment

Percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources and the percentage of the population having access to and using improved sanitation facilities. It includes also the number or percentage of households by a total number of rooms or bedrooms, the number or percentage of households that have access to electricity, and the number or percentage of households by construction material type for roofs, floors, walls, etc.

Population & vital statistics

The number of people living in a given area at a certain time, the number of babies born every year per inhabitant, and the number of people who died every year per inhabitant.

Education facilities

The number of educational institutions in a country, rooms where classes are held in educational institutions in a country, professional personnel directly involved in teaching students, and the amount of money spent on education in a country in any currency.

Education outcomes

The number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, is expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Health facilities

The number of hospitals, primary care centers, health clinics in a country, hospital beds for the care of admitted patients, the number of employed people whose primary intent is to enhance health, and the amount of money spent on health in a country in any currency.

Health outcomes

The number of people who have been immunized against certain diseases per any number of inhabitants, and the number of existing cases (new and old) from certain diseases at the end of a specific year.

Reproductive health

The number of maternal deaths during a given period per live birth during the same period, the number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per live births in a given year or another period, and the quotient between the number of deaths in children under 5 year of age in a given year and the number of live births in that year.

Food security & nutrition

A percentage estimate of the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normally active and healthy life.

Gender statistics

The proportion of women subject to any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life

Crime & justice

The total count of unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury per unit of population, the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area, and the number of persons held in prison per unit of population.

Poverty & income

The share of population living in households with income or consumption expenditure below a stated national or international poverty line, and the number or percentage of households divided into 10 income groups.

National accounts

The sum of the gross values added of all resident producers at basic prices, plus all taxes fewer subsidies on products.

Labor

The percentage distribution of those employed by their industry or occupation as well as the percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Price indexes

A measure of the change in the cost of purchasing a given “basket” of consumer goods and services, whereas a cost of living index is defined as measuring the change in the cost of maintaining a given standard of living, or level of utility.

Government finance

Government revenue is reported at the end of the fiscal year and government expenditures are reported at the end of the fiscal year.

Money & banking

The money supply is the total amount of money in circulation in a country and the interest rates that are available for various lending instruments.

International trade

Exports of goods and services – merchandise trade comprise goods leaving the statistical territory of a country.

Balance of payments

The number of transactions (other than those in financial items) that involve economic values and occur between resident and non-residents entities.

Agriculture & Land Use

The established land area under either public or private ownership that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives, presented in physical units.

Resource use

The volume of fish brought ashore, the amount of forest area or trees cut in physical units or value as well as the value of raw materials extracted from the earth presented in physical units or value.

Energy

Total energy consumed by end-users, such as households, industry, and agriculture.

Pollution

The amount of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone, and chloro-fluorocarbons occurring naturally and resulting from human (production and consumption) activities, and contributing to the greenhouse effect (global warming), presented in physical units.

Built environment

Percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources and the percentage of the population having access to and using improved sanitation facilities. It includes also the number or percentage of households by a total number of rooms or bedrooms, the number or percentage of households that have access to electricity, and the number or percentage of households by construction material type for roofs, floors, walls, etc.

Population & vital statistics

The number of people living in a given area at a certain time, the number of babies born every year per inhabitant, and the number of people who died every year per inhabitant.

Education facilities

The number of educational institutions in a country, rooms where classes are held in educational institutions in a country, professional personnel directly involved in teaching students, and the amount of money spent on education in a country in any currency.

Education outcomes

The number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, is expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Health facilities

The number of hospitals, primary care centers, health clinics in a country, hospital beds for the care of admitted patients, the number of employed people whose primary intent is to enhance health, and the amount of money spent on health in a country in any currency.

Health outcomes

The number of people who have been immunized against certain diseases per any number of inhabitants, and the number of existing cases (new and old) from certain diseases at the end of a specific year.

Reproductive health

The number of maternal deaths during a given period per live birth during the same period, the number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per live births in a given year or another period, and the quotient between the number of deaths in children under 5 year of age in a given year and the number of live births in that year.

Food security & nutrition

A percentage estimate of the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normally active and healthy life.

Gender statistics

The proportion of women subject to any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life

Crime & justice

The total count of unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury per unit of population, the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area, and the number of persons held in prison per unit of population.

Poverty & income

The share of population living in households with income or consumption expenditure below a stated national or international poverty line, and the number or percentage of households divided into 10 income groups.

National accounts

The sum of the gross values added of all resident producers at basic prices, plus all taxes fewer subsidies on products.

Labor

The percentage distribution of those employed by their industry or occupation as well as the percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Price indexes

A measure of the change in the cost of purchasing a given “basket” of consumer goods and services, whereas a cost of living index is defined as measuring the change in the cost of maintaining a given standard of living, or level of utility.

Government finance

Government revenue is reported at the end of the fiscal year and government expenditures are reported at the end of the fiscal year.

Money & banking

The money supply is the total amount of money in circulation in a country and the interest rates that are available for various lending instruments.

International trade

Exports of goods and services – merchandise trade comprise goods leaving the statistical territory of a country.

Balance of payments

The number of transactions (other than those in financial items) that involve economic values and occur between resident and non-residents entities.

Agriculture & Land Use

The established land area under either public or private ownership that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives, presented in physical units.

Resource use

The volume of fish brought ashore, the amount of forest area or trees cut in physical units or value as well as the value of raw materials extracted from the earth presented in physical units or value.

Energy

Total energy consumed by end-users, such as households, industry, and agriculture.

Pollution

The amount of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone, and chloro-fluorocarbons occurring naturally and resulting from human (production and consumption) activities, and contributing to the greenhouse effect (global warming), presented in physical units.

Built environment

Percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources and the percentage of the population having access to and using improved sanitation facilities. It includes also the number or percentage of households by a total number of rooms or bedrooms, the number or percentage of households that have access to electricity, and the number or percentage of households by construction material type for roofs, floors, walls, etc.

Education outcomes

The number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, is expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Health facilities

The number of hospitals, primary care centers, health clinics in a country, hospital beds for the care of admitted patients, the number of employed people whose primary intent is to enhance health, and the amount of money spent on health in a country in any currency.

Health outcomes

The number of people who have been immunized against certain diseases per any number of inhabitants, and the number of existing cases (new and old) from certain diseases at the end of a specific year.

Reproductive health

The number of maternal deaths during a given period per live birth during the same period, the number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per live births in a given year or another period, and the quotient between the number of deaths in children under 5 year of age in a given year and the number of live births in that year.

Food security & nutrition

A percentage estimate of the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normally active and healthy life.

Gender statistics

The proportion of women subject to any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life

Crime & justice

The total count of unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury per unit of population, the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area, and the number of persons held in prison per unit of population.

Poverty & income

The share of population living in households with income or consumption expenditure below a stated national or international poverty line, and the number or percentage of households divided into 10 income groups.

National accounts

The sum of the gross values added of all resident producers at basic prices, plus all taxes fewer subsidies on products.

Labor

The percentage distribution of those employed by their industry or occupation as well as the percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Price indexes

A measure of the change in the cost of purchasing a given “basket” of consumer goods and services, whereas a cost of living index is defined as measuring the change in the cost of maintaining a given standard of living, or level of utility.

Government finance

Government revenue is reported at the end of the fiscal year and government expenditures are reported at the end of the fiscal year.

Population & vital statistics

The number of people living in a given area at a certain time, the number of babies born every year per inhabitant, and the number of people who died every year per inhabitant.

Education facilities

The number of educational institutions in a country, rooms where classes are held in educational institutions in a country, professional personnel directly involved in teaching students, and the amount of money spent on education in a country in any currency.

Agriculture & Land Use

The established land area under either public or private ownership that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives, presented in physical units.

Resource use

The volume of fish brought ashore, the amount of forest area or trees cut in physical units or value as well as the value of raw materials extracted from the earth presented in physical units or value.

Pollution

The amount of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone, and chloro-fluorocarbons occurring naturally and resulting from human (production and consumption) activities, and contributing to the greenhouse effect (global warming), presented in physical units.

Built environment

Percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources and the percentage of the population having access to and using improved sanitation facilities. It includes also the number or percentage of households by a total number of rooms or bedrooms, the number or percentage of households that have access to electricity, and the number or percentage of households by construction material type for roofs, floors, walls, etc.

Education outcomes

The number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, is expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Health facilities

The number of hospitals, primary care centers, health clinics in a country, hospital beds for the care of admitted patients, the number of employed people whose primary intent is to enhance health, and the amount of money spent on health in a country in any currency.

Health outcomes

The number of people who have been immunized against certain diseases per any number of inhabitants, and the number of existing cases (new and old) from certain diseases at the end of a specific year.

Reproductive health

The number of maternal deaths during a given period per live birth during the same period, the number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per live births in a given year or another period, and the quotient between the number of deaths in children under 5 year of age in a given year and the number of live births in that year.

Food security & nutrition

A percentage estimate of the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normally active and healthy life.

Gender statistics

The proportion of women subject to any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life

Crime & justice

The total count of unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury per unit of population, the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area, and the number of persons held in prison per unit of population.

Poverty & income

The share of population living in households with income or consumption expenditure below a stated national or international poverty line, and the number or percentage of households divided into 10 income groups.

National accounts

The sum of the gross values added of all resident producers at basic prices, plus all taxes fewer subsidies on products.

Labor

The percentage distribution of those employed by their industry or occupation as well as the percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Price indexes

A measure of the change in the cost of purchasing a given “basket” of consumer goods and services, whereas a cost of living index is defined as measuring the change in the cost of maintaining a given standard of living, or level of utility.

Government finance

Government revenue is reported at the end of the fiscal year and government expenditures are reported at the end of the fiscal year.

Money & banking

The money supply is the total amount of money in circulation in a country and the interest rates that are available for various lending instruments.

International trade

Exports of goods and services – merchandise trade comprise goods leaving the statistical territory of a country.

Balance of payments

The number of transactions (other than those in financial items) that involve economic values and occur between resident and non-residents entities.

Agriculture & Land Use

The established land area under either public or private ownership that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives, presented in physical units.

Resource use

The volume of fish brought ashore, the amount of forest area or trees cut in physical units or value as well as the value of raw materials extracted from the earth presented in physical units or value.

Energy

Total energy consumed by end-users, such as households, industry, and agriculture.

Pollution

The amount of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone, and chloro-fluorocarbons occurring naturally and resulting from human (production and consumption) activities, and contributing to the greenhouse effect (global warming), presented in physical units.

Built environment

Percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources and the percentage of the population having access to and using improved sanitation facilities. It includes also the number or percentage of households by a total number of rooms or bedrooms, the number or percentage of households that have access to electricity, and the number or percentage of households by construction material type for roofs, floors, walls, etc.

Population & vital statistics

The number of people living in a given area at a certain time, the number of babies born every year per inhabitant, and the number of people who died every year per inhabitant.

Education facilities

The number of educational institutions in a country, rooms where classes are held in educational institutions in a country, professional personnel directly involved in teaching students, and the amount of money spent on education in a country in any currency.

Education outcomes

The number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, is expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Health facilities

The number of hospitals, primary care centers, health clinics in a country, hospital beds for the care of admitted patients, the number of employed people whose primary intent is to enhance health, and the amount of money spent on health in a country in any currency.

Health outcomes

The number of people who have been immunized against certain diseases per any number of inhabitants, and the number of existing cases (new and old) from certain diseases at the end of a specific year.

Reproductive health

The number of maternal deaths during a given period per live birth during the same period, the number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per live births in a given year or another period, and the quotient between the number of deaths in children under 5 year of age in a given year and the number of live births in that year.

Gender statistics

The proportion of women subject to any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life

Crime & justice

The total count of unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury per unit of population, the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area, and the number of persons held in prison per unit of population.

Poverty & income

The share of population living in households with income or consumption expenditure below a stated national or international poverty line, and the number or percentage of households divided into 10 income groups.

Labor

The percentage distribution of those employed by their industry or occupation as well as the percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Population & vital statistics

The number of people living in a given area at a certain time, the number of babies born every year per inhabitant, and the number of people who died every year per inhabitant.

Education facilities

The number of educational institutions in a country, rooms where classes are held in educational institutions in a country, professional personnel directly involved in teaching students, and the amount of money spent on education in a country in any currency.

Agriculture & Land Use

The established land area under either public or private ownership that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives, presented in physical units.

Built environment

Percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources and the percentage of the population having access to and using improved sanitation facilities. It includes also the number or percentage of households by a total number of rooms or bedrooms, the number or percentage of households that have access to electricity, and the number or percentage of households by construction material type for roofs, floors, walls, etc.

Population & vital statistics

The number of people living in a given area at a certain time, the number of babies born every year per inhabitant, and the number of people who died every year per inhabitant.

Education facilities

The number of educational institutions in a country, rooms where classes are held in educational institutions in a country, professional personnel directly involved in teaching students, and the amount of money spent on education in a country in any currency.

Education outcomes

The number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, is expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Health facilities

The number of hospitals, primary care centers, health clinics in a country, hospital beds for the care of admitted patients, the number of employed people whose primary intent is to enhance health, and the amount of money spent on health in a country in any currency.

Health outcomes

The number of people who have been immunized against certain diseases per any number of inhabitants, and the number of existing cases (new and old) from certain diseases at the end of a specific year.

Reproductive health

The number of maternal deaths during a given period per live birth during the same period, the number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per live births in a given year or another period, and the quotient between the number of deaths in children under 5 year of age in a given year and the number of live births in that year.

Food security & nutrition

A percentage estimate of the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normally active and healthy life.

Gender statistics

The proportion of women subject to any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life

Crime & justice

The total count of unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury per unit of population, the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area, and the number of persons held in prison per unit of population.

Poverty & income

The share of population living in households with income or consumption expenditure below a stated national or international poverty line, and the number or percentage of households divided into 10 income groups.

National accounts

The sum of the gross values added of all resident producers at basic prices, plus all taxes fewer subsidies on products.

Labor

The percentage distribution of those employed by their industry or occupation as well as the percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Price indexes

A measure of the change in the cost of purchasing a given “basket” of consumer goods and services, whereas a cost of living index is defined as measuring the change in the cost of maintaining a given standard of living, or level of utility.

Government finance

Government revenue is reported at the end of the fiscal year and government expenditures are reported at the end of the fiscal year.

Money & banking

The money supply is the total amount of money in circulation in a country and the interest rates that are available for various lending instruments.

International trade

Exports of goods and services – merchandise trade comprise goods leaving the statistical territory of a country.

Balance of payments

The number of transactions (other than those in financial items) that involve economic values and occur between resident and non-residents entities.

Agriculture & Land Use

The established land area under either public or private ownership that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives, presented in physical units.

Resource use

The volume of fish brought ashore, the amount of forest area or trees cut in physical units or value as well as the value of raw materials extracted from the earth presented in physical units or value.

Energy

Total energy consumed by end-users, such as households, industry, and agriculture.

Pollution

The amount of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone, and chloro-fluorocarbons occurring naturally and resulting from human (production and consumption) activities, and contributing to the greenhouse effect (global warming), presented in physical units.

Built environment

Percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources and the percentage of the population having access to and using improved sanitation facilities. It includes also the number or percentage of households by a total number of rooms or bedrooms, the number or percentage of households that have access to electricity, and the number or percentage of households by construction material type for roofs, floors, walls, etc.

Education outcomes

The number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, is expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Health facilities

The number of hospitals, primary care centers, health clinics in a country, hospital beds for the care of admitted patients, the number of employed people whose primary intent is to enhance health, and the amount of money spent on health in a country in any currency.

Health outcomes

The number of people who have been immunized against certain diseases per any number of inhabitants, and the number of existing cases (new and old) from certain diseases at the end of a specific year.

Reproductive health

The number of maternal deaths during a given period per live birth during the same period, the number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per live births in a given year or another period, and the quotient between the number of deaths in children under 5 year of age in a given year and the number of live births in that year.

Food security & nutrition

A percentage estimate of the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normally active and healthy life.

Gender statistics

The proportion of women subject to any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life

Crime & justice

The total count of unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury per unit of population, the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area, and the number of persons held in prison per unit of population.

Poverty & income

The share of population living in households with income or consumption expenditure below a stated national or international poverty line, and the number or percentage of households divided into 10 income groups.

National accounts

The sum of the gross values added of all resident producers at basic prices, plus all taxes fewer subsidies on products.

Labor

The percentage distribution of those employed by their industry or occupation as well as the percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Price indexes

A measure of the change in the cost of purchasing a given “basket” of consumer goods and services, whereas a cost of living index is defined as measuring the change in the cost of maintaining a given standard of living, or level of utility.

Government finance

Government revenue is reported at the end of the fiscal year and government expenditures are reported at the end of the fiscal year.

Money & banking

The money supply is the total amount of money in circulation in a country and the interest rates that are available for various lending instruments.

Population & vital statistics

The number of people living in a given area at a certain time, the number of babies born every year per inhabitant, and the number of people who died every year per inhabitant.

Education facilities

The number of educational institutions in a country, rooms where classes are held in educational institutions in a country, professional personnel directly involved in teaching students, and the amount of money spent on education in a country in any currency.

International trade

Exports of goods and services – merchandise trade comprise goods leaving the statistical territory of a country.

Balance of payments

The number of transactions (other than those in financial items) that involve economic values and occur between resident and non-residents entities.

Agriculture & Land Use

The established land area under either public or private ownership that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives, presented in physical units.

Resource use

The volume of fish brought ashore, the amount of forest area or trees cut in physical units or value as well as the value of raw materials extracted from the earth presented in physical units or value.

Energy

Total energy consumed by end-users, such as households, industry, and agriculture.

Pollution

The amount of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone, and chloro-fluorocarbons occurring naturally and resulting from human (production and consumption) activities, and contributing to the greenhouse effect (global warming), presented in physical units.

Built environment

Percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources and the percentage of the population having access to and using improved sanitation facilities. It includes also the number or percentage of households by a total number of rooms or bedrooms, the number or percentage of households that have access to electricity, and the number or percentage of households by construction material type for roofs, floors, walls, etc.

Comprehensive female e-inclusion plan

Does the government have an active plan or strategy to promote internet acces and e-inclusion for females?

Female digital skills training plan

Does the government have an action plan to provide digital skills training for women?

Female STEM education plan

Does the government have a policy in place that encourages women and girls to study STEM?

Government efforts to promote 5G

Has the government developped a policy, strategy or initiatives to promote 5G?

Funding for broadband buildout

Do government programs exist to help subsidize or provide incentives for broadband buildout in underserved areas?

Technology-neutrality policy for spectrum use

Does the country have a policy that adresses technology-neutrality for spectrum use?

Online harassment/bullying prevention

Does the country collect and publish incidents of online harassment/bullying?

Government e-inclusion strategy

Does the government have any current initiatives or strategies in place that adress e-inclusion-the inclusion and promotion of internet access for underserved groups?

National broadband strategy

Does the government have a current national broadband strategy?

National digital identification system

Does the government have national digital identification system?

Expected years of schooling-male

Expected years of schooling is the number of years a child of school entrance age is expected to spend at school, or university, including years spent on repetition. It is the sum of the age-specific enrolment ratios for primary, secondary, post-secondary non-tertiary and tertiary education

Mean years of schooling-male

estimates the average number of years of total schooling adults aged 25 years and older have received.

Life expectancy at birth-female

The average number of years that a newborn could expect to live, if he or she were to pass through life exposed to the sex- and age-specific death rates prevailing at the time of his or her birth, for a specific year, in a given country, territory, or geographic area.

Life expectancy at birth-male

The average number of years that a newborn could expect to live, if he or she were to pass through life exposed to the sex- and age-specific death rates prevailing at the time of his or her birth, for a specific year, in a given country, territory, or geographic area.

Gross national income (GNI) per capita-female

GNI per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP). PPP GNI is gross national income (GNI) converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GNI as a U.S. dollar has in the United States. GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in constant 2017 international dollars.

Gross national income (GNI) per capita-male

GNI per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP). PPP GNI is gross national income (GNI) converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GNI as a U.S. dollar has in the United States. GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in constant 2017 international dollars.

Expected years of schooling-female

Expected years of schooling is the number of years a child of school entrance age is expected to spend at school, or university, including years spent on repetition. It is the sum of the age-specific enrolment ratios for primary, secondary, post-secondary non-tertiary and tertiary education

Mean years of schooling-female

estimates the average number of years of total schooling adults aged 25 years and older have received.

Sex ratio at birth

Sex ratio at birth refers to male births per female births. The data are 5 year averages.

Healthy life expectancy

Average number of years that a person of each gender can expect to live in full health, calculated by taking into account years lived in less than full health due to disease and/or injury.

Labor force participation rate

Proportion of a country’s working-age (15–64) female population that engages actively in the labor market, either by working or looking for work. (i.e. ratio of the number of women participating in the labor force to total labor force). Labor force data doesn’t take into account workers employed abroad. It includes ILO estimates for missing data.

Wage equality for similar work

Response to the survey question, “In your country, for similar work, to what extent are wages for women equal to those of men?” (1 = not at all, significantly below those of men; 7 = fully, equal to those of men).

Estimated earned income

The estimated female earned income is a proxy for how much command women have over a country’s economic resources. For each country, it is computed using female and male shares of the economically active population, the ratio of the female to male wages (both sourced from (both indicators are sourced from ILO), gross domestic product valued at constant 2017 international dollars (IMF), and female and male shares of population (World Bank). The methodology used to compute this indicator is adapted from the methodology developed by the United Nations Development Program’s Human Development Report Office for computing the Gender Development Index (UNDP, 2020, page 6-7). Female and male wage measures used in the computation of the gender wage ratio correspond to the mean nominal monthly earnings of female and male employees, respectively. In the absence of wage data, a gender wage ratio of 0.75 is used in the computation of the wage bill. ILO’s measure of earning corresponds to the mean of monthly earnings of all employees in nominal terms. The earnings of employees relate to the gross remuneration in cash and in kind paid to employees, as a rule at regular intervals, for time worked or work done together with remuneration for time not worked, such as annual vacation, other type of paid leave or holidays. Earnings exclude employers’ contributions in respect of their employees paid to social security and pension schemes and also the benefits received estimated average annual earned income per capita in constant 2017 international dollars for women and men, respectively, and the ratio of the two values.

Legislators, senior officials and managers

Ratio of women to men employed in senior roles, defined by the International Labor Organization as those who plan, direct, coordinate and evaluate the overall activities of enterprises, governments and other organizations, or of organizational units within them, and formulate and review their policies, laws, rules and regulations. It corresponds to Major Group 1 of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08)

Professional and technical workers

Ratio of women to men employed in professional and technical roles, defined by the International Labor Organization as those who increase the existing stock of knowledge, apply scientific or artistic concepts and theories or those who perform technical and related tasks that require advanced knowledge and skill. It corresponds to the sum of Major Groups 2 and 3 of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08).

Women in parliament

Percentage of women holding parliamentary seats as a share of total parliamentary seats. In instances where a parliamentary system is bicameral, the figure used is the one for the lower house.

Women in ministerial positions

Percentage of women holding ministerial portfolios as a share of total ministry positions in each government. Some overlap between ministers and heads of government that also hold a ministerial portfolio may occur.

Years with female/male head of state (last 50)

The number of years in the past fifty-year period for which a woman has held a post equivalent to an elected head of state or head of government in the country. It takes into account prime ministers and/or presidents, royalties are not considered. It takes into account prime ministers and/or presidents, and royalties are not considered.

Literacy rate

Percentage of the adult population (over 15 years of age) of each gender with the ability to both read and write and make simple arithmetic calculations.

Enrollment in primary education

Percentage of girls and boys in the official primary school age range (net rate) who are enrolled in primary education (International Standard Classification of Education [ISCED] 1)

Enrollment in secondary education

Percentage of girls and boys in the official secondary school age range (net rate) who are enrolled in secondary education (ISCED 2 and 3). It excludes ISCED 4, which is post-secondary, non-tertiary education. Whenever data on this indicator is not available, the “Percentage of students in secondary education (ISCED 2 and 3) who are female” variable is used instead.

Enrollment in tertiary education

Total enrolment in tertiary education (gross rate), regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the most recent five-year age cohort that has left secondary school. Tertiary education consists of ISCED levels 5 to 8, and gross enrolment data should be examined within the context of a country structure regarding military service as well as propensity of students to seek education abroad.

Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on a woman’s legal capacity and ability to get a job or pursue a trade or profession. The answer is “No” if a husband can prevent his wife from working; or permission or additional documentation is required for a woman to work but not a man; or it is considered a form of disobedience with legal consequences, such as loss of maintenance, for a woman to work contrary to her husband’s wishes or the interests of the family.

Does the law prohibit discrimination in employment based on gender

The answer is "Yes" if the law prohibits employers from discriminating based on sex or gender or mandates equal treatment of women and men in employment. The answer is "No" if the law does not prohibit such discrimination or only prohibits it in one aspect of employment, such as pay or dismissal.

Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment

The answer is “Yes” if legal provisions specifically protect against sexual harassment in employment, including unwelcome verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature. The answer is “No” if there is no legislation specifically addressing sexual harassment in employment; or the law addresses harassment in general but makes no reference to acts of a sexual nature or contact; or states only that the employer has a duty to prevent sexual harassment but no provisions prohibit it or provide sanctions or other forms of redress.

Are there criminal penalties or civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment

The answer is “Yes” if the law establishes criminal sanctions, such as fines or imprisonment, for sexual harassment in employment; or the provision in the criminal code provides for reparation of damages for offenses covered by the code; or the law provides for civil remedies or compensation for victims of sexual harassment in employment or the workplace, even after dismissal of the victims. The answer is “No” if the law establishes neither criminal sanctions for sexual harassment in employment nor civil remedies or compensation for victims of sexual harassment in employment; or the law only prohibits sexual harassment in employment and sets forth that the employer should apply discretionary sanctions.

Is the age at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits the same

The answer is “Yes” if the statutory age at which men and women can retire and receive an irrevocable minimum old-age pension is the same. The answer is “No” if there is a difference in the statutory age or if there is no mandatory pension scheme implemented for private sector workers.

Is the age at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits the same

The answer is “Yes” if the age at which men and women can retire and receive partial pension benefits is the same or if the age at which men and women can retire and receive partial benefits is not mandated. The answer is “No” if the age at which men and women can retire and receive partial pension benefits is different or if there is no mandatory pension scheme implemented for private sector workers.

Is the mandatory retirement age for men and women the same

The answer is “Yes” if the legally established age at which men and women must retire is the same or if there is no mandatory retirement age. The answer is “No” if the age at which men and women must retire is different.

Are periods of absence due to childcare accounted for in pension benefits

The answer is “Yes” if pension contributions are paid or credited during maternity or parental leave or the leave period is considered a qualifying period of employment used for the purpose of calculating pension benefits; or there are mechanisms to compensate for any contribution gaps and to ensure that the leave period does not reduce the assessment base or pension amounts or if there are no mandatory contributory pension schemes, but there is a noncontributory universal social pension conditioned on noncontributory requirements with no means test attached. The answer is “No” if there are no compensating pension arrangements for periods of childcare or if there is no mandatory contributory pension scheme for private sector workers and no noncontributory universal social pension.

Is paid leave of at least 14 weeks available to mothers

The answer is “Yes” if mothers are legally entitled to at least 14 weeks (98 calendar days) of paid leave for the birth of a child through maternity leave, parental leave or a combination of both. The answer is “No” the law does not establish paid leave for mothers, or if the length of paid leave is less than 14 weeks.

Does the government administer 100% of maternity leave benefits

The answer is “Yes” if leave benefits are fully administered by a government entity, including compulsory social insurance schemes (such as social security), public funds, government-mandated private insurance or employer reimbursement of any maternity leave benefits paid directly to an employee. The answer is “No” if any of the cost is shared by the employer; or contributions or taxes are mandated only for female employees, if the social insurance scheme that provides maternity leave benefits is optional, or if no paid leave is available to expectant and new mothers.

Is there paid leave available to fathers

The answer is “Yes” if fathers are legally entitled to at least one day of paid paternity leave for the birth of a child, or if the law reserves a portion of paid parental leave specifically for fathers—that is, through “use-it-or-lose-it” policies or fathers’ quotas; or fathers are individually entitled to paid parental leave. The answer is “No” if the law does not guarantee fathers any paid paternity leave or other specific leave for the birth of a child; or allowances for the birth of a child must be deducted from annual or sick leave.

Is there paid parental leave

The answer is “Yes” if parents are legally entitled to some form of full-time paid parental leave, either shared between mother and father (at least two weeks) or as an individual entitlement that each can take regardless of the other (at least one week each); or the duration of paid maternity leave and paid paternity leave is the same. The answer is “No” if the law does not mandate any form of paid parental leave.

Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited

he answer is “Yes” if the law explicitly prohibits the dismissal of pregnant women, if pregnancy cannot serve as grounds for termination of a contract, or if dismissal of pregnant workers is considered a form of unlawful termination, unfair dismissal, or wrongful discharge. The answer is “No” if there are no provisions prohibiting the dismissal of pregnant workers, or if the law only prohibits the dismissal of pregnant workers during maternity leave, for a limited period of the pregnancy, or when their pregnancy results in illness or disability.

Does the law prohibit discrimination in access to credit based on gender

The answer is “Yes” if the law prohibits discrimination by creditors based on sex or gender or prescribes equal access for both men and women when conducting financial transactions or entrepreneurial activities, or if the law prohibits gender discrimination when accessing goods and services. The answer is “No” if the law does not prohibit such discrimination or if the law does not provide for effective remedies.

Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if a woman obtains full legal capacity upon reaching the age of majority and there are no restrictions on her signing legally binding contracts. The answer is “No” if a woman has limited legal capacity to sign a contract or needs the signature, consent, or permission of her husband or guardian to do so.

Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on a woman registering a business. The answer is “No” if a woman has limited legal capacity to register a business, including situations in which she needs her husband’s or guardian’s permission, signature or consent to register a business.; or the registration process at any stage requires a woman to provide additional information or documentation that is not required of a man.

Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on a woman opening a bank account. The answer is “No” if a woman has limited legal capacity or is required to provide any additional permission or documentation that is not required of a man; or legal provisions limit the ability of a woman to open a bank account, such as stating that only a married woman who is separately employed from her husband may open a bank account in her own name.

Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value

The answer is "Yes" if employers are legally obliged to pay equal remuneration to male and female employees who perform work of equal value in accordance with these definitions. The answer is "No" if the law limits the principle of equal remuneration to equal work, the same work, similar work or work of a similar nature; or the law limits the broad concept of “remuneration” to only basic wages or salary.

Can a woman work at night in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if a woman who is not pregnant and not nursing can work at night in the same way as a man; or restrictions on women’s ability to work at night do not apply to the food retail sector; or women’s consent to work at night is required; or an employer needs to comply with safety measures. The answer is “No” if the law broadly prohibits a woman, including one with children over the age of one, from working at night or limits the hours that she can work at night; or the law gives the relevant authority the power to restrict or prohibit a woman’s ability to work at night, regardless of the content of any decisions issued by that authority.

Can a woman work in a job deemed dangerous in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if no laws prohibit or restrict a woman who is not pregnant and not nursing from working in a broad and subjective category of jobs deemed hazardous, arduous, or morally inappropriate. The answer is “No” if the law prohibits or restricts a woman’s ability to work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous, or morally inappropriate; or the relevant authority can determine whether particular jobs are too hazardous, arduous, or morally inappropriate for a woman but not for a man, regardless of the content of any decisions issued by that authority.

Can a woman work in an industrial job in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if a woman who is not pregnant and not nursing can work in the mining, construction, manufacturing, energy, water, agriculture, and transportation industries in the same way as a man. The answer is “No” if the law prohibits a woman from working in any of these industries; or a woman’s employment in the relevant industries is restricted in any way, such as by prohibiting her from working at night in “industrial undertakings;” or by giving the relevant authority the power to prohibit or restrict her ability to work in certain jobs or industries, regardless of the content of any decisions issued by that authority.

Is there no legal provision that requires a married woman to obey her husband

The answer is "Yes" if there is no provision requiring a married woman to obey her husband. The answer is "No" if there is an explicit provision stating that a married woman must obey her husband or if disobeying the husband has legal ramifications for a married woman, such as loss of her right to maintenance.

Can a woman be head of household in the same way as a man

The answer is "Yes" if there are no restrictions on a woman being head of household or head of family. The answer is "No" if the law designates the husband as head of household or stipulates that he leads the family; or a male is designated as the default family member who receives the family book or equivalent document that is needed for accessing services.

Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence

The answer is “Yes” if there is legislation addressing domestic violence that includes criminal sanctions or provides for protection orders for domestic violence. The answer is “No” if there is no legislation addressing domestic violence, if the domestic violence legislation does not provide for sanctions or protection orders, or if only a specific category of women or family member is protected; or there is only a provision that increases penalties for general crimes covered in the criminal code if committed between spouses or within the family.

Can a woman obtain a judgment of divorce in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if the process to obtain a judgment of divorce is equal for a woman and a man or provides additional protections for a woman, such as prohibiting a husband from initiating divorce proceedings while his wife is pregnant. The answer is “No” if there are procedural or evidentiary differences for a woman seeking a judgment of divorce; or only a man can initiate divorce proceedings; or divorce is not legally allowed.

Does a woman have the same rights to remarry as a man

The answer is “Yes” if a woman and a man have equal rights to remarry. The answer is “No” if the law limits a woman’s right to remarry, such as by requiring a waiting period before remarriage to which a man is not subject; or divorce is not legally allowed.

Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on a woman choosing where to live. The answer is “No” if there are explicit restrictions on a woman choosing where to live, if there are legal restrictions on a woman choosing where to live, if the husband chooses the marital home or has more weight in determining where the family will live, or if a woman’s domicile automatically follows that of her husband.

Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on a woman traveling alone domestically. The answer is “No” if permission, additional documentation, or the presence of her husband or guardian is required for a woman to travel alone domestically; or a woman must justify her reasons for leaving the home; or leaving the home without a valid reason is considered disobedience with legal consequences, such as loss of right to maintenance.

Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if there are no gender differences in passport application procedures. The answer is “No” if an adult woman needs the permission or signature of her husband, father or other relative or guardian to apply for a passport; or passport application procedures or forms require a woman to provide details about her husband, father, or other relative or guardian; or passport application procedures or forms require a woman to provide details about her husband, father, or other relative or guardian or additional documents such as a marriage certificate and if the same is not required of a man.

Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on a woman traveling alone internationally. The answer is “No” if permission, additional documentation, or the presence of her husband or a guardian is required for a woman to leave the country; or the law requires a married woman to accompany her husband out of the country if he wishes her to do so.

Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property

The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on women’s legal capacity and rights to immovable property. The answer is “No” if women's rights to own or administer property are legally restricted, or if there are gender differences in the legal treatment of spousal property, such as granting the husband administrative control of marital property, or for cases in which customary law is prevalent, if there is no statutory law that recognizes equal property rights.

Do sons and daughters have equal rights to inherit assets from their parents

The answer is “Yes” if sons and daughters have the same rights to inherit assets from their parents. The answer is “No” if there are gender-based differences in the recognition of children as heirs to property .

Do male and female surviving spouses have equal rights to inherit assets

The answer is “Yes” if surviving spouses of either gender with no living children have the same inheritance rights. The answer is “No” if there are gender-based differences in the inheritance rights of surviving spouses.

Does the law grant spouses equal administrative authority over assets during marriage

The answer is “Yes” if spouses retain administrative power over those assets each brought to the marriage or acquired during marriage, and their accrued value, without the need for spousal consent; or spouses administer their separate property, but for major transactions, such as selling or pledging the property as collateral, spousal consent is required or if both spouses have equal rights in the administration and transaction of joint property. The answer is “No” if the husband has administrative rights over all property, including any separate property of the wife, or if the husband's word prevails in case of disagreement; or customary law (which often discriminates against women) is prevalent, if there is no statutory law that recognizes equal property administration.

Does the law provide for the valuation of nonmonetary contributions

The answer is “Yes” if there is an explicit legal recognition of such contributions and the law provides for equal or equitable division of the property or the transfer of a lump sum to the stay-at-home spouse based on nonmonetary contributions; or the default marital property regime is full community, partial community, or deferred community of property because these regimes implicitly recognize nonmonetary contributions at the time of property division and benefit both spouses regardless of who purchased the property or holds title to it. The answer is “No” if the default marital property regime is not a form of community of property and there is no explicit legal provision providing for equal or equitable division of property based on nonmonetary contributions.

Does the Law Prohibit Discrimination in Access to Credit Based on Gender?

A score of 1 if the following three conditions are met: The law explicitly prohibits gender-based discrimination in access to financial services, credit, or loans. The language of the law may include terms such as “financial services,” “banking services,” “all services in the public and private sectors,” “goods and services”, or “business activities.” Generic nondiscrimination clauses in Constitutions or nondiscrimination laws that do not specifically mention sex or gender in the context of financial services, credit, or loans are not sufficient; (OR) The law prescribes equal access for both women and men to financial products or services; AND If the specific provision on nondiscrimination in access to credit is regulated in a central bank regulation or circular, it must be legally binding; AND The legally binding instruments are accompanied by effective remedies after violation of the principle.

Can a woman work in a job deemed hazardous in the same way as a man?

A score of 0.25 if no laws prohibit or restrict a woman who is not pregnant and not nursing from working in a broad and subjective category of jobs deemed hazardous.

Can a woman work in a job deemed arduous in the same way as a man?

A score of 0.25 if no laws prohibit or restrict a woman who is not pregnant and not nursing from working in a broad and subjective category of jobs deemed arduous.

Can a woman work in a job deemed morally inappropriate in the same way as a man?

A score of 0.25 if no laws prohibit or restrict a woman who is not pregnant and not nursing from working in a broad and subjective category of jobs deemed morally inappropriate.

Is the law free of legal provisions that explicitly give the relevant government authority the power to restrict or prohibit women from working in jobs deemed dangerous?

A score of 0.25 if the law does not give the relevant authority the power to prohibit or restrict a woman’s ability to work in jobs considered dangerous, such as by determining whether particular jobs are too hazardous, arduous, or morally inappropriate for a woman but not for a man, regardless of any decisions issued by that authority.

Does the law allow a woman to sign a contract in the same way as a man?

A response of YES if the following three conditions are met: A woman (married or unmarried) obtains full legal capacity on reaching the age of majority; AND There are no legal restrictions on her signing legally binding contracts, such as needing her husband’s or guardian’s permission, signature, or consent; AND There are no differences between women (married or unmarried) and men or additional burdens that women face, and men do not, in signing legally binding contracts.

Does the law allow a woman to register a business in the same way as a man?

A response of YES if the following three conditions are met: A woman (married or unmarried) obtains full legal capacity on reaching the age of majority; AND There are no legal restrictions on her registering a business, such as needing her husband’s or guardian’s permission, signature, or consent; AND There are no differences between women (married or unmarried) and men or additional burdens that women face, and men do not (such as having to provide additional documentation or names), in registering a business.

Does the law allow a woman to open a bank account in the same way as a man?

A response of YES if the following three conditions are met: A woman (married or unmarried) obtains full legal capacity on reaching the age of majority; AND There are no legal restrictions on her opening a bank account, such as needing her husband’s or guardian’s permission, signature, or consent; AND There are no differences between women (married or unmarried) and men or additional burdens that women face, and men do not, in opening a bank account, irrespective of the applicable marital regime.

Does a women have the same legal rights to confer nationality to her children?

A score of 0.50 if there are no legal differences between women and men in conferring nationality on their children. A score of 0.50 is only assigned if the law does not contain any of the following three constraints: The law grants the rights to confer citizenship on their children born in wedlock to men but does not explicitly establish such right for women; OR A woman is subject to different requirements than a man, such as waiting times, or if passing on nationality is only possible under limited circumstances, such as if the father’s nationality is unknown; OR The law prohibits or constrains a woman’s ability to confer nationality on her children born in wedlock in any other way.

Does a women have the same legal rights to confer nationality to her husband?

A score of 0.50 if one of the following two conditions is met: There are no legal differences between women and men in conferring nationality on their spouses; OR There is no legal difference in the treatment of a foreign wife and a foreign husband.

Does the Law Grant Equal Inheritance Rights to Sons and Daughters?

A score of 1 if one of the following three conditions is met: The law explicitly grants sons and daughters equal rights to inherit assets from their parents; OR The law mandates equal shares of inheritance for sons and daughters; OR The law does not specify any legal distinctions between boys and girls in matters of inheritance.

Can a woman undertake entrepreneurial activities in the same way as a man?

A score of 1 is assigned if the law prohibits discrimination by creditors based on gender or prescribes equal access for both women and men when conducting financial transactions or entrepreneurial activities. A score of 1 is also assigned if the law prohibits gender discrimination when accessing goods and services (and services are defined to include financial services). A score of 0 is assigned if the law does not prohibit such discrimination or if the law does not provide for effective remedies.

Does the law prohibit discrimination in access to credit based on gender?

The answer is “Yes” if the law prohibits discrimination by creditors based on sex or gender or prescribes equal access for both men and women when conducting financial transactions or entrepreneurial activities, or if the law prohibits gender discrimination when accessing goods and services. The answer is “No” if the law does not prohibit such discrimination or if the law does not provide for effective remedies.

Does the law prescribe a gender quota for corporate boards?

A score of 1 is assigned if the law mandates a specific numerical or percentage-based quota for the inclusion of women on corporate boards of private sector enterprises or publicly listed companies. A score of 0 is assigned if the law does not mandate a specific numerical or percentage-based quota for the inclusion of women on the corporate boards of private sector enterprises or if the law only outlines voluntary targets for female representation on boards, emphasizes the importance of diversity at the board level, or requires diversity reporting or if private sector initiatives that are not legally binding prescribe a quota.

Does the law include gender-sensitive procurement provisions for public procurement processes?

A score of 1 is assigned if the law mandates gender-sensitive criteria in the public procurement process or if the relevant laws either explicitly establish measures that benefit women in the award process, such as exclusion grounds, selection criteria, award criteria, or tie-breaker provisions, or, more broadly, seek to promote gender-responsive business practices. A score of 0 is assigned if the law does not mandate any gender-sensitive criteria in the public procurement process or if meas ures related to the promotion of socially responsible public procurement are included in the relevant laws without specifically mentioning gender or women.

Does the Law Prohibit Discrimination in Employment Based on Gender?

A score of 1 if the following two conditions are met: The law prohibits employers from discriminating based on gender (OR) The law mandates equal treatment of women and men in employment; AND The law does not prohibit discrimination in only one aspect of employment, such as pay or dismissal.

Does the law establish any form of financial support for families for childcare services?

A score of 1 if at least one of the following three conditions is met: The law establishes financial support from the government in the form of subsidies, allowances, one-time grants, reimbursements, vouchers, or fee reduction or exemption (that can be unconditional or conditional on income, number of children, or the work status of parents for one or both parents) specifically designated for childcare services in public or private center-based settings; OR Financial support targeting parents is not paid directly to parents, but instead is paid to a public or private childcare center in favor of each child admitted based on a per child cost; OR The law establishes free and universal childcare services, with a legally guaranteed spot in a childcare facility for every child without any conditions.

Does the law establish tax incentives for families for childcare services?

A score of 1 if at least one of the following two conditions is met: The law establishes direct tax benefits in the form of credits, deductions, or exemptions in personal income taxation for one or both parents specifically designated for childcare services in public or private center-based settings; OR Expenses incurred by parents for childcare services in public or private center-based settings are tax-deductible.

Are the ages at which a woman and a man can retire the same?

Assesses the minimum age at which women and men may retire for partial or full benefits.

Does the Law Mandate Equal Remuneration for Work of Equal Value?

A score of 1 if the following three conditions are met: The law mandates that employers pay equal remuneration to male and female employees who perform work of equal value in accordance with the definitions of “remuneration” and “work of equal value” provided by the ILO; AND The law does not limit the principle of equal remuneration to equal work, the same work, similar work, or work of a similar nature; AND The law does not limit the broad concept of “remuneration” to only basic wages or salary.

Is the legal age of marriage 18 or higher for boys and girls?

A response of YES if the following two conditions are met:The legal age of marriage for girls—the age at which girls are free to marry without parental or anauthority’s consent—is at least 18; AND The legal age of marriage for boys—the age at which boys are free to marry without parental or an authority’s consent—is at least 18.

Is the law free of parental consent exceptions to the legal age of marriage (or is the age of marriage with parental consent 18 or higher)?

A response of YES if one of the following two conditions is met: The law does not provide for exceptions to the legal age of marriage based on parental consent; OR The minimum age of marriage with parental consent is at least 18 for boys and girls.

Is marriage under the legal age void or voidable?

A response of YES if marriage in violation of the age requirements is void or voidable.

Are there penalties for adults who authorize, celebrate, register, or enter into child marriage?

A response of YES if one of the following conditions is met: The law establishes penalties for anyone who authorizes, celebrates, or registers marriages in violation of the age requirements; OR The law established penalties for any party to the marriage who is over the legal age and knowingly enters into such a marriage.

Does the Law Grant Equal Inheritance Rights to Male and Female Surviving Spouses?

A score of 1 if one of the following two conditions is met: The law recognizes equal inheritance rights and, if established, the same order of succession for male and female surviving spouses; AND widows do not lose their right to inherited property upon remarriage; OR The law provides for equal shares of inheritance and, if established, the same order of succession for male and female surviving spouses; AND widows do not lose their right to inherited property upon remarriage.

Do a woman and a man have equal administrative power and ownership rights to immovable property, including land?

A score of 1 is given if spouses have equal administrative authority and ownership rights over immovable property, including land, without needing spousal consent for transactions or If spousal consent is required for major transactions or if both spouses have equal rights in managing joint property. A score of 0 is assigned if the husband has sole administrative authority over marital property, or if a woman's property rights are legally restricted in any manner.

Do sons and daughters have equal rights to inherit assets?

A score of 1 is assigned if sons and daughters have the same rights to inherit assets from their parents. A score of 0 is assigned if there are gender-based differences in the recognition of children as heirs to property.

Do male and female surviving spouses have equal rights to inherit assets?

A score of 1 is assigned if surviving spouses of either gender with no living children have the same inheritance rights. A score of 0 is assigned if there are gender-based differences in the inheritance rights of surviving spouses.

Does the law provide for the valuation of nonmonetary contributions?

A score of 1 is given if the law explicitly recognizes nonmonetary contributions in property division and ensures equal or equitable distribution based on such contributions. Additionally, if the default marital property regime acknowledges nonmonetary contributions implicitly, such as through community property regimes. A score of 0 is given if there is no explicit legal provision for equitable property division based on nonmonetary contributions, and if the default regime does not recognize community property principles.

Does the law establish any form of financial support for private childcare centers?

A score of 1 if the law establishes financial support in the form of operational or start-up grants, subsidies, allowances, vouchers, or reimbursements, or through public-private partnerships for private childcare centers, with entitlement conditions specified, including certain ordinary requirements, such as the number of enrolled children or the center’s location.

Does the law establish tax incentives for private childcare centers?

A score of 1 if the law establishes direct tax benefits for private childcare centers in the form of credits, deductions, or exemptions in corporate income taxation, or on property used for childcare services, including land. Simplified tax regimes, value added tax deductions, credits, or exemptions that can be claimed for purchases necessary for childcare service are not considered.

Does the law establish any form of financial support for employers for providing or supporting childcare services for their employees?

A score of 1 if the law establishes financial support in the form of operational or start-up grants, subsidies, allowances, vouchers, reimbursements, or through public-private partnerships for employers, with entitlement conditions specified, including certain ordinary requirements, such as the number of enrolled children or the center’s location.

Does the law establish tax incentives for employers for providing or supporting childcare services for their employees?

A score of 1 if the law establishes direct tax benefits for employers in the form of credits, deductions, or exemptions in corporate income taxation, or on property used for childcare services, including land. Simplified tax regimes, value added tax deductions, credits, or exemptions that can be claimed for purchases necessary for childcare service are not considered.

Does the law prohibit discrimination in recruitment based on marital status?

A score of 0.33 if one of the following two conditions is met: The law explicitly prohibits employers from discriminating based on marital status during preemployment practices (that is, recruitment and hiring); OR The law mandates a broad prohibition of discrimination based on marital status together with a general prohibition of discrimination during pre-employment practices (that is, recruitment and hiring) for all workers.

Does the law prohibit discrimination in recruitment based on parental status?

A score of 0.33 if one of the following two conditions is met: The law explicitly prohibits employers from discriminating based on parental status during preemployment practices (that is, recruitment and hiring); OR The law mandates a broad prohibition of discrimination based on parental status together with a general prohibition of discrimination during pre-employment practices (that is, recruitment and hiring) for all workers.

Does the law prohibit discrimination in recruitment based on age?

A score of 0.33 if one of the following two conditions is met: The law explicitly prohibits employers from discriminating based on parental status during preemployment practices (that is, recruitment and hiring); OR The law mandates a broad prohibition of discrimination based on age together with a general prohibition of discrimination during pre-employment practices (that is, recruitment and hiring) for all workers.

Does the Law Prescribe a Gender Quota for Corporate Boards?

A score of 1, 0.50, or 0 based on the conditions met: assigned a score of 1 if the following two conditions are met: There is a legally mandated gender quota for corporate boards of private sector or publicly listed companies; AND The quota mandates that at least 40 percent of board positions must be held by women. Assigned a score of 0.50 if the following two conditions are met: There is a legally mandated a gender quota for corporate boards of private sector or publicly listed companies; AND The quota mandates that less than 40 percent of board positions but more than 0 percent must be held by women (OR) at least one woman. Assigned a score of 0 if one of the following two conditions is met: There is no legally mandated a gender quota for corporate boards of private sector or publicly listed companies; OR There is a nonmandatory quota such as a “comply-or-explain quota," a "soft quota," or a quota implemented by private actors (that is, stock exchanges).

Does the law specifically criminalize femicide (the intentional killing of a woman with a genderrelated motivation)?

A score of 1 if the law specifically criminalizes femicide (the intentional killing of a woman with a gender motivation).

Does the law provide for aggravated penalties for the intentional killing of women?

A score of 1 if the law provides for aggravated penalties for the murder of a woman.

Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man?

A score of 1 is assigned if there are no restrictions on a woman’s legal capacity and ability to get a job or pursue a trade or profession. A score of 0 is assigned if a husband can prevent his wife from working or if permission or additional documentation is required for a woman to work but not a man or if it is considered a form of disobedience with legal consequences, such as loss of maintenance, for a woman to work contrary to her husband’s wishes or the interests of the family.

Does the law explicitly prohibit discrimination in recruitment based on marital status, parental status, and age?

A score of 1 is assigned if the law specifically prohibits employers from discriminating based on marital status, parental status, and age during pre-employment (that is, recruitment and hiring). A score of 0 is assigned if no law specifically prohibits employers from discriminating based on marital status, parental status, and age during pre-employment or if the law prohibits discrimination in recruitment in only one of the aspects analyzed or if the prohibition of discrimination is not applicable to pre-employment practices.

Does the law prohibit discrimination in employment based on gender?

A score of 1 is assigned if the law prohibits employers from discriminating based on gender or mandates equal treatment of women and men in employment. A score of 0 is assigned if the law does not prohibit such discrimination or prohibits it in only one aspect of employment, such as pay or dismissal.

Does the law allow employees to request flexible work?

A score of 1 is assigned if the law grants employees the option of requesting flexible work arrangements, either through flexible time or through remote work. A score of 0 is assigned if the law does not contemplate such options for employees or if the option to request flexible work arrangements is conditional on certain characteristics such as parental status, disabilities, or age of children.

Does the Law Allow a Woman to Leave the Marital Home and Travel Domestically in the Same Way as a Man?

A score of 1 if one of the following three conditions are met: There are no restrictions in the law on a woman traveling alone domestically; OR There are no barriers preventing a woman to travel domestically; OR There is an explicit recognition of women’s rights to travel domestically in the same way as a man

Is paid leave of at least 14 weeks available to mothers?

The answer is “Yes” if mothers are legally entitled to at least 14 weeks (98 calendar days) of paid leave for the birth of a child through maternity leave, parental leave or a combination of both. The answer is “No” the law does not establish paid leave for mothers, or if the length of paid leave is less than 14 weeks.

Are leave benefits for mothers paid solely by the government?

A score of 1 is assigned if leave benefits are paid by a government entity, including compulsory social insurance schemes (such as social security), public funds, governmentmandated private insurance, or employer reimbursement of any maternity leave benefits paid directly to an employee. A score of 0 is assigned if any of the cost is shared by the employer or if contributions or taxes are mandated only for female employees, if the social insurance scheme that provides maternity leave benefits is optional, or if no paid leave is available to expectant and new mothers.

Is paid leave available to fathers?

The answer is “Yes” if fathers are legally entitled to at least one day of paid paternity leave for the birth of a child, or if the law reserves a portion of paid parental leave specifically for fathers—that is, through “use-it-or-lose-it” policies or fathers’ quotas; or fathers are individually entitled to paid parental leave. The answer is “No” if the law does not guarantee fathers any paid paternity leave or other specific leave for the birth of a child; or allowances for the birth of a child must be deducted from annual or sick leave.

Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited?

The answer is “Yes” if the law explicitly prohibits the dismissal of pregnant women, if pregnancy cannot serve as grounds for termination of a contract, or if dismissal of pregnant workers is considered a form of unlawful termination, unfair dismissal, or wrongful discharge. The answer is “No” if there are no provisions prohibiting the dismissal of pregnant workers, or if the law only prohibits the dismissal of pregnant workers during maternity leave, for a limited period of the pregnancy, or when their pregnancy results in illness or disability.

Can a woman work in the mining sector in the same way as a man?

Response of YES if the following two conditions are met: No laws prohibit or restrict a woman who is not pregnant and not nursing from working in the mining, construction, manufacturing, agriculture, transportation, energy, OR water sectors respectively; AND A woman’s employment in the mining, construction, manufacturing, agriculture, transportation, energy, or water sectors is not restricted in any other way, such as by prohibiting her from working at night in “industrial undertakings.”

Can a woman work in the construction sector in the same way as a man?

Response of YES if the following two conditions are met: No laws prohibit or restrict a woman who is not pregnant and not nursing from working in the mining, construction, manufacturing, agriculture, transportation, energy, OR water sectors respectively; AND A woman’s employment in the mining, construction, manufacturing, agriculture, transportation, energy, or water sectors is not restricted in any other way, such as by prohibiting her from working at night in “industrial undertakings.”

Can a woman work in the manufacturing sector in the same way as a man?

Response of YES if the following two conditions are met: No laws prohibit or restrict a woman who is not pregnant and not nursing from working in the mining, construction, manufacturing, agriculture, transportation, energy, OR water sectors respectively; AND A woman’s employment in the mining, construction, manufacturing, agriculture, transportation, energy, or water sectors is not restricted in any other way, such as by prohibiting her from working at night in “industrial undertakings.”

Can a woman work in the agriculture sector in the same way as a man?

Response of YES if the following two conditions are met: No laws prohibit or restrict a woman who is not pregnant and not nursing from working in the mining, construction, manufacturing, agriculture, transportation, energy, OR water sectors respectively; AND A woman’s employment in the mining, construction, manufacturing, agriculture, transportation, energy, or water sectors is not restricted in any other way, such as by prohibiting her from working at night in “industrial undertakings.”

Can a woman work in the transportation sector in the same way as a man?

Response of YES if the following two conditions are met: No laws prohibit or restrict a woman who is not pregnant and not nursing from working in the mining, construction, manufacturing, agriculture, transportation, energy, OR water sectors respectively; AND A woman’s employment in the mining, construction, manufacturing, agriculture, transportation, energy, or water sectors is not restricted in any other way, such as by prohibiting her from working at night in “industrial undertakings.”

Can a woman work in the energy sector in the same way as a man?

Response of YES if the following two conditions are met: No laws prohibit or restrict a woman who is not pregnant and not nursing from working in the mining, construction, manufacturing, agriculture, transportation, energy, OR water sectors respectively; AND A woman’s employment in the mining, construction, manufacturing, agriculture, transportation, energy, or water sectors is not restricted in any other way, such as by prohibiting her from working at night in “industrial undertakings.”

Can a woman work in the water sector in the same way as a man?

Response of YES if the following two conditions are met: No laws prohibit or restrict a woman who is not pregnant and not nursing from working in the mining, construction, manufacturing, agriculture, transportation, energy, OR water sectors respectively; AND A woman’s employment in the mining, construction, manufacturing, agriculture, transportation, energy, or water sectors is not restricted in any other way, such as by prohibiting her from working at night in “industrial undertakings.”

Is the law free of legal provisions that explicitly give the relevant government authority the power to restrict or prohibit women from working in different economic sectors?

Response of YES if the law does not give the relevant authority the power to prohibit or restrict a woman’s ability to work in different economic sectors, regardless of any decisions issued by that authority.

Does the law allow a woman to travel abroad in the same way as a man?

A score of 0.50 if one of the following three conditions is met: There are no restrictions on a woman traveling internationally; OR There are no legal barriers preventing a woman from travelling alone internationally; OR There is an explicit recognition of women’s rights to travel internationally.

Does the law allow a woman to apply for a passport in the same way as a man?

A score of 0.50 if one of the following two conditions is met: There are no legal restrictions or barriers placed on a woman applying for a passport that men do not face; OR There is an explicit legal recognition of a women’s rights to apply for a passport in the same way as a man.

Does the Law Allow Women to Get a Job in the Same Way as a Man?

A score of 1 if the following three conditions are met: There are no legal restrictions on a woman’s legal capacity and ability to get a job or pursue a trade or profession or additional burdens that women face, and men do not; AND The law does not mandate that a woman must seek formal approval or provide additional documentation (such as written consent or authorization) from her husband or guardian; AND The law does not impose legal consequences, such as loss of maintenance or financial support, on women who work against their husband’s or family’s wishes, treating it as a form of disobedience.

Does the law establish the provision of center-based childcare services?

A score of 1 is assigned if the law establishes the provision of childcare services for children ages 0–2 years (including 2 years and 11 months) in center-based settings (nurseries, day cares, creches, or formal preschools) by at least one of the following: (1) government, (2) private centers, or (3) employers. A direct legal mandate is not conditional on the number of female employees. A score of 0 is assigned if the law does not establish any provision of center-based childcare services. A score of 0 is also assigned if the law establishes childcare provision solely through a direct government mandate for employers, contingent on the number of female employees.

Does the law establish any form of support for families for childcare services?

A score of 1 if various forms of financial aid or tax benefits are provided to parents for childcare services, including subsidies, allowances, grants, tax credits, deductions, exemptions, and free universal childcare services. Additionally, if financial support is directed to childcare providers or childcare expenses are tax-deductible.a score of 0 is assigned if there is no specific support for childcare services or if the government support lacks clarity on entitlement conditions. Also, if parents receive government aid not explicitly intended for childcare, such as maternity or parental benefits.

Does the law establish any form of support for nonstate childcare providers?

A score of 1 is given if the law provides financial or tax-based support to private childcare centers or employers offering childcare services, with additional points for public-private partnerships. Non-state providers may also receive points for meeting certain criteria or benefiting from tax incentives. Conversely, a score of 0 is given if there's no support or unclear eligibility criteria.

Does the law establish quality standards for the provision of center-based childcare services?

A score of 1 is given if the law mandates quality standards for center-based childcare, including structural requirements like educator-to-child ratios or group sizes, workforce qualifications, and quality assurance mechanisms such as inspections or reporting. A score of 0 is assigned if there are no quality standards mandated by law, if only one or two parameters are covered, or if compliance is recommended but not required.

Is the Mandatory Retirement Age for a Woman and a Man the Same?

A score of 1 if the mandatory retirement age is the same for a woman and a man, and 0 if the difference in ages is equal to or greater than 5 years. The threshold of 5 years was selected because it corresponds to the 95th percentile of observed age differences derived from the Women, Business and the Law 2024 data set across 190 economies. If the difference in ages is greater than zero and less than 5 years, the score for indicator I.10.2 is calculated on a linear function, indicating that the score increases progressively as the age gap between men and women approaches 0.

Can a Woman Work at Night in the Same Way as a Man?

A score of 1 if the following three conditions are met: The law does not prohibit a woman who is not pregnant and not nursing from working at night in the same way as a man; AND The law does not broadly prohibit a woman, including one with children over the age of one, from working at night and does not limit the hours that she can work at night; AND The law does not give the relevant authority the power to restrict or prohibit a woman’s ability to work at night, regardless of any decisions issued by that authority.

Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment with criminal penalties or civil remedies?

A score of 0.25 if the following two conditions are met: There is legislation on sexual harassment in employment; AND There are criminal penalties for sexual harassment in employment (OR) There are civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment.The assessment of this question is based on the assumption that the laws examined apply to a woman who is a cashier in the food retail sector in a supermarket or grocery store that has 60 employees.

Is there legislation on sexual harassment in education/schools with criminal penalties or civil remedies?

A score of 0.25 if the following two conditions are met: There is legislation on sexual harassment in education/school, including for students over 18 years of age; AND There are criminal penalties for sexual harassment in education/school (OR) There are civil remedies for sexual harassment in education/school, including for students over 18 years of age. The assessment of this question is based on the assumption that the laws examined apply to a woman or girl who is a student.

Is there legislation on sexual harassment in public places (or on transportation) with criminal penalties or civil remedies?

A a score of 0.25 if the following three conditions are met: There is legislation on sexual harassment in public places (or on transportation); AND The legislation on sexual harassment on transportation is not limited to the relationship between the service provider and the user; AND There are criminal penalties for sexual harassment in public places (or on transportation) (OR) There are civil remedies for sexual harassment in public places (or on transportation).

Is there legislation on cyberharassment or cyberstalking with criminal penalties or civil remedies?

A score of 0.25 if the following four conditions are met: There is legislation on cyberharassment or cyberstalking; AND The definition of cyberharassment or cyberstalking includes, but is not limited to, any act directed at assisting in or committing any form of violence such as abusive comments, threats, sexual harassment, harassment, or stalking perpetrated through the internet or other electronic means, including applications; AND The legislation on cyberharassment or cyberstalking is not limited to the relationship between the service provider and the user; AND There are criminal penalties for cyberharassment or cyberstalking (OR) There are civil remedies for cyberharassment or cyberstalking.

Are the ages at which a woman and a man can retire with full pension benefits the same?

The answer is “Yes” if the statutory age at which men and women can retire and receive an irrevocable minimum old-age pension is the same. The answer is “No” if there is a difference in the statutory age or if there is no mandatory pension scheme implemented for private sector workers.

Are the ages at which a woman and a man can retire with partial pension benefits the same?

The answer is “Yes” if the age at which men and women can retire and receive partial pension benefits is the same or if the age at which men and women can retire and receive partial benefits is not mandated. The answer is “No” if the age at which men and women can retire and receive partial pension benefits is different or if there is no mandatory pension scheme implemented for private sector workers.

Is the mandatory retirement age for a woman and a man the same?

The answer is “Yes” if the legally established age at which men and women must retire is the same or if there is no mandatory retirement age. The answer is “No” if the age at which men and women must retire is different.

Are periods of absence due to childcare accounted for in pension benefits?

The answer is “Yes” if pension contributions are paid or credited during maternity or parental leave or the leave period is considered a qualifying period of employment used for the purpose of calculating pension benefits; or there are mechanisms to compensate for any contribution gaps and to ensure that the leave period does not reduce the assessment base or pension amounts or if there are no mandatory contributory pension schemes, but there is a noncontributory universal social pension conditioned on noncontributory requirements with no means test attached. The answer is “No” if there are no compensating pension arrangements for periods of childcare or if there is no mandatory contributory pension scheme for private sector workers and no noncontributory universal social pension.

Does the law address child marriage?

A score of 1 is assigned if (1) the legal age of marriage—the age at which girls and boys are free to marry without parental or an authority’s consent—is at least 18 for both girls and boys; (2) the law does not provide for exceptions to the legal age of marriage based on parental consent; (3) marriage in violation of the age requirements is void or voidable; and (4) the law establishes penalties for anyone who allows, registers, or celebrates marriages in violation of the age requirements or for any party to the marriage who is over the legal age and knowingly enters into such a marriage. A score of 0 is assigned if the legal age of marriage is lower than 18 or the law allows marriage below the legal age with parental consent or the law does not provide that marriage in violation of the age requirements is void or voidable and does not establish penalties for celebrating or authorizing marriage in violation of the age requirements.

Does the law address sexual harassment?

A score of 1 is assigned if the law addresses at least two of the following forms of harassment: (1) sexual harassment in employment—including providing criminal penalties or civil remedies for such conduct; (2) sexual harassment in education establishments against students over the age of 18—including providing criminal penalties or civil remedies for such conduct; (3) sexual harassment in public places, in the public life or sphere, or in transportation—including providing criminal penalties or civil remedies for such conduct—that is not limited to the relationship between the service provider and the user; (4) cyber-harassment or cyber-stalking—that is, any act directed at assisting in or committing any form of violence such as abusive comments, threats, sexual harassment, harassment, or stalking perpetrated through the internet or other electronic means, including applications—that is not limited to the relationship between the provider and the user and includes criminal penalties or civil remedies. A score of 0 is assigned if the law does not address any of the above forms of harassment or addresses only one.

Does the law address domestic violence?

A score of 1 is assigned if the law addresses physical, sexual, psychological, and economic domestic violence, includes criminal sanctions, or provides for protection orders for domestic violence and addresses marital rape. A score of 0 is assigned if the law does not address domestic violence, if the domestic violence law does not address all forms of domestic violence (physical, sexual, psychological, and economic violence), if the domestic violence law does not provide for sanctions or protection orders, or if only a specific category of woman or family member is protected or if the law does not explicitly criminalize marital rape or entitle a wife to file a criminal complaint of rape against her husband or if there is only a provision that increases penalties for general crimes covered in the criminal code if committed between spouses or within the family.

Does the law address femicide?

A score of 1 is assigned if the law criminalizes femicide—that is, the intentional killing of a woman with a gender-related motivation or if the law provides for aggravated penalties for the murder of a woman. A score of 0 is assigned if there is no law criminalizing femicide or establishing aggravated penalties for the murder of a woman.

Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value?

A score of 1 is assigned if employers are legally obliged to pay equal remuneration to male and female employees who perform work of equal value in accordance with these definitions. A score of 0 is assigned if the law limits the principle of equal remuneration to equal work, the same work, similar work, or work of a similar nature or if the law limits the broad concept of “remuneration” to only basic wages or salary.

Can a woman work at night in the same way as a man?

The answer is “Yes” if a woman who is not pregnant and not nursing can work at night in the same way as a man; or restrictions on women’s ability to work at night do not apply to the food retail sector; or women’s consent to work at night is required; or an employer needs to comply with safety measures. The answer is “No” if the law broadly prohibits a woman, including one with children over the age of one, from working at night or limits the hours that she can work at night; or the law gives the relevant authority the power to restrict or prohibit a woman’s ability to work at night, regardless of the content of any decisions issued by that authority.

Can a woman work in a job deemed dangerous in the same way as a man?

The answer is “Yes” if no laws prohibit or restrict a woman who is not pregnant and not nursing from working in a broad and subjective category of jobs deemed hazardous, arduous, or morally inappropriate. The answer is “No” if the law prohibits or restricts a woman’s ability to work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous, or morally inappropriate; or the relevant authority can determine whether particular jobs are too hazardous, arduous, or morally inappropriate for a woman but not for a man, regardless of the content of any decisions issued by that authority.

Can a woman work in an industrial job in the same way as a man?

The answer is “Yes” if a woman who is not pregnant and not nursing can work in the mining, construction, manufacturing, energy, water, agriculture, and transportation industries in the same way as a man. The answer is “No” if the law prohibits a woman from working in any of these industries; or a woman’s employment in the relevant industries is restricted in any way, such as by prohibiting her from working at night in “industrial undertakings;” or by giving the relevant authority the power to prohibit or restrict her ability to work in certain jobs or industries, regardless of the content of any decisions issued by that authority.

Does the law allow employees to request flexibility regarding the time of work?

A score of 0.50 if the law grants employees the option of requesting flexible time.

Does the law allow employees to request flexibility regarding the place of work?

A score of 0.50 if the law grants employees the option of requesting remote work.

Does the law grant men and women equal ownership rights over immovable property, excluding land?

A response of YES if the following three conditions are met: There are no legal restrictions on women’s capacity or rights to freely acquire, own, and possess immovable property, such as residential or commercial buildings or structures; AND There are no barriers preventing spouses from owning equal shares of immovable property; AND There are no gender differences in the legal treatment of spousal property.

Does the law grant men and women equal administrative authority over immovable property, excluding land?

A response of YES if the following three conditions are met: Spouses retain administrative authority over their individually owned immovable assets, such as residential or commercial buildings or structures, brought into the marriage or acquired during the marriage and their accrued value without the need for spousal consent; AND Both spouses have equal rights in the administration and transaction of joint property; AND In instances where the marital home is owned by one spouse, the score is also assigned if spousal consent is required for transacting marital property.

Does the law grant men and women equal ownership rights over land?

A response of YES if the following three conditions are met: There are no legal restrictions on women’s capacity or rights to freely acquire, own, and possess agricultural and residential land; AND There are no barriers preventing spouses from owning equal shares of agricultural and residential land; AND There are no gender differences in the legal treatment of agricultural and residential land, such as granting the husband control over marital property.

Does the law grant men and women equal administrative authority over land?

A response of YES if the following three conditions are met: There are no legal restrictions on women’s capacity or rights to freely administer and transact land; AND There is an explicit recognition of women’s rights to freely administer or transact land OR both spouses retain control over their own land, whether brought into the marriage or acquired during it, without requiring spousal consent, except for major transactions like selling or using the land as collateral; AND Both spouses have equal rights in the administration and transaction of land jointly owned.

Does the Law Include Gender-Responsive Procurement Provisions for Public Procurement Processes?

A score of 1 if the following two conditions are met: Procurement laws include gender-responsive provisions or measures that specifically benefit women in the procurement process, such as (1) quota(s), reserved contracts for women-owned businesses, or set-aside provisions; (2) exclusion grounds determining whether a bidder is allowed to participate in the procurement procedure selection criteria; (3) selection criteria based on which bidders are selected, such as requirements for firms to implement capacitybuilding initiatives, workplace equality standards, or protection against sexual or gender-based violence; (4) tie-breaking rules on the basis of which a bidder may be chosen from among two or more equally competitive bids; or (5) requirements such as gender equality certifications verifying gender-equal practices within their organizations; AND Procurement laws explicitly refer to sex/gender or women in the context of public procurement. Laws that refer to sustainable procurement practices or preferential treatment for small and medium businesses (SMEs) without specifically mentioning women, gender, or sex are not sufficient.

Is there a law or legal provision on domestic violence?

A qualifying response of YES if there is a law or provision on domestic violence, intended as violence commonly directed against women and occurring in the private sphere, within the family or between members of the same household, or within interpersonal relationships, including intimate partner violence.

Does legislation on domestic violence establish criminal penalties?

A qualifying response of YES if the law or provision on domestic violence establishes criminal penalties.

Does legislation on domestic violence provide for protection orders?

A qualifying response of YES if the law or provision on domestic violence provides for protection orders.

Does legislation on domestic violence address physical, sexual (including marital rape), psychological, and financial/economic violence?

Divided into four components that are individually scored: The first component is assigned a score of 0.25 if there is a law or provision on domestic violence addressing physical violence. The second component is assigned a score of 0.25 if there is a law or provision on domestic violence addressing psychological or emotional violence. The third component is assigned a score of 0.25 if there is a law or provision on domestic violence addressing financial/economic violence. The fourth component is assigned a score of 0.25 if the following two conditions are met: There is a law or provision on domestic violence addressing sexual violence; AND The law explicitly criminalizes marital rape without qualifications (OR) The law allows a woman to file a criminal complaint for rape or sexual assault against her husband or partner.

Does legislation on domestic violence address physical violence?

Does legislation on domestic violence address psychological violence?

Does legislation on domestic violence address economic or financial violence?

Does legislation on domestic violence address sexual violence, including marital rape?

Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man?

A score of 1 is assigned if there are no restrictions on a woman choosing where to live. A score of 0 is assigned if there are legal restrictions on a woman choosing where to live, if the husband chooses the marital home or has more weight in determining where the family will live, or if a woman’s domicile automatically follows that of her husband.

Can a woman travel internationally in the same way as a man?

A score of 1 is assigned if there are no restrictions on a woman traveling alone domestically or if permission, additional documentation, or the presence of her husband or guardian is required for a woman to travel alone domestically. A score of 0 is also assigned if a woman must justify her reasons for leaving the home or if leaving the home without a valid reason is considered disobedience with legal consequences, such as loss of right to maintenance.

Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man?

A score of 1 is assigned if there are no restrictions on a woman traveling alone internationally or if there are no legal restrictions on a woman applying for a passport. A score of 0 is assigned if permission, additional documentation, or the presence of her husband or a guardian is required for a woman to leave the country or if the law requires a married woman to accompany her husband out of the country if he wishes her to do so or if an adult woman is added to the passport of her husband or needs the permission or signature of her husband, father, or other relative or guardian to apply for a passport.or the law requires a woman to provide details about her husband, father, or other relative or guardian or if she needs to submit additional documents such as a marriage certificate that are not required of a man.

Do a woman and a man have equal rights to confer citizenship on their spouses and their children?

A score of 1 is assigned if there are no legal or procedural differences between women and men in conferring nationality on their children and spouses or if there is no legal difference in the treatment of a foreign wife and a foreign husband. A score of 0 is assigned if the law restricts the capacity of a woman to confer nationality on her foreign spouse or her children or provides different rules for women and men and also assigned if a woman cannot freely access documents required for children to acquire her nationality.

Does the Law Allow a Woman to Choose Where to Live in the Same Way as a Man?

A score of 1 if one of the following two conditions is met: There are no restrictions in the law on a woman choosing where to live; OR There is an explicit recognition of women’s rights to freely choose where to live.

Is the law free of legal provisions that require a married woman to obey her husband?

The answer is "Yes" if there is no provision requiring a married woman to obey her husband. The answer is "No" if there is an explicit provision stating that a married woman must obey her hushusband or if disobeying the husband has legal ramifications for a married woman, such as loss of her right to maintenance.

Can a woman be “head of household” or “head of family” in the same way as a man?

The answer is "Yes" if there are no restrictions on a woman being head of household or head of family. The answer is "No" if the law designates the husband as head of household or stipulates that he leads the family; or a male is designated as the default family member who receives the family book or equivalent document that is needed for accessing services.

Can a woman obtain a judgment of divorce in the same way as a man?

The answer is “Yes” if the process to obtain a judgment of divorce is equal for a woman and a man or provides additional protections for a woman, such as prohibiting a husband from initiating divorce proceedings while his wife is pregnant. The answer is “No” if there are procedural or evidentiary differences for a woman seeking a judgment of divorce; or only a man can initiate divorce proceedings; or divorce is not legally allowerd.

Does a woman have the same rights to remarry as a man?

The answer is “Yes” if a woman and a man have equal rights to remarry. The answer is “No” if the law limits a woman’s right to remarry, such as by requiring a waiting period before remarriage to which a man is not subject; or divorce is not legally allowed.

Does the law establish the provision of center-based childcare services by the government?

A score of 1 if the law establishes the provision of childcare services for children aged 0–2 years (including 2 years and 11 months) in center-based settings (nurseries, day care centers, creches, or formal preschools) by the government.

Does the law establish the provision of childcare services by private centers?

A score of 1 if the law establishes the provision of childcare services for children aged 0–2 years (including 2 years and 11 months) in center-based settings (nurseries, day care centers, creches, or formal preschools) by private centers.

Does the law establish the provision of childcare services by employers not conditional on female employees?

A score of 1 if the following two conditions are met: The law establishes the provision of childcare services for children aged 0–2 years (including 2 years and 11 months) in center-based settings (nurseries, day care centers, creches, or formal preschools) by employers; AND If a legal mandate on employers to provide childcare exists, it is not conditional on female employees.

Does the law specify equal eligibility criteria for widows and widowers to access survivor pension benefits?

A score of 0.33 if the law specifies equal eligibility criteria for widows and widowers to receive survivor pension benefits. Eligibility criteria may include cause and time of death, duration of marriage, marital status, age, disability status, children in common, and caretaking status, among others.

Does the law specify an equal minimum age at which spouses can receive survivor benefits?

A score of 0.33 if the law specifies an equal minimum age at which widows and widowers can receive survivor pension benefits.

Does the law specify that benefit payments are paid in installments for widows and widowers?

A score of 0.33 if the law specifies that benefit payments are paid in installments for widows and widowers (that is, not disbursed as a lump sum).

Does the Law Provide for the Valuation of Nonmonetary Contributions in the Case of the Dissolution of Marriage?

A score of 1 if one of the following two conditions is met: There is an explicit legal recognition of nonmonetary contributions, and the law provides for equal or equitable division of property, or the transfer of a lump sum based on nonmonetary contributions. This is particularly relevant in jurisdictions where separation of property is the default marital property regime; OR The default marital property regime is full community, partial community, or deferred community of property, as these regimes implicitly recognize nonmonetary contributions at the time of property division and benefit both spouses regardless of who purchased property or holds title to it.

Does the law establish caregiver-to-child ratio or a maximum group size in childcare centers (public or private)?

A score of 0.33 if at least one of the following two conditions is met: The law mandates quality requirements for public or private center-based childcare, covering structural quality in the form of an educator/caregiver-to-child ratio; OR The law mandates quality requirements for public or private center-based childcare, covering structural quality in the form of a maximum group size—not the size of the entire childcare facility.

Does the law establish a minimum level of specialized education or training for educators in childcare centers (public or private)?

A score of 0.33 if the law mandates quality requirements for public or private center-based childcare, covering workforce quality, in the form of a minimum level of specialized education or professional training for educators or main caregivers, or any nonspecialized education if it is accompanied by relevant work experience or training.

Does the law establish mandatory periodic inspection of childcare centers (public or private) by authorized bodies or periodic reporting by childcare centers (public or private) to authorized bodies?

A score of 0.33 if at least one of the following two conditions is met: The law mandates quality requirements for public or private center-based childcare, covering quality assurance mechanisms in the form of mandatory regular inspections (by means of physical visits) by authorized bodies, such as government regulatory agencies and local health departments, with “regular” including, but not limited to annually, monthly, or weekly; OR The law mandates quality requirements for public or private center-based childcare, covering quality assurance mechanisms in the form of mandatory regular reporting by childcare centers to authorized bodies, such as government regulatory agencies and local health departments, with “regular” including, but not limited to annually, monthly, or weekly.

Are Periods of Absence Due to Childcare Accounted for in the Calculation of Pension Benefits?

A score of 1 if one of the following three conditions is met: Pension contributions are paid or credited during maternity or parental leave or the leave period is considered a qualifying period of employment used for the purpose of calculating pension benefits; OR There are mechanisms to compensate for any gaps in contributions due to maternity or parental leave and to ensure that the leave period does not reduce the assessment base for pension amounts; OR There are no mandatory contributory pension schemes, but there is a noncontributory universal social pension (that is, independent of contributions and income level).

Perception of community safety (%)

Percentage of females ages 15 years and older who responded 'Yes' to the Gallup World Poll question' Do you feel safe walking alone at night in the city or area where you live?

Intimate partner violence (%)

The percentage of women who experienced physical or sexual violence committed by their intimate partner 12 months preceding the survey from which the information is gathered.

Organized violence (battle deaths per 100,000 people)

Total number of battle deaths from state and non-state, or one-sided conflicts per 100,000 people. State-based conflict is armed conflict between two states or between a state and rebel groups or militias or between groups with different ethnic, clan, or religious identification. One-sided violence is use of armed force by the government or a formally organized group against civilians.

Community safety (%)

Percentage of women and girls ages 15 and older who responded “Yes” to the Gallup World Poll question “Do you feel safe walking alone at night in the city or area where you live?”

Political violence targeting women

Number of civilian- targeting events in which women or girls are the primary target of the violence, expressed as the number of events per 100,000 women

Proximity to conflict

Percentage of women who lived within 50 kilometers of at least one armed conflict event during the period 2021–2022

Education (years)

Average number of years of education received by women ages 25 and older, converted from educational attainment using official durations of each level.

Financial inclusion (%)

The percentage of women ages 15 and older who reported having an account alone or jointly at a bank or another type of financial institution or personally using a mobile money service.

Employment (%)

The number of employed women ages 25–64, expressed as a percentage of the total female population in that age group

Cell phone use (%)

The percentage of women ages 15 years and older responding 'Yes' to Gallup World Poll question' Do you have a mobile phone that you use to make and receive personal calls?

Parliamentary representation (%)

The percentage of seats held by women in lower and upper houses of national parliaments.

Absence of legal discrimination (aggregate score)

The absence of legal discrimination indicator measures the degree (0 to 100) to which the laws and regulations differentiate between women and men, or protect womens opportunities, across 35 aspects of life and work.

Sex ratio at birth (male to female ratio)

Ratio of male births per female births

Discriminatory norms (%)

Percentage of males ages 15 years and older who responded 'No' to the Gallup World Poll question' Is it acceptable any woman in your family to have paid jobs outside their home if she wants one?

Access to justice

Extent (on a scale of 0–4) to which women are able to exercise justice by bringing cases before the courts without risk to their personal safety, participating in a free trial, and seeking redress if public authorities violate their rights

Maternal mortality ratio

Number of maternal deaths due to pregnancy- related causes per 100,000 live births

Share of individuals using the Internet

All individuals who have used the Internet in the last 3 month are counted as Internet users. The Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV etc

UPU postal reliability score

UPU postal reliability index considers the reliability, reach, relevance and resilience of the postal service

Share of individuals with an account

The percent of population that ages 15+ and has an account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider

Secure Internet servers

The number of distinct, publicly-trusted TLS/SSL certificates found in the Netcraft Secure Server Survey

Cost to Obtain an Environmental Permit

Cost to Obtain an Environmental Permit

Online platform encumbrance checking

a -Title search (ownership) b-Encumbrances (liens, charges) c-Outstanding taxes (tax agency) d-Bankruptcy search e-Company profile

Single online platform for encumbrance checking

a-Accurate (precise, no errors) b-Current (latest information) c-Detailed (all information provided) d-Verifiable (information obtained can be confirmed

Online platform for property transfer

Online Platform for Property Transfer

Processes available online for property transfer

a-Downloading forms b-Uploading documents c-Getting notifications d-Processing payment

Complaint mechanisms for immovable property registry

a-Online platform for complaints b-Responses to complains made publicly available

Complaint mechanisms for cadaster

a-Online platform for complaints b-Responses to complains made publicly available

Online due diligence checking

Is it possible to conduct a title search online when transferring property ownership? Is it possible to conduct an online search on outstanding taxes on property when transferring property ownership? Is it possible to conduct an online search on bankruptcy when transferring property ownership? Is it possible to conduct an online company profile search, transferring property ownership? Is it possible to conduct an online cadastral plan search when transferring property ownership?

Equipment and facilities (border 1 – land border or airport)

Are the following facilities and equipment available at [FILL WITH MEASURED BORDER POST(AIRPORT)] to allow border control agencies to exercise their control functions? (Y/N) a. Intrusive and non-intrusive examination areas b. Deconsolidation and unbundling areas for cargo c. Fixed or mobile scanners d. Weight-in-Motion (WIM) scales e. Seizure warehouse 16f. Testing laboratory for samples

Services and amenities (border 1 – land border or airport)

Are the following services and amenities available for traders at [FILL WITH MEASURED BORDER POST (AIRPORT)]? (Y/N) a. Parking areas for trucks b. Covered storage facilities c. Cold storage facilities d. Customs bonded warehouses

Equipment and facilities (border 2 – port or airport)

Are the following facilities and equipment available at [FILL WITH MEASURED PORT (AIRPORT)] to allow border control agencies to exercise their control functions? (Y/N) a. Intrusive and non-intrusive examination areas b. Deconsolidation and unbundling areas for cargo c. Fixed or mobile scanners d. Weight-in-Motion (WIM) scales e. Seizure warehouse f. Testing laboratory for samples

Services and amenities (border 2 – port or airport)

Are the following services and amenities available for traders at [FILL WITH MEASURED PORT (AIRPORT)]? (Y/N) a. Parking areas for trucks b. Covered storage facilities c. Cold storage facilities d. Customs bonded warehouses

Connection to the electronic single window (port or airport)

Are the following information systems in use at [FILL WITH MEASURED PORT (AIRPORT)]? (Y/N) a. Electronic Single Window (ESW) for trade

Information systems (port or airport)

Are the following information systems in use at [FILL WITH MEASURED PORT (AIRPORT)]? (Y/N) a. Maritime Single Window b. Port community system c. Terminal operating system

Consultative committee (port or airport)

Is there a Port (Airport) Consultative Committee that represents the main stakeholders, including the private sector, and has meetings at least twice a year? (Y/N)

Green infrastructure (border 1 if port)

Intrusive examination areas (Y/N) Deconsolidation and unbundling areas for cargo (Y/N) . Fixed or mobile scanners (Y/N) . Weight-in-Motion (WIM) scales (Y/N). Testing laboratory for samples (Y/N)

Consultative Committee (Border 1–Port)–Representatives

Designated parking areas for trucks (Y/N) Covered storage facilities (Y/N) Cold storage facilities (Y/N) Customs bonded warehouses (Y/N)

Mandatory to verify and to have the company name approved

Does the legislation require entrepreneurs to verify and tohave the company name approved in order to register a new business? Does the legislation provide for clear, exhaustive, and specific rules for rejecting proposed company names?

Mandatory to verify the identity of entrepreneurs

Does the legislation require verifying the identity of the entrepreneurs willing to start a new business?

Mandatory to register shareholders' information

Does the legislation require registration of shareholders details?

Mandatory to file annual returns/financial statements

Does the legislation require companies to file annual company returns and financial statements?

Mandatory to register changes to the company name

Does the legislation require registration to the new company name?

Mandatory to register changes to the shareholders' details

Does the legislation require registration of shareholders details?

Mandatory to register changes in the articles of association

Does the legislation require registration of shareholders details?

Simplified record keeping and reporting

Does the law allow 1: large companies / 2: medium companies / 3: small businesses] to keep tax records online? a. Yes b. Partially c. No

Existence of Annual National Tax Audit Plan

1. Does the tax administration have an annual national (covering the whole economy) tax audit plan, which is accessible to all taxpayers? (Y/N) 2. If Yes to question 1, please indicate whether the annual national tax audit plan covers each of the following taxes: (Y/N) a. [If CIT exists] Corporate income-based taxes b. [If VAT exists] VAT or other consumption-based taxes c. [If labor taxes and contributions exist] Social security contributions and employment-based taxes

Existence of Different Types of Audits

1. Please select all types of audits that exist in [Economy]. (Y/N) a. Comprehensive (multiple tax and multiple years) audits b. Single-issue audits c. Inspections of books and records d. [If VAT exists] Examination of VAT refund claims e. In-depth investigations of suspected tax fraud 92f. Other (if Yes, please clarify) 2. Are tax audit manuals and guidelines publicly available? (Y/N)

The Monitoring of Taxpayer Audits

1. Are there publicly available reports presenting information on the quality of the tax audits? (Y/N) 2. If Yes to question 1, please indicate in what form the information on the quality of tax audits are made publicly available: a. Online b. In hard copies c. Both

Annual national tax audit plan

Does the tax administration have an annual national tax audit plan, which is available online? (Y/N) Y → provide response to question 87. Does the annual national tax audit plan cover all core taxes that exist in the economy. (Y/N)

Tax audit framework

Do all main types of tax audits exist in [ECONOMY]? For the purpose of this questionnaire, main type of tax audits includes comprehensive (multiple tax and multiple years) audits, single-issue audits, inspections of books and records, examination of VAT refund claims (if applicable), and in-depth investigation of suspected tax frauds. Please respond “yes” only if all the above listed types of audits are available. (Y/N) Are tax audit manuals and guidelines available online? (Y/N)

Electronic initiation of a case

1.Can the initial complaint together with all its attachments be filed electronically through a court’s platform or an electronic case management system (ECMS)? (Y/N) 2. Can the court’s summons and the plaintiff’s initial complaint be served on the defendant electronically (including via email or an ECMS) before the first hearing? (Y/N)

Electronic flow of documents during the proceedings

Can parties receive and send subsequent documents, as well as file motions (for example, to request an injunction or reschedule a hearing) through a court’s platform or an ECMS while a case is under consideration? (Y/N)

Issuing an electronic judgment

When requested by a party, can judges handling commercial cases issue a court decision (for example, order, ruling, judgment, etc.) in an electronic format, which would have the same validity and status as a paper document for the purpose of its enforcement? (Y/N)

Electronic communication with courts and enforcement agents

1. Can a party communicate with the court through electronic means, that is to send questions and receive notifications related to its case (for example, to inquire about a new court hearing or receive updates on additional submissions)? (Y/N). 2. Can a party communicate with the enforcement agent through electronic means, which includes receiving and submitting documents? (Y/N)

Admissibility of digital evidence

Is digital evidence, including contracts, in practice admissible by the court in commercial cases? (Y/N)

Virtual hearings

Can court conferences and hearings in a commercial case be conducted online (for example, through a court’s platform, or other types of software such as Microsoft Teams, Skype, Webex, Zoom, etc.), when requested by a party? a. Yes, in all matters b. Yes, but in urgent matters only c. No

Auxiliary electronic services

1. Can all court fees be paid electronically, that is via a court’s platform, ECMS, or online banking? (Y/N) 2. Can a party track the status of its commercial case online (for example, through a court’s platform or ECMS)? (Y/N) 3. Is court schedule of all hearings available online (for example, on a court’s platform)? (Y/N)

Online auctions

During the enforcement of commercial judgments, in practice, can auctions be conducted online? (Y/N)

Standard model research collaboration agreements

Does your economy have standard model research collaboration agreements or consortium agreements? (Y/N)

Grace period for publishing research results without compromising patentability

Does the regulatory framework include guidance on a grace period for the publication of research results that may compromise patentability prior to filing a patent application? (Y/N)

Patent ownership developed within public research organizations

Does the regulatory framework establish rules and criteria on patent ownership developed within public research organizations? (Y/N)

Institutional IP policies of public research organizations

Does the regulatory framework require that universities or public research organizations adopt their own institutional IP policies? (Y/N)

University spin-offs

Does the regulatory framework provide conditions under which university spin-offs may be established for the commercialization of a new product or process? (Y/N)

Financial incentives for commercializing research

Does the regulatory framework provide financial incentives for commercializing research through benefit or revenue-sharing in a royalty-bearing licensing deal? (Y/N)

Percentage of Firms with International Quality Certifications

Does this establishment have an internationally recognized quality certification?

Proportion of Firms with Process Innovation (Manufacturing)

Percentage of firms that introduced a new product or service in the manufacturing sector

Proportion of Firms with Process Innovation (Services)

Percentage of firms that introduced a new product or service in the services sector

Simplified CDD

1. Are simplified customer due diligence measures available for low-risk clients applying for commercial loans, under the economy’s regulatory framework? 2. Does the framework provide guidance on how to determine a low-risk client?

Enhanced CDD

1. Are enhanced customer due diligence measures available for high-risk clients applying for commercial loans, under the economy’s regulatory framework? 2. Does the framework provide guidance on how to determine a high-risk client?

Restriction on Leasehold Based on the Area of the Land for Foreign Firms

Restriction on Leasehold Based on the Area of the Land for Foreign Firms

Restriction on the Duration of Lease for Foreign Firms

Restriction on the Duration of Lease for Foreign Firms

Restriction on Leasehold Based on the Location of Property for Foreign Firms

Restriction on Leasehold Based on the Location of Property for Foreign Firms

Restriction on Leasehold of Agricultural Land for Foreign Firms

Restriction on Leasehold of Agricultural Land for Foreign Firms

Restrictions on Leasehold Based on the Height of Building for Foreign Firms

Restrictions on Leasehold Based on the Height of Building for Foreign Firms

Absence of Restriction on Leasehold based on the Area of the Land for Foreign Firms

According to the regulatory framework, are there any restrictions on the size of the land that foreign firms can lease?

Absence of Restriction on the Duration of Lease for Foreign Firms

According to the regulatory framework, are there any restrictions for foreign firms on the duration of the lease?

Absence of Restriction on Leasehold based on the Location of Property for Foreign Firms

According to the regulatory framework, are there any restrictions on the location of property that foreign firms can lease?

Absence of Restriction on Leasehold of Agricultural Land for Foreign Firms

According to the regulatory framework, are there any restrictions for foreign firms on leasing agricultural land?

Absence of Restriction on Leasehold based on the Type of Building for Foreign Firms

According to the regulatory framework, are there any restrictions on the type of property (residential, commercial, industrial) that foreign firms can lease?

Interoperability between Land Registry and Cadaster

Which of the following best describes the format in which information is recorded by the immovable property registration agency and the cadaster/mapping agency in [B-READY largest city]: a. A single database containing both legal and geographical information b. Different but linked databases (where information is automatically updated and shared between the two institutions) c. Separate databases

Interoperability between Land Registry and Other Services

Do the immovable property registration and the cadastral/mapping agencies in [B-READY largest city] use the same unique identifier to search for properties? (Y/N)

Existence of a Geographic Information System (GIS)

Is there a Geographical Information System (GIS) used by the land administration agency in [BREADY largest city]? (Y/N)

Existence of a Unique Identifier between Land Registry and Cadaster

Do the immovable property registration and the cadastral/mapping agencies in [B-READY largest city] use the same unique identifier to search for properties? (Y/N)

Environmental reporting or disclosure standards for digital connectivity infrastructure

Are there environmental reporting or disclosure standards, mandatory or voluntary, for digital connectivity infrastructure and data infrastructure that together add up to digital infrastructure? (for example, energy consumption, CO2 equivalents, use of renewable energy, energy intensity, e-waste metrics, or water consumption). (Y/N)

Emissions and energy efficiency of infrastructure

Are there any national targets for emissions or energy efficiency of electronic communication networks and data infrastructure, including data centers, such as power usage effectiveness, renewable energy use, or coefficient of performance (COP)? (Y/N)

Total time needed to complete the audit

How many weeks did it take between the first interaction with the auditors and when the final audit report was received?

Implementation of inspections for electricity connections

Are internal electricity installation works typically carried out by a licensed professional/company in practice? Does the contractor/company that performed internal installations conduct inspection/ issue certificate of compliance/check quality of installation works? Is the quality check or final inspection by a third party (other than the one that did installation) conducted in practice to ensure the quality and safety of internal electricity installations? Are external electricity installation works typically carried out by a licensed professional/company in practice? Does the contractor/company that performed external installations conduct inspection/issue certificate of compliance/ check quality of external installation works? Is the quality check or final inspection by a third party conducted in practice to ensure the quality and safety of external electricity installations?

Independent complaint mechanism

Is there a complaint mechanism to report issues in provision of electricity services (such as incorrect billing or inadequate electricity supply)? Is there a complaint mechanism independent from the electricity utility to escalate the complaints?

Cost to resolve an in-court reorganization proceeding

According to the practice in [the largest business city in the economy]: b. How much would it cost for an insolvent company (as defined in the above instructions) to complete reorganization proceedings?

Existence of Framework and Recognition of Foreign Insolvency Proceedings

Does the legal framework establish rules for cross-border insolvencies, with a clear process for obtaining recognition of foreign proceedings? (Y/N)

Legal framework for cooperation with foreign courts and representatives

Does the legal framework provide for cooperation between courts and insolvency administrators in international Insolvency Proceedings? (Y/N)

Establishment of maritime single window

Has the economy implemented in practice the following international conventions governing the use of international standards? (Y/N) Convention (2005) on Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic

Temporary admission of goods

Has the economy implemented in practice the following international conventions governing the use of international standards? (Y/N) Convention (1990) on the Temporary Admission of Goods (Istanbul Convention)

Rules on liability of carriers

Has the economy implemented in practice the following international conventions governing the use of international standards? (Y/N) International Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea (Hamburg Rules-1978)

Simplified visa regime – foreign crew members and service providers

According to the legal framework, are restrictions on visa processes (specifically, no visa exemption, no visa on arrival, or no crew member visa) for crew members and service providers applicable in the following service subsectors? (Y/N; N – good practice) a. Maritime freight b. Road freight c. Air freight

Reasons for license rejection, suspension and cancellation (freight transport)

Must applicants be informed of the reasons for license rejection, suspension, and cancellation in the following service sectors? (Y/N) a. Freight transport services

Reasons for license rejection, suspension and cancellation (logistics services)

Must applicants be informed of the reasons for license rejection, suspension, and cancellation in the following service sectors? (Y/N) b. Logistics services

Right to Appeal (Goods) - Administrative

Right to Appeal (Goods) - Judicial

Right to Appeal (Services) – Administrative (Freight Transport)

Do service providers or professionals have the right to administratively appeal regulatory decisions in the following sectors affecting international trade in services? (Y/N) a. Freight transport services

Right to Appeal (Services) – Administrative (Logistics Services)

Do service providers or professionals have the right to administratively appeal regulatory decisions in the following sectors affecting international trade in services? (Y/N) Logistics services

Right to Appeal (Services) – Judicial (Freight Transport)

Do service providers or professionals have the right to judicially appeal regulatory decisions in the following sectors affecting international trade in services? (Y/N) Freight transport services

Right to Appeal (Services) – Judicial (Logistics Services)

Do service providers or professionals have the right to judicially appeal regulatory decisions in the following sectors affecting international trade in services? (Y/N) Logistics services

De minimis value

What is de minimis value threshold in local currency (local currency units, LCU)?

Legal Requirements for the Imposition of Non-Tariff Measures

Are there legal provisions that regulate the imposition of the following non-tariff measures affecting international trade in goods? (Y/N) a. Sanitary and phytosanitary measures b. Technical barriers to trade c. Pre-shipment inspections d. Import quotas e. Import licensing f. Price controls g. Local content requirements h. Export restrictions

Technical barriers to trade

Does the legal framework impose any technical barriers to trade for imports of all products under the code [MANUFACTURED PRODUCT HS 6-DIGIT] from any trading partner (regardless of the origin of the goods and without preferential treatment)?

Safety regulations–certification for operators (freight transport)

Does the legal framework mandate certification AND training requirements for service providers within the following service subsectors?

Safety regulations–equipment (freight transport)

Does the legal framework specify statutory time intervals for the inspection of the equipment used in the following service subsectors?

Safety regulations–maximum hours (freight transport)

Does the legal framework establish statutory limits on the maximum number of consecutive working hours allowed within a single day before a mandatory rest period in the following service subsectors?

Safety regulations–certification for operators (logistics)

Does the legal framework mandate certification AND training requirements for service providers within the following service subsectors?

Safety regulations–equipment (logistics)

Does the legal framework specify statutory time intervals for the inspection of the equipment used in the following service subsectors?

Safety regulations–maximum hours (logistics)

Does the legal framework establish statutory limits on the maximum number of consecutive working hours allowed within a single day before a mandatory rest period in the following service subsectors?

Regulatory Impact Assessment–NTMs

Does the legal framework require a systematic regulatory impact assessment to evaluate the potential impact of proposed technical and non-technical non-tariff measures (NTMs) before their implementation? (Y/N)

Sanitary and phytosanitary measures

Does the legal framework impose any sanitary and phytosanitary measures for imports of all products under the code [AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT HS 6-DIGIT] from any trading partner (regardless of the origin of the goods and without preferential treatment)?

Security interest in a single category of movable assets

Can a debtor grant a secured creditor a non-possessory security interest over only its accounts receivable or the outstanding debts owed to the debtor by third parties? (Y/N) Can a debtor grant a secured creditor a non-possessory security interest over only its inventory? Can a debtor grant a secured creditor a non-possessory security interest over only its accounts receivable or the outstanding debts owed to the debtor by third parties? (Y/N)

Security Interest in Combined Category of Movable Assets

According to the law, can a debtor grant a secured creditor a security interest in a combined category of assets?

Security interest over future assets

Can a debtor use future assets as movable assets to secure a loan? (Y/N)

Debts and obligations

1. Can all types of fluctuating debts and obligations be secured with a single category of movable assets? (Y/N) 2. Can all types of fluctuating debts and obligations be secured with a single category of movable assets? (Y/N) 3. Can all types of fluctuating debts and obligations be secured with a single category of movable assets? (Y/N) 4.Can all types of fluctuating debts and obligations be secured with a combined category of movable assets? (Y/N)

Tax deregistration

1. In practice, is tax deregistration performed automatically/without additional interaction of the company when the company is removed from the business registry? a. Yes b. No c. Other 2. If No to question 1, in practice, can tax deregistration be done fully online? a. Yes b. No c. Other 3. [If CIT are administered on several levels] In practice, is deregistration with all levels of tax administration done jointly/in a single process? (Y/N)

Monitoring of tariffs

Is there a regulatory agency overlooking digital connectivity operators (first, middle, and last mile) and internet service providers? (Y/N) Per the regulatory framework which of the following functions on tariff setting and anticompetitive practices in the digital infrastructure service sector does the regulator perform? a. Overseeing wholesale connectivity tariffs (interconnection agreements) b. Initiating investigations for anticompetitive practices and setting fines for anticompetitive practices c. Establishing price caps on retail prices for end users

Monitoring of service quality

Per the regulatory framework, what role does the internet regulator play in monitoring the quality and reliability of internet services? Please select all that apply: The regulator sets performance standards to ensure service quality and the reliability of internet services b. The regulator monitors adherence to performance standards to ensure service quality and the reliability of internet services

Availability of universal health care

Which of the following types of health care coverage are available to workers in the private sector in the economy? (select all that apply) (Y/N) a. Non-contributory government-funded essential health care coverage available universally (i.e., to all citizens whether or not employed) b. Contributory health care coverage available through employment only (i.e., the worker’s health care benefits are lost as he/she/they leaves one employer and are resuscitated as he/she/they starts a new employment relationship) c. Contributory health care coverage available through employment or self on a voluntary basis (i.e., a worker, including self-employed workers, can voluntarily contribute to mandatory health care scheme)

Funding for Health Care from General Tax Revenues

How is the health care system, if provided by the government in the economy, funded? (Y/N) a. Through general tax revenue b. Through taxes on employers, including mandatory labor taxes or social security contributions c. Through both general tax revenue and taxes on employers, including mandatory labor taxes or social contributions

Coverage of healthcare

Is there a contributory healthcare available through employment (i.e., the worker’s health care benefits are lost as he/she/they leave one employer and are reinstated as the worker start a new employment relationship)? (Y/N) Is there a contributory healthcare available through employment or self on a voluntary basis (i.e., a worker, including self-employed, can voluntarily contribute to the existing health care scheme)?

Firms contribution to healthcare

Does the law require firms to pay for unemployment protection for a permanent (open-ended) fulltime worker on firm’s payroll? (i.e., the payment requirement could be part of labor taxes, social security contribution, or separate non–tax-related payment incurred by the firm if a worker is terminated earlier on a basis of redundancy)

Market structure (number of firms that compete in the market)

How many competitors did this establishment’s main product [or service] face in this main market?

Market concentration (market share of largest competitor)

In fiscal year [Insert last complete fiscal year], what was the market share of your largest competitor, in terms of sales, in the market where this establishment sold its main product or offered its main service?

Changes in the level of competition

Over the last year, has the level of competition in the market where this establishment sold its main product or offered its main service changed? Less competition (0), no change (50), more competition (100)

Pricing power (ability to change prices without losing customers)

Considering the main market for this establishment’s main product or service, can this establishment increase its prices more so than its competitors can without losing customers? (Y/N/Price is regulated by government; N – good practice (100))

Easiness to switching internet providers

Using the responses on the card, please indicate how difficult it would be for this establishment to switch between internet providers. Unable to change (0); if some or little difficulty (50); if no difficulty (100)

Government intervention in prices

Considering the main market for this establishment’s main product or service, can this establishment increase its prices more so than its competitors can without losing customers? (Y/N/Price is regulated by government; N – good practice (100))

Reliability of electricity supply

Number of outages: In a typical month, how many power outages did this establishment experience? Number of outages: In a typical month, how many power outages did this establishment experience? Over the course of fiscal year [Insert last complete fiscal year], did this establishment own or share a generator?

Provisions for establishment of collective management organizations

Are there any legal provisions for the establishment of Collective Management Organizations (CMOs)? (Y/N)

Patentability requirements (novelty, inventive step, industrial applicability) for inventions and experimental use exception or research exemption for patents

1. Does the regulatory framework explicitly define patentability requirements (novelty, inventive step, industrial applicability) for inventions? (Y/N) 2. Does the regulatory framework define any experimental use exception or research exemption for patents? (Y/N)

Patent protection reaching back to the filing date

Does the regulatory framework explicitly assure retroactive protection reaching back to the filing date in case patent registration is granted? (Y/N)

Duration of patent and trademark protection

1. Please specify the duration of the patent protection in years in accordance with the regulatory framework. 2. Please specify the duration of the trademark protection in years in accordance with the regulatory framework.

Opposition mechanisms for patents and trademarks

1. According to the regulatory framework, what mechanisms for the opposition of the granting of patents are available? Please select all that apply. (Y/N) 7a. Pre-granting opposition rights. 7b. Post-granting opposition rights. 7c. None 2. According to the regulatory framework, which trademark opposition procedures are available? Please select all that apply. (Y/N) a. Pre-registration opposition b. Post-registration opposition c. None

Provisions for information submission system for patents

Does the regulatory framework provide for an Information Submission System in the form of a database where complementary information on a patent may be submitted by patent holders or affected third parties? (Y/N)

Public disclosure of patent

According to the regulatory framework, is the public disclosure of patent required, voluntary, or undefined? Please select one. a. Required → 1 point if selected b. Voluntary → 0.5 point if selected c. Undefined

Trademark use obligation, related grace period

1. Does the regulatory framework provide for a trademark use obligation? (Y/N) 2. Does the regulatory framework stipulate the grace period after trademark registration before the use obligation comes into effect? (Y/N)

Protection for well-known marks

Does the regulatory framework provide protection for well-known marks? (Y/N)

Actions or remedies to enforce copyright, patent, and trademark protection

1. According to the regulatory framework, what actions or remedies can public authorities employ to enforce copyright protection? Please select all that apply. (Y/N) a. Civil or administrative procedures b. Provisional measures c. Criminal procedures d. None of the above 2. According to the regulatory framework, what actions or remedies can public authorities employ to enforce patent rights protection? Please select all that apply. (Y/N) a. Civil or administrative procedures b. Provisional measures c. Criminal procedures d. None of the above 3. According to the regulatory framework, what actions or remedies can public authorities employ to enforce trademark rights protection? Please select all that apply. (Y/N) a. Civil or administrative procedures b. Provisional measures c. Criminal procedures

Arbitration of copyright, patent, and trademark disputes

1. Does the regulatory framework allow arbitrating copyright disputes, as long as they do not affect third party rights? (Y/N) 2. Does the regulatory framework allow arbitrating patent disputes, as long as they do not affect third party rights? (Y/N) 3. Does the regulatory framework allow arbitrating trademark disputes, as long as they do not affect third party rights? (Y/N)

Paid-in Minimum Capital Requirements

Does the legislation require a mandated paid-in minimum capital for foreign private limited liability companies?

Ownership and Participation Restrictions

Does the legislation impose any of the following restrictions for foreign entrepreneurs?1-Limitations on the proportion of shares that can be held in a company 2-Limitations on the number of joint ventures

Screening and Approval

Does the legislation impose any of the following restrictions for foreign entrepreneurs?1-Investment screening or approval by government authority 2-Minimum size of investment, different from the amount for domestic firms

Restrictions on the Nationality of Key Personnel and Directors

Does the legislation impose any of the following restrictions for foreign entrepreneurs?1-Restrictions on the nationality of the management of foreign subsidiaries 2-Restrictions on the nationality/legal residency of company board members or managers

Restrictions on Employment of Foreign and Local Personnel

Does the legislation impose any of the following restrictions for foreign entrepreneurs?1-Restrictions on hiring foreign nationals 2-Minimum required number or percentage of national employees

Local Engagement Requirements

Does the legislation impose any of the following restrictions for foreign entrepreneurs?1-Obligation to have a local partner 2-Local sourcing requirements

Financial Restrictions

Does the legislation impose any of the following restrictions for foreign entrepreneurs?1-Limitations on dividend distribution 2-Restrictions on setting up or holding a foreign currency commercial bank account

Sector-Specific Restrictions for Foreign Entrepreneurs Related to Service Industries

Does the legislation limit the full foreign ownership in the following sectors?1-Banking and Insurance 2-Health Care 3-Retail and Tourism 4-Media

Sector-Specific Restrictions for Foreign Entrepreneurs Related to Manufacturing and Infrastructure Industries

Does the legislation limit the full foreign ownership in the following sectors?1-Construction 2-Light Manufacturing 3-Electricity and Telecommunications 4-Transportation

Sector-Specific Restrictions for Foreign Entrepreneurs Related to Agriculture and Extractive Industries

Does the legislation limit the full foreign ownership in the following sectors?1-Agriculture and Forestry 2-Metals and Mining 3-Oil and Gas 4-Waste Management and Disposal

No paid-in minimum capital requirements for foreign firms

Does the legislation require a mandated paid-in minimum capital requirement for foreign private limited liability companies owned by foreign entrepreneurs?

Entirety of paid-in capital not needed to be paid prior to registration of foreign firms

Does the legislation require foreign entrepreneurs to pay the entirety of the mandated paid-in minimum capital for private limited liability companies prior to registration?

No ownership and participation restrictions

Does the legislation impose limitations on the proportion of shares that can be held in a company for foreign entrepreneurs?/Does the legislation impose limitations on the number of joint ventures for foreign entrepreneurs?

No screening and approval requirements

Does the legislation require investment screening or approval by government authority for foreign entrepreneurs, different from domestic entrepreneurs? /Does the legislation require minimum size of investment for foreign entrepreneurs, different from the threshold for domestic entrepreneurs?

No restrictions on the nationality of key personnel and directors

Does the legislation have any requirement about the nationality of the management for companies owned by foreign entrepreneurs? /Does the legislation have any requirement about the nationality of the board members for companies owned by foreign entrepreneurs?

No restrictions on employment of foreign and local personnel

Does the legislation impose restrictions on hiring foreign nationals?/Does the legislation require minimum number or percentage of national employees?

No local engagement requirements

Does the legislation require foreign entrepreneurs to have a local partner?/ Does the legislation impose local sourcing requirements for foreign entrepreneurs?

No dividend & foreign currency bank account restrictions

Does the legislation impose limitations on dividend distribution for foreign entrepreneurs?/Does the legislation impose restrictions on holding a foreign currency commercial bank account?

No sector-specific restrictions for foreign entrepreneurs

Does the legislation limit full private foreign participation/equity ownership in any business sector?

Interoperability with External Systems

Is the electronic case management system for insolvency matters connected in practice to external systems, allowing an exchange of data with other authorities such as commercial/business registries and law enforcement agencies? (Y/N)

Cost to receive e-payments

a. Cost per transaction: As a percentage of a typical transaction, how much does it cost to accept payments. b. Other costs: What is the cost per month to accept payments? Please include all monthly fees, subscription costs, point of sales terminal costs, maintenance, and other costs.

Cost to make e-payments

As a percentage of a typical transaction, how much does it cost to make payments?

Tax guides and their delivery channels

1.Please indicate in what format is the information on general tax guidance made publicly available. Please select all applicable options: (Y/N) a. Website b. Telephone c. Email d. Mobile communications e. In-person requests 2. Please select all types of internal tax guidance that are publicly available to taxpayers. Please select all applicable options: (Y/N) a. Revenue Procedure b. Internal Revenue Manuals c. Technical Advice memorandums d. Other (if Yes, please clarify) 3. Please indicate in what format the information on internal tax guidance is made publicly available. Please select all applicable options: (Y/N) a. Website b. Telephone c. Email d. Mobile communications e. Face-to-face requests f. Public education seminars g. Other (if Yes, please clarify)

Binding rulings and post-compliance procedures

1. Does the tax administration in [Economy] issue private binding rulings? (Y/N) 2.If Yes to question 4, are private binding rulings published online? This includes publication of the edited version of the rulings, without any personal or identifying private information to protect the privacy of the applicant. (Y/N) 3. Does the tax administration in [Economy] issue public binding rulings? (Y/N) 4. Does the tax administration in [Economy] issue public binding rulings? (Y/N) 5. Is the tax audit procedure codified in the single legislative act that has uniform application across all core taxes? (Y/N)

Reliability of internet supply

Over fiscal year [Insert last complete fiscal year], did this establishment experience any disruptions to its internet connection, including complete downtime and connection slowdowns? Please exclude disruptions that are directly due to power outages.

Cost of connection and cost of service (internet)

Cost of Connection and Cost of Service (Internet) i) The cost to obtain a new connection ii) Monthly cost of utility service

VAT Refund

1.[If consumption-based taxes exist] Is the VAT refund mechanism available? (Y/N) 2. If Yes to question 1, what VAT refund restrictions apply? Please select all applicable options. (Y/N; N – good practice) a. Specific types of taxpayers b. Specific conditions (e.g., only exporters, the company must be less than 2 years old, etc.) c. Specific goods or services provided d. Requirement to carry forward for a set period before being able to claim the refund e. Other (if Yes, please clarify)

Criteria for identifying abnormally low bids are established

Does the regulatory framework establish criteria for identifying abnormally low bids? a. Yes, for all procurement procedures → 1 point if selected b. Yes, but only in some procurement procedures → 1 point if selected c. No

Designation of specialized tendering methods for innovation procurement

Does the regulatory framework designate specific tendering procedures for innovation procurement? (Y/N)

Incorporation of sustainability clauses in standard bidding documents

Do the standard bidding documents contain sustainability clauses? a. Yes, in all model documents → 1 point if selected b. No, only in some model documents → 1 point if selected c. None of the model documents contain sustainability clauses

Incentives to include environmental considerations in tenders

Does the regulatory framework provide incentives for preparing bids with environmentally friendly components? (Y/N)

Mechanisms to introduce gender-responsive public procurement

Please select which type of gender-specific provisions are available in the regulatory framework: Select all that apply: (Y/N) a. Needs assessment should include gender analysis b. Firms are required to show that they adhere to the principle of equal pay c. Firms are required to show that they adhere to gender non-discrimination d. Exclusion grounds for firms that have violated gender equality obligations e. Award criteria with gender dimension

Market-based tools to estimate contract value

According to the regulatory framework, which of the following tools must be used when a Procuring Entity you identified prepares to estimate the contract value of the new procurement opportunity? Select all that apply: a. Market analysis → 1 point if selected b. Feasibility study → 1 point if selected c. Historical data from similar projects or tenders → 1 point if selected d. Regulations are silent on this matter e. None of the above f. Other (specify)

Total cost of ownership and life cycle cost considerations are used in bid evaluation

According to the regulatory framework, which of the following award criteria must be used in bid evaluations for high value procurement? Select all that apply. a. Lowest price b. Project life cycle cost c. Total cost of ownership d. Value for money e. Most economically advantageous tender. f. Sustainability g. None of the above

Most economically advantageous tender is the preferred evaluation criteria

Does the regulatory framework explicitly recommend the preference to use Most Economically Advantageous Tender criteria over lowest price criteria? a. Yes, for all procurement procedures → 1 point if selected b. Yes, but only in some procurement procedures c. No

Absence of Fossil Fuel Subsidy

Has an explicit fossil fuel subsidy, that is applied to the sale price to the end consumer, been adopted in [ECONOMY]? (Y/N; N – good practice)

Availability of Tax Incentives

Are there any tax incentives or tax credits in place to support the private sector in transitioning to a green economy, for example, renewable energy subsidies, tax incentives for green technologies, clean energy tax credits, etc.?

Availability of commercial mediation services

In your jurisdiction, is there a domestic institution(s) that provides arbitration services with respect to commercial disputes? a.Yes, both domestic and international arbitration are available b. Yes, but only domestic arbitration is available c. Yes, but only international arbitration is available d. No, arbitration services are not provided in practice

Setting Up a Roster of Mediators

Does the domestic arbitration institution(s) maintain an up-to-date publicly accessible roster of all qualified arbitrators, in which membership is not restricted based on such grounds as nationality, sex, residency, or belonging to a specific bar association? a. Yes, in both domestic and international arbitration b. Yes, but only in domestic arbitration c. Yes, but only in international arbitration d. No, such a roster does not exist

Digitalization of mediation

1. In commercial arbitration, can parties file, view, and download all submitted documents in an arbitration proceeding through a secure online platform of a domestic arbitration institution(s)? a. Yes, in both domestic and international arbitration b. Yes, but only in domestic arbitration c. Yes, but only in international arbitration d. No, such an online platform is not available 2. In commercial arbitration, can virtual conferences and hearings be securely held through an online platform or via videoconferencing? a. Yes, in both domestic and international arbitration b. Yes, but only in domestic arbitration c. Yes, but only in international arbitration d. No, virtual conferences and hearings are not available 3. In commercial arbitration, can an arbitral award be securely signed electronically by all involved arbitrators? a. Yes, in both domestic and international arbitration b. Yes, but only in domestic arbitration c. Yes, but only in international arbitration d. No, electronic arbitral awards are not available

Transparency of mediation

1. Does the domestic arbitration institution(s), or other relevant body, publish statistics on the number of commercial cases by category resolved through arbitration, at least once a year? a. Yes, in both domestic and international arbitration b. Yes, but only in domestic arbitration c.Yes, but only in international arbitration d. No, such statistics are not published 2. Does the domestic arbitration institution(s), or other relevant body, publish statistics on the time it takes to resolve different categories of commercial cases through arbitration, at least once a year?a. Yes, in both domestic and international arbitration b. Yes, but only in domestic arbitration c. Yes, but only in international arbitration d. No, such statistics are not published 3. Does the domestic arbitration institution(s), or other relevant body, regularly publish summaries of commercial arbitral awards, access to which is free of charge? a. Yes, in both domestic and international arbitration b. Yes, but only in domestic arbitration c. Yes, but only in international arbitration d. No, such summaries are not published 4. Does the domestic arbitration institution(s), or other relevant body, publish statistics on the number of arbitrators disaggregated by sex, at least once a year? a. Yes, in both domestic and international arbitration b. Yes, but only in domestic arbitration c. Yes, but only in international arbitration d. No, such statistics are not published

Number of cases in arbitration (practice vs no practice status)

Does the domestic arbitration institution(s), or other relevant body, publish statistics on the number of commercial cases resolved through arbitration, at least once a year?

Special procedures in arbitration

In practice, does the local arbitration institution provide for the emergency arbitration procedure? (Y/N) In practice, does the local arbitration institution provide for the early dismissal procedure? In practice, does the local arbitration institution provide for the expedited (fast-track) procedure? In practice, does the local arbitration institution provide for consolidation of related arbitral proceedings and joinder of additional parties?

Promotion of arbitration

Does the local arbitration institution maintain an up-to-date publicly accessible roster of all qualified arbitrators? (Y/N) 90. In practice, does your local arbitration institution check the quality of draft arbitral awards in terms of form or substance?

Annual performance

1. Are there publicly available annual performance reports outlining the financial and operational performance of the tax administration for the last fiscal year? (Y/N) 2.Indicate in what form the annual performance reports are made publicly available: a. Online b. In hard copies c. Both 3. If Yes to question 2, please select if any of the following information is included in the annual report(s): a. Annual performance statement b. Revenue performance c. Management and accountability 76d. Financial statements 4.Does an independent external review body (e.g., a government auditor or independent entity appointed in line with the economy’s laws and regulations) perform periodical audits of the tax administration’s financial statements and operational performance? a. Yes, for financial statements b. Yes, for the operational statement c. Yes, for both d. No 5. If Yes to question 4, are the findings and recommendations of the external review body publicly reported? (Y/N) 6.If Yes to question 5, please indicate in what form the findings and recommendations of the external review body are made publicly available: a. Online b. In hard copies c. Both

Gender composition of the staff in tax administration

1. Is the information on the gender composition of the staff within the tax authority made publicly available? (Y/N) 2. Is the information on the gender composition of the senior executives within the tax authority made publicly available? (Y/N)

Risk-Based Regulations for Business Licensing

Does the legislation provide for a risk-based approach for issuing business operating licenses?

Risk-Based Regulations for Environmental Permitting

Does the legislation provide for a risk-based assessment for issuing environmental operating licenses?

Cost to resolve an in-court liquidation proceeding

According to the practice in [the largest business city in the economy]: b. How much would it cost for an insolvent company (as defined in the above instructions) to complete liquidation proceedings?

Online platform for issuing building authorizations

Online Platform for Issuing Building Authorizations

Online Permitting Systems with Several Functionalities

Online Permitting Systems with Several Functionalities

Online Permitting Systems to Submit Building and Occupancy Permits

Online Permitting Systems to Submit Building and Occupancy Permits

File Dispute Online on Building Permits

File Dispute Online on Building Permits

Percent of firms identifying labor regulations as a constraint

To what degree are labor regulations an obstacle to the current operations of this establishment? a. No obstacle b. Minor obstacle c. Moderate obstacle d. Major obstacle e. Very severe obstacle

Electronic application

1.Is it possible to apply electronically for new commercial water connections? 2. Is it possible to track online the application for water connection?

Electronic payment

1.Is it possible to pay electronically the fee for new water connections? 2. Is it possible to pay electronically for the water monthly tariffs?

Information on existing infrastructure and planned works

1.Is there a national/local infrastructure database that would allow the identification of existing infrastructure networks such as underground lines (for example, “dial before you dig” or GIS)? a. Shared database for the network lines of multiple utilities, including electricity, water, and internet b. Database for water networks 2. Is there an online platform or a website with information about the planned works on utility networks that are carried out in the city?

Coordination mechanisms for excavation permits

Are the following in place to facilitate collaboration between agencies for excavation permit applications and approvals? a. An online system b. An agency in charge of coordination c. Other coordination mechanism

Connection requirements

Are the connection requirements for new business water connections available online? (Y/N) What connection requirements are published online? a. Required documents b. Required procedures c. Connection cost d. Stipulated connection time standards

Tariffs and tariff settings

Are the current water tariffs available online? (Y/N) Are changes in water tariffs communicated to the public at least one billing cycle in advance? (for example, as published in the press, regulations, or website, through letters, bills, emails, SMS). (Y/N) Is a formula prescribing how end-user water tariff levels are determined publicly available? a. Yes, formula is published online only 68b. Yes, formula is published in the customer bill only c. Yes, formula is published online and in the customer bill d. No, not available

Planned outages

Are planned water outages made publicly available/communicated to the customers? a. Made publicly available b. Communicated to the customer

Complaint mechanisms

What type of information is available online to guide customers to file a complaint about water service supply? a. Information on the entity in charge of managing the complaints b. Documents and steps necessary to make a complaint c. Criteria / scope of complaint mechanism (i.e., what issues can be reported) d. Steps necessary to make a complaint

Service quality indicators

Are the indicators on quality of supplied water made available online for the public? (Y/N)

Sustainability indicators

Are the KPIs to monitor the environmental sustainability of water supply available online? (Y/N)

Unique consignment reference

Is a unique consignment reference (UCR) used by the Customs agency and other agencies? (Y/N)

Joint controls (internal)

Do local border control authorities conduct joint inspections with or delegate inspections to other national agencies? (Y/N)

Integrated border checkpoint

Is there an integrated border checkpoint with [FILL WITH ECONOMY X]? (Y/N)

Exchange of information

Does the Customs agency exchange information on commercial and transport documents and customs declaration with [FILL WITH ECONOMY X]’s Customs agency at the border? (Y/N)

Joint controls (external)

Do border control agencies recognize inspections by [FILL WITH ECONOMY X]’s border control agencies or conduct joint inspections? (Y/N)

Alignment of operating hours

In practice, do Customs operating hours coincide with those of [FILL WITH ECONOMY X]’s customs? (Y/N)

Unified document or set of documents

Is there a unified document or set of documents that is presented to the border control agencies of [FILL WITH MEASURED ECONOMY & ECONOMY X]? (Y/N)

Ability to dispute environmental clearances and permits

According to the legal framework can environmental permits in [B-READY economy] be disputed by any party?

Out-of-court resolution mechanisms for environmental disputes

According to the legal framework are conciliation and mediation offered as an out-of-court resolution mechanism for disputes in [B-READY economy]? (Y/N) According to the legal framework are conciliation and mediation offered as an out-of-court resolution mechanism for disputes in [B-READY economy]? (Y/N)

Pro-bono or low-cost legal assistance offered by IPO to IP licensees

In practice, does the Intellectual Property Office (IPO) offer pro-bono or low-cost legal assistance to potential IP licensees? (Y/N)

Availability of information submission system in practice

In practice, is there a functioning database, such as Information Submission System, where complementary information on a patent may be submitted by patent holders or affected third parties? (Y/N)

Public consultations on IP laws and regulations

Do government agencies conduct public consultations when developing IP laws and regulations? (Y/N)

Public body responsible for participation of firms in development of technical standards

Is there a public body responsible for facilitating and coordinating participation of domestic firms in the development of technical standards? (Y/N)

External review and internal control

Are there provisions in the regulatory framework that mandate external review of regulatory compliance of payment service providers? Please provide the answer for both banks and nonbanks. (Y/N) what is the scope of the review? a. Anti-money laundering/combating of financing of terrorism audit b. IT (information technology) risk management review c. Data protection and privacy review d. Operational and security risk management review e. Financial risk management review f. Regulatory reporting review (evaluate whether regulatory reporting requirements are properly done and in a timely manner) g. Other

Cybersecurity and operational risk

Are there provisions in the regulatory framework for e-payments that list requirements for cybersecurity? Please provide the answer for both banks and non-banks. (Y/N)

Liquidity risk

Are there provisions in the regulatory framework for banks and non-bank PSPs that define requirements to ensure customers have guaranteed access to their funds (refers to funds placed with the PSP) on demand for withdrawal and payments subject to reasonable restrictions? Please provide the answer for both banks and non-banks. (Y/N) Are there any provisions in the regulatory framework that define customer usage limits for users of electronic payment services? Please provide the answer for both banks and non-banks. (Y/N)

Company name verification

Does an electronic and fully automated system to verify the uniqueness and compliance of company names exist?

Entire company registration process

Does an electronic system that covers the entire company registration process from submitting the application to receiving the company documents exist?

Update of company information

Does a fully electronic system for businesses to update their statutory information exist?

Registration and update of beneficial ownership information

Does a fully electronic platform to register and update information on beneficial owners exist? Does a fully electronic system for businesses to update their statutory information exist?

Payment of incorporation fees

Does an electronic payment option for all fees, such as business registry fees, related to company incorporation exist?

Issuance of company incorporation certificate

Does the business registry issue the certificate of company incorporation fully electronically?

Requirement to justify creation of soes based on economic, social, and/or sustainability criteria and requirement to subject the creation of an SOE to a review by the competition authority

1. Does the regulatory framework require governments to justify the creation of SOEs based on economic, social and/or sustainability criteria (Y/N) 2. Is the creation of SOEs subject to a review by the Competition Authority? (Y/N)

Competition law applies to all soes and sectors of the economy

1. According to the regulatory framework, are any sectors in the economy excluded from the application of antitrust and merger control regulations? (Y/N; N – good practice) 2. According to the regulatory framework, are any SOEs and/or legal monopolies excluded from application of antitrust and merger control regulations? (Y/N; N – good practice)

Requirement to carry out an impact evaluation assessment to justify SOE commercial activities

Does the regulatory framework require that an impact evaluation assessment be carried out throughout the life-cycle of an SOE to evaluate its effects on market distortions and whether its activities remain competitively neutral? a. Yes, at the creation of all SOEs → 1 point if selected b. Yes, at the creation of some SOEs → 0.5 points if selected c. No → 0 points

Existence of Procedure to Exclude or Exempt Certain Firms or Sectors from the Application of Competition Law and Merger Control is Based on Economic, Social or Sustainability Criteria

1. Does the regulatory framework provide for a procedure to exclude a particular firm or sector from the application of antitrust and/or merger control regulations while conducting commercial activities? (Y/N) 2. Does the exclusion regime require a decision to be justified on economic, social, or sustainability grounds? (Y/N)

Competition law applies to all soes and legal monopolies

According to the regulatory framework, are any legal monopolies excluded from application of competition law? (Y/N; N – good practice) According to the regulatory framework, are any SOEs excluded from application of competition law?

New soes are assessed from a competitive perspective

Does the creation of SOEs require a positive assessment on its impact on competition?

Presence of barriers to ca's investigation of soes

Are there any specific legal or procedural barriers that hinder the Competition Authority's ability to investigate anti-competitive practices by SOEs?

Existence of procedure to exclude sectors from the application of competition law and merger control is based on economic, social or sustainability criteria

Does the regulatory framework provide for a procedure to exclude a particular firm or sector from the application of antitrust and/or merger control regulations while conducting commercial activities?

Existence of procedure to exempt agreements from the application of competition law

Does the regulatory framework allow firms to seek exemptions from antitrust or merger control regulations under specified conditions for individual agreements? (Y/N) Does the regulatory framework provide procedures to exempt category of agreements

Major constraints on access to land

To what degree is Access to Land an obstacle to the current operations of this establishment? (0 - no obstacle, 1 - minor obstacle, 2 - moderate obstacle, 3 - major obstacle to 4 - very severe obstacle)

Electronic filing

1. Which of the following court automation features has been implemented in insolvency proceedings to the debtor and the creditors? (Y/N) a. Electronic filing for bankruptcy commencement 2.Does a hard copy have to be submitted along with the initial claim? (Y/N)

Electronic payment of court fees

1. Which of the following court automation features has been implemented in insolvency proceedings to the debtor and the creditors? (Y/N) b. Electronic payments of court fees 2. Is there in practice a physical interaction with the bank, the court, or the post office required to complete electronic payment? (Y/N)

Electronic auction

Are electronic auctions conducted at the relevant court? (Y/N)

Virtual hearing

Can virtual hearings be held at the relevant court? (Y/N)

Legal obligation to check compliance of documents with the law

Is there a legal obligation to verify the compliance of documents necessary for a property transaction with the law?

Legal Obligation to Verify Identities of the Parties

Does the legal system require verification of the identity of each party engaged in a property transaction?

Legal Obligation to Register Sales Transactions

Does the legal framework require that all property sale transactions be registered at the land registry to make them opposable to third parties?

Legal provision on the legality of online documents

By law, which of the following documents, if obtained online, would have the same legal value as a paper-based one? 1. Property title certificate 2. Title search certificate 3. Tax certificate 4. Company profile document 5. Cadastral plans

Professional certifications

Professional Certifications

Inspection regimes

Inspection Regimes

Liability regimes

Liability Regimes

Existence of a national employment service center

Is there a national employment service center in the largest city in this economy?

No legal mandate for firms to pay for employment service center services

Does the law require firms to pay for employment service center services (i.e., the payment requirement could be part of labor taxes, social security contribution, or separate non–tax-related mandatory payment incurred by the firm)?

Legal mandate for vocational guidance and training for unemployed and job seekers

Does your economy have a law or regulation that establishes vocational guidance and training for the unemployed and job seekers?

Existence of public training programs for unemployed and job seekers

Are public training programs for the unemployed and job seekers available?

Reliability of water supply

Over fiscal year [Insert last complete fiscal year], did this establishment experience insufficient water supply?

Cost to obtain a building permit

Cost to Obtain a Building Permit

Insolvency administrators qualification requirements in the law

What are the minimum qualification requirements established in the legal framework for an insolvency administrator to be assigned to a procedure? (Y/N) a. Minimum number of years of practical experience b. Holding a university degree in law (minimum of J.D. or LLB) or degree in accounting c. Holding a license d. Being a registered member of an association e. Passing a qualification exam f. Completion of specialized training g. No criminal record or record of financial wrongdoing e. Please explain

Conditions for disqualification

Does the legal framework set out cases in which the insolvency administrator may be disqualified from the case? (Y/N)

Mechanism for Selection and Dismissal

1. Does the legal framework establish a mechanism for the selection and appointment of an insolvency administrator? (Y/N) 2. Does the legal framework provide for a mechanism for the removal of the insolvency administrator that reflects the manner in which the insolvency administrator was appointed and provides a right for the insolvency administrator to be heard? (Y/N)

Time to obtain a loan

Time to Obtain a Loan

Obstacles to obtaining a loan

Obstacles to Obtaining a Loan

Availability of Public Consultations

1. In general, does the government conduct extensive public consultations with external stakeholders before introducing environmental fiscal instruments? a. Yes, always b. Yes, but not always c. No 2. If Yes to question 1, are the process and the results of the consultations publicly available? a. Yes, both the process and results b. Only the process c. Only the results d. No 3. If Yes to question 2, please indicate in what form the results of the consultations are made publicly available: a. Online b. In hard copies c. Both 4. is there a risk-based system that directs audit coverage towards areas of emission levels? (Y/N)

Specialized Bankruptcy Courts

In [largest business city in the economy], is there a specialized bankruptcy court or a judge/division/bench in a commercial court, to which all bankruptcy matters or cases are assigned? (Y/N)

Operability of Bankruptcy Courts

1. In [largest business city in the economy], is there a specialized bankruptcy court or a judge/division/bench in a commercial court, to which all bankruptcy matters or cases are assigned? (Y/N) 2. In [largest business city in the economy], is there a specialized bankruptcy court or a judge/division/bench in a commercial court, to which all bankruptcy matters or cases are assigned? (Y/N)

Total time to register a new domestic firm

What is the total time to complete the entire company entry process for a domestic firm (calendar days)?

Use of International Quality Certifications (Manufacturing)

Percentage of firms with international quality certifications in the manufacturing sector

Use of International Quality Certifications (Services)

Percentage of firms with international quality certifications in the services sector

Public accountability

1. Does the tax administration in [Economy] obtain feedback from taxpayers to monitor trends in taxpayers’ perceptions of tax administration services and products? (Y/N) 2. If Yes to question 1, in practice, how frequently is feedback requested? a. At least once every 3 years (routine and systematic request of feedback) b. At least once every 5 years (routine and systematic request of feedback) c. On an ad hoc basis (unplanned and infrequent request of feedback) 3. If Yes to question 2, are the results of the feedback on the taxpayers’ perceptions of tax administration services and products publicly available? (Y/N) 4. If Yes to question 3, please indicate in what form the results of the feedback are made publicly available: a. Online b. In hard copies c. Both 5. Does the tax administration have a code of ethics and professional conduct, where its values, principles, and requirements are guided by or closely aligned to national or international ethics and integrity legislation/regulations of equivalent? (Y/N) 6. Do independent and impartial investigative bodies exist to safeguard the community in their dealings with the tax administration? Please select all applicable options. (Y/N) a. A tax ombudsman or equivalent authority (e.g., taxpayer advocate) investigates unresolved complaints from taxpayers about the service and treatment they have received from the tax administration b. An anti-corruption agency oversees tax administration anti-corruption policies and investigates alleged corrupt conduct of tax officials c. Other (if Yes, please clarify)

Restriction on Leasehold Based on the Area of the Land for Domestic Firms

Restriction on Leasehold Based on the Area of the Land for Domestic Firms

Restriction on the Duration of the Lease for Domestic Firms

Restriction on the Duration of the Lease for Domestic Firms

Restriction on Leasehold Based on the Location of Property for Domestic Firms

Restriction on Leasehold Based on the Location of Property for Domestic Firms

Restriction on Leasehold of Agricultural Property for Domestic Firms

Restriction on Leasehold of Agricultural Property for Domestic Firms

Restrictions on Leasehold Based on the Height of Building for Domestic Firms

Restrictions on Leasehold Based on the Height of Building for Domestic Firms

Absence of Restriction on Leasehold based on the Area of the Land for Domestic Firms

According to the regulatory framework, are there any restrictions on the size of the land that domestic firms can lease?

Absence of Restriction on the Duration of the Lease for Domestic Firms

According to the regulatory framework, are there any restrictions for domestic firms on the duration of the lease?

Absence of Restriction on Leasehold based on the Location of Property for Domestic Firms

According to the regulatory framework, are there any restrictions on the location of property that domestic firms can lease?

Absence of Restriction on Leasehold of Agricultural Property for Domestic Firms

According to the regulatory framework, are there any restrictions for domestic firms on leasing agricultural land?

Absence of Restriction on Leasehold based on the Type of Building for Domestic Firms

According to the regulatory framework, are there any restrictions on the type of property (residential, commercial, industrial) that domestic firms can lease?

Availability of an advanced electronic system for international trade

In practice, is there an Electronic Single Window (ESW) for trade connecting different government agencies through a transactional electronic platform? (Y/N)

Agency integration into the advanced electronic system for international trade

Are the following agencies, besides the Customs agency, integrated into the Electronic Single Window for trade? (Y/N) a. Tax administration b. Sanitary and phytosanitary agencies c. Standardization agencies d. Environmental agencies e. Transport agencies f. Ministry of Trade (or equivalent domestic ministry)

Stakeholder integration into the advanced electronic system for international trade

Are the following stakeholders integrated into the Electronic Single Window for trade? (Y/N) a. Exporters and importers b. Customs brokers c. Carriers and transport operators d. Container handlers and terminal operators e. Trade and transport associations (that is, chambers of commerce or other product certification boards) f. Financial institutions (that is, banks, insurance companies)

Features of the advanced electronic system for international trade

In practice, are the following features available and fully electronic through the Electronic Single Window for trade? (Y/N) a. Submission of commercial and transport documents b. Lodging of customs declarations and releases c. Processing of licenses, permits and authorizations d. Processing of veterinary, sanitary, and phytosanitary certificates e. Processing of technical standards certificates f. Processing of certificates of origin

Exchange of information with trading partners’ electronic systems for international trade

Does the ESW exchange information on commercial and transport documents, and customs declaration with any trading partner’s ESW or Integrated Customs Management System? (Y/N)

Single point of access of the advanced electronic system for international trade

Does the Electronic Single Window for Trade have the following characteristics? (Y/N) Single point of access (Information is presented in a single place)

Single sign-on of the advanced electronic system for international trade

Does the Electronic Single Window for Trade have the following characteristics? (Y/N) Single sign-on (only one point of access to the platform/system)

Single submission of data of the advanced electronic system for international trade

Does the Electronic Single Window for Trade have the following characteristics? (Y/N) Single submission of data (information is presented only once)

Single point of decision making of the advanced electronic system for international trade