Using international indices

Vision

Looks at whether or not a country has (or is in the process of creating) a national AI strategy.

AI strategy

Looks at whether or not a country has (or is in the process of creating) a national AI strategy.

Data protection and privacy laws

As more and more social and economic activities have place online, the importance of privacy and data protection is increasingly recognized. Of equal concern is the collection, use and sharing of personal information to third parties without notice or consent of consumers. 128 out of 194 countries had put in place legislation to secure the protection of data and privacy.

Cybersecurity

The Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) provides a measure of the level of cybersecurity commitment of countries. It is a composite index made up of 25 indicators that are distributed across five main pillars: Legal Measures, Technical Measures, Organizational Measures, Capacity Building Measures, and Cooperation Measures. Scores are standardized to a scale of 0 to 1.

Ethical principles

Categorizing and evaluating various AI Principles implemented by companies and national legislations

Legal framework's adaptability to digital business models

Response to the survey question “In your country, how fast is the legal framework of your country adapting to digital business models (e.g. e-commerce, sharing economy, fintech, etc.)?” [1= not fast at all; 7 = very fast]

Accountability

Captures perceptions of the extent to which a country's citizens are able to participate in selecting their government, as well as freedom of expression, freedom of association, and a free media.

Regularity quality

Government procurement of advanced technology

The Government Online Service Index (OIS) is one of the three main components of the E-Government Development Index (EGDI) constructed and published by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. The OIS assesses the quality of a government’s delivery of online services on a 0-to-1 (best) scale. The assessment is carried out by researchers, who evaluate “each country’s national website in the native language, including the national portal, e-services portal, and e-participation portal, as well as the websites of the related ministries of education, labor, social services, health, finance, and environment, as applicable.

ICT use and government efficiency

The data refer to the simple mean of the average answers to a similarly worded question regarding five different emerging technologies: In your country, to what extent does the government foster investment (public and private) in Artificial intelligence and machine learning|Robotics|App- and web-enabled markets|Big data analytics|Cloud computing? (1: not at all; 7: to a great extent)

Online services

The Government Online Service Index (OIS) is one of the three main components of the E-Government Development Index (EGDI) constructed and published by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. The OIS assesses the quality of a government’s delivery of online services on a 0-to-1 (best) scale. The assessment is carried out by researchers, who evaluate “each country’s national website in the native language, including the national portal, e-services portal, and e-participation portal, as well as the websites of the related ministries of education, labor, social services, health, finance, and environment, as applicable.

Trust in Government websites and apps

identifies the perceived effect of digital technology on the standard of public services.

Government promotion of investment in emerging technologies

The following indicator refers to the simple mean of the average answer of a similarly-worded question posited by the EOS regarding a government’s ability to foster investment in five emerging technology sectors (Artificial intelligence, Robotics, App- and web-enabled markets, Big data analytics, and Cloud computing).

Foundational IT infrastructure

Refers to the core technology systems, networks, and software applications that support their operations and enable digital transformation in the public sector. It includes essential components such as hardware, software, data management systems, and connectivity infrastructure.

Government support to AI Adoption

In your country, to what extent is the public sector promoting adoption of AI among local businesses? [1 = Not at all; 7 =To a great extent]

Public sector AI skills development

Measures steps countries have taken to support skills developmentinrelation to responsible AI within the civil service and judiciary.

Government Effectiveness

Index that reflects perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government’s commitment to such policies.

Government's responsiveness to change

Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent does the government respond effectively to change (e.g. technological changes, societal and demographic trends, security and economic challenges)?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]

Procurement Data

a governmental procurement site that supports electronic transactions.

Number of technology unicorns

A unicorn company, or unicorn startup, is a private company with a valuation over $1 billion. As of August 2021, there are more than 700 unicorns around the world. Popular former unicorns include Airbnb, Facebook and Google. Variants include a decacorn, valued at over $10 billion, and a hectocorn, valued at over $100 billions.

Market value of large technology firms

market value of public technologies companies

Value of trade in ICT services (per capita) (log transformation)

Value of trade in ICT services (per capita)

Value of trade in ICT goods (per capita) (log transformation)

Value of trade in ICT goods (per capita)

Computer software spending

Total computer software spending (% of GDP) . “Computer software spending” includes the total value of purchased or leased packaged software such as operating systems, database systems, programming tools, utilities, and applications. It excludes expenditures for internal software development and outsourced custom software development. The data are a combination of actual figures and estimates. Data are reported as a percentage of GDP.

Number of non-AI Unicorns (log transformation)

large number of countries not having a significant technological sector.

Number of AI Unicorns (log transformation)

large number of countries having a significant technological sector.

Entrepreneurial culture

Attitudes towards entrepreneurial risk (Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent do people have an appetite for entrepreneurial risk?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent] Willingness to delegate authority (Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent does senior management delegate authority to subordinates?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent] Growth of innovative companies (Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent do new companies with innovative ideas grow rapidly?”[1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent] Companies embracing disruptive ideas (Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent do companies embrace risky or disruptive business ideas?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]

Ease of Doing Business

Doing Business records all procedures officially required, or commonly done in practice, for an entrepreneur to start up and formally operate an industrial or commercial business, as well as the time and cost to complete these procedures and the paid-in minimum capital requirement . These procedures include the processes entrepreneurs undergo when obtaining all necessary approvals, licenses, and permits and completing any required notifications, verifications, or inscriptions for the company and employees with relevant authorities.

R&D Spending (log transformation)

Expenditures for research and development are current and capital expenditures (both public and private) on creative work undertaken systematically to increase knowledge—including knowledge of humanity, culture and society—and the use of knowledge for new applications. R&D covers basic research, applied research and experimental development.

Company investment in emerging technologies

Average answer to the question: In your country, to what extent do companies invest in emerging technologies (e.g. Internet of Things, advanced analytics and artificial intelligence, augmented virtual reality and wearables, advanced robotics, 3D printing)? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent].

Business administrative requirements

Administrative Requirements measure the cost and time to start a business in addition, to the insolvency of the recovery rate and the regulatory framework.

VC availability

In your country, how easy is it for entrepreneurs with innovative but risky projects to find venture capital? [1 = extremely difficult; 7 = extremely easy]

AI research papers (log transformation)

Number of papers that focus on various aspects of artificial intelligence (AI) and related fields.

Time spent dealing with government regulations

Adoption of AI for Innovation

In your country, to what extent arelocal businesses adopting AI: To develop newproductsandbusinessmodels[1=Notatall;7=Toagreatextent]

Graduates in science & engineering

Graduates in STEM

Quality of Engineering and Technology Higher Ed

Ranking of universities

Digital skills

Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent does the active population possess sufficient digital skills (e.g. computer skills, basic coding, digital reading)?” [1 = not all; 7 = to a great extent]

Knowledge-intensive employment

Proportion of employed knowledge workers

Research papers in AI

The number of research papers published in AI indicates the scale of research being done at the highest level.

Graduates in STEM or computer science

graduates from Science, Technology and Mathematics programmes in tertiary education.

Github Activity

GitHub is a large host of source code, and commits are known as any saved changes initiated on the platform. As such, the GitHub commits indicator refers to the number of publicly available commits on the GitHub website.

Female STEM Graduates

Female share of graduates in the given field of education, tertiary is the number of female graduates expressed as a percentage of the total number of graduates in the given field of education from tertiary education.

Telecommunications infrastructure

The Survey is the only global report that assesses the e-government development status of all Member States of the United Nations. The assessment rates the e-government performance of countries relative to one another, as opposed to being an absolute measurement. It recognizes that each country should decide upon the level and extent of its e-government initiatives in keeping with its own national development priorities and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. The Survey measures e-government effectiveness in the delivery of public services and identifies patterns in e-government development and performance as well as countries and areas where the potential of Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) and e-government has not yet been fully exploited and where capacity development support might be helpful.

Availability of latest technologies

In your country, to what extent are the latest technologies available? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]

5G Infrastructure

VIAVI empowers Service Providers and IT organizations to manage the network lifecycle for complex 5G and Fiber networks with intuitive instruments, systems and technologies; and our expertise in light management and optical coatings help protect the world’s bank notes from counterfeiters, enhance the colors you see, and enable advanced technology such as 3D sensing.

Internet bandwidth

International Internet bandwidth (b/s) per internet user:This indicator refers to the usage of all international links including fiber-optic cables, radio links, and traffic processed by satellite ground stations and teleports to orbital satellites

Supercomputers

the number of supercomputers a country has within the top 500 as an indicator of the level of large-scale computing infrastructure available within the country.

Adoption of emerging technologies

The Adoption of emerging technologies indicator refers to the average answer of a similarly-worded question posited by the EOS regarding five different emerging technologies (Artificial intelligence, Robotics, App- and web-enabled markets, Big data analytics, and Cloud computing).

Cloud Providers

offer cloud computing services and infrastructure to individuals, businesses, and other entities. These providers typically operate large-scale data centers and provide various services such as virtual servers, storage, databases, networking, and software applications, among others. 

Broadband Quality

Is the transmission of high-quality data of wide bandwidth.

Adoption of key technologies: Information processing (AI, big data, VRandAR)

In your country, how common is the adoption of the following key technologies [1 = Not adopted at all; 7=Greatly adopted]: Information processing (AI, big data, VR and AR)

Data Governance

A global measure of how governments are publishing and using open data for accountability, innovation and social impact.

Statistical Capacity

The World Bank’s Statistical Capacity Indicator is a composite score assessing the capacity of a country’s statistical system. It is based on a diagnostic framework assessing the following areas: methodology; data sources; and periodicity and timeliness. Countries are scored against 25 criteria in these areas, using publicly available information and/or country input. The overall Statistical Capacity score is then being calculated as simple average of all three area scores on a scale of 0-100.

Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions

Mobile cellular telephone subs per 100 inh:The term “mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions” refers to the number of subscriptions to a public mobile‑telephone service providing access to the public switched telephone network using cellular technology. It includes both the number of postpaid subscriptions and the number of active prepaid accounts (i.e. accounts that have been active during the previous three months). It includes all mobile-cellular subscriptions that offer voice communications. It excludes subscriptions via data cards or USB modems, subscriptions to public mobile data services, private trunked mobile radio, telepoint, radio paging, machine-to-machine (M2M) and telemetry services.

Internet users (% of adult population)

ICT use / Percentage of individuals using the Internet:“Internet users” refers to the proportion of individuals who used the Internet in the last 12 months. Data are generally based on national household surveys where the percentage should reflect the total population of the country.

Open Data

making data available for public use, that promotes transparency, accountability and value creation by making government data available to all.

Households with internet access

means that the Internet is available for use of any member of the household at any time

Gender gap in internet access

This indicator refers to the share of, respectively, women and men in a country that use the Internet. Scores are calculated as the ratio of the share related to the female population over the share related to the male population.

Socioeconomic gap

Economic inequalities in accessing to the Internet

Gender gap in mobile access

It explores the key barriers preventing women’s equal mobile ownership and access to mobile internet as well as the widening smartphone ownership gender gap.

Cost of cheapest internet-enabled device (% of monthly GDP per capita)

A major component of mobile internet affordability is the affordability of internet-enabled devices. In this context, it is important to consider the affordability of the cheapest internet-enabled device (whether a smartphone or feature phone), measured as the cost relative to monthly income per capita.

Share of individuals using the Internet

All individuals who have used the Internet in the last 3 month are counted as Internet users. The Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV etc

Share of individuals with an account

The percent of population that ages 15+ and has an account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider

Secure Internet servers

The number of distinct, publicly-trusted TLS/SSL certificates found in the Netcraft Secure Server Survey

UPU postal reliability score

UPU postal reliability index considers the reliability, reach, relevance and resilience of the postal service

CRPD ratification (UN Treaty)

The Convention follows decades of work by the United Nations to change attitudes and approaches to persons with disabilities. It takes to a new height the movement from viewing persons with disabilities as “objects” of charity, medical treatment and social protection towards viewing persons with disabilities as “subjects” with rights, who are capable of claiming those rights and making decisions for their lives based on their free and informed consent as well as being active members of society.

General Law protecting the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

The Convention is intended as a human rights instrument with an explicit, social development dimension. It adopts a broad categorization of persons with disabilities and reaffirms that all persons with all types of disabilities must enjoy all human rights and fundamental freedoms. It clarifies and qualifies how all categories of rights apply to persons with disabilities and identifies areas where adaptations have to be made for persons with disabilities to effectively exercise their rights and areas where their rights have been violated, and where protection of rights must be reinforced.

Definition of ICT accessibility

ICT Accessibility Links to resources for making websites, public access terminals, telecommunication devices, and software accessible for people with disabilities.

Definition of Reasonable Accommodation

Reasonable Accommodation' means necessary and appropriate modification and adjustments not imposing a disproportionate or undue burden, where needed in a particular case, to ensure to persons with disabilities the enjoyment or exercise on an equal basis with others of all human rights and fundamental freedoms.” Additional dispositions affirming and detailing several areas of applicability of the notion of ‘Reasonable Accommodation,’

Universal Service Obligation includes Persons with Disabilities

Universal Service Obligation (USO) is a legislation adopted by most countries to equalize telecommunications services opportunities among all citizens. While historically USOs targeted rural populations, an increasing number of countries designate Persons with Disabilities as an underserved segment of the population. The main benefit of such designation is that it supports a funding mechanism (generally named as Universal Service Fund) based on recurring revenues generated by a tax on telecommunications services collected by operators. This provides a predictable source of funding, independent of annual governments budget cycles, to support services such as relay services or other ongoing accessibility services.

Merrakesh ratification

The Marrakesh Treaty was adopted on June 27, 2013 in Marrakesh, Morocco, and it forms part of the body of international copyright treaties administered by WIPO, the World Intellectual Property Organization. It has a clear humanitarian and social development dimension and its main goal is to create a set of mandatory limitations and exceptions for the benefit of the blind, visually impaired, and otherwise print disabled (VIPs).

Government agency for Persons with Disabilities

The government Agency for Persons with Disabilities works with local communities and private providers to support people who have developmental disabilities and their families in living, learning, and working in their communities; provides assistance in identifying the service needs of people with developmental disabilities; and educates the public on disability issues while focusing attention on employment for people with disabilities.

Government agency for ICTs

Governments play a key role in stimulating the introduction of ICT-enabled solutions adapted to the needs of persons with disabilities, increasing the availability of accessible ICT and promoting the affordability of assistive technologies in social, educational, economic and other domains. These benefits can be achieved through the promotion of national innovation systems that foster public-private collaboration, as well as development and diffusion of knowledge, accessible products and content as well as assistive technologies.

Process to involve DPOs in ICT accessibility policy making

The ITU-G3ict Model ICT accessibility policy report is a practical tool for national policy-makers and regulators, for creating ICT accessibility policy frameworks and promoting accessible ICTs and the empowerment of persons with disabilities. It looks at developing national policies in consultation with persons with disabilities, and includes six modules focused on different aspects of ICT accessibility:• amendments to the existing ICT legal framework• public ICT access• mobile communications• television/video programming• public procurement of accessible ICTs.

Country refers to international ICT accessibility standards

Country refers to information and communications technology (ICT) to enhance its livability, workability, and sustainability”. Cities should begin by understanding and adopting an appropriate ICT accessibility standard to help ensure their Smart Cities programs and digital services are inclusive of persons with disabilities and older persons.

ICT accessibility courses available at universities

Making reasonable accommodations in order to provide community members with disabilities an equal opportunity to participate in courses, programs, and activities. universities should ensure that the information and communication technology (ICT) that they create or provide in conducting its programs, services, and activities is accessible to people with disabilities.

Web

Web accessibility means that websites, tools, and technologies are designed and developed so that people with disabilities can use them. More specifically, people can: perceive, understand, navigate, and interact with the Web /contribute to the Web. Such as screen readers, speech recognition, video communication (for sign language communication and video relay interpretation), voice to text services (open and closed captioning, both real-time and embedded) and visual assistance.

TV & Multimedia

As far as traditional television sets and broadcasting services are concerned, these technologies continue providing visual, audio and text output through closed captioning. The introduction of digital TV is expanding the range of features and functions that can be enabled for persons with disabilities.

Mobile Telephone

Mobile phones have proved to be the ultimate technology to connect the disabled since they have features and services which cater for persons with any disability and can be used to read, write, connect to the Internet, talk and navigate independently.

E-books and digital contents

eBooks can become large-print books with only a few clicks, and most eBook readers offer fonts and line spacing that make reading easier for people who have dyslexia or other visual challenges. Because portable devices are light and easy to hold, eBooks are easier to use for some people who have physical disabilities. Digital information is inherently flexible, so it can be rendered in nearly any format our imaginations permit, such as audio, text, graphics, and movement.

Promoting the Internet among Persons with Disabilities

An accessible Internet holds enormous potential to heighten the inclusion of people with disabilities, facilitating telework, online education, participation in e-government, and formation of relationships that overcome barriers and challenges in the physical world.

Inclusive ICTs for all in education

The aim is to provide knowledge on contemporary educational approaches that draw on the principles of inclusive education and promote equal learning, participation and opportunities for all students, including students with disabilities. It is also an approach on the significance of the contribution of ICT use in the classroom as a learning tool and especially in the education of disabled students as it assures accessibility and active participation for all students.

Enabling ICTs for all in employment

The development, procurement, lease, maintenance and use of information and communication technology (ICT) are central to the operation of businesses today. To fully participate in the workforce, applicants and employees with certain types of disabilities (such as those with limited vision and hearing) must have access to and use of information and data that is comparable to the access and use by applicants and employees without these types of disabilities. For example, if an online application system is not accessible, some applicants with disabilities can never “get through the front door.

E-government and Smart Cities for all

The concepts of e-government and smart city are increasingly used to refer to one another and have started to converge. While e-government was introduced under the flag of better service delivery by focusing on internal processes and the use of information and communications technologies (ICTs) by administrations, the smart city for All Toolkit aims to fix the disparity in cities through smart technology, making cities both smart and accessible to a range of users regardless of their abilities or disabilities.

Enabling Assistive Technologies and ICTs for independent living

ICTs are utilized to both facilitate access and assist in independent living. More than any other ICT in use today, mobile devices and services have by far the greatest impact on independent living for persons with disabilities. At the basic level, feature phones provide a means of on-demand communication for the user through both SMS and voice calls. This in itself can enable independent living by ensuring that emergency services, family members, personal aides, assistive and everyday services are just a call or text away.

Procurement of accessible public goods and services for all citizens

A general term used to describe the degree of ease that something (e.g. device, service, environment) can be used and enjoyed by persons with a disability. The term implies conscious planning, design and/or effort to ensure it is barrier free to persons with a disability, and by extension, highly usable and practical for the general population as well"

Online Service Index

The Government Online Service Index (OIS) is one of the three main components of the E-Government Development Index (EGDI) constructed and published by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. The OIS assesses the quality of a government’s delivery of online services on a 0-to-1 (best) scale. The assessment is carried out by researchers, who evaluate “each country’s national website in the native language, including the national portal, e-services portal, and e-participation portal, as well as the websites of the related ministries of education, labor, social services, health, finance, and environment, as applicable.

Content Provision

National portal(s) available in more than ONE official language, Information available about payments for government services through channels other than online,Evidence of free access to services through kiosks/community centers/post offices/libraries/public spaces/free Wi-Fi, Links and references for EMPLOYMENT for youth, Information about service provision in partnership with the private sector.

E-participation

The E-Participation Index measures the use of online services to facilitate provision of information by governments to citizens (“e-information sharing”), interaction with stakeholders (“e-consultation”) and engagement in decision-making processes (“e-decision making”).

Institutional Framework

Information available on the organizational structure and/or chart of the government, Names/titles of heads of government agencies/departments/ministries available on the national portal(s),Digital ID to access online services, Legislation/law/policy/regulation on e-participation.

Service Provision

E-procurement platform for bidding processes/submission of tenders, Service provision on Income taxes,Registration for a new company or business entity,Land title registration, Pay online for government fees or fines, Apply for: Receiving an affidavit of criminal record/background clearance,Access to justice: retrieve information.

Technology

Availability of Tutorials or guidance to understand and use online services, Accessibility by citizens/businesses to own data, Responsive web design, Evidence of being updated in the past month, Advanced search options

Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

Mobile cellular telephone subs per 100 inh:The term “mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions” refers to the number of subscriptions to a public mobile-telephone service providing access to the public switched telephone network using cellular technology. It includes both the number of postpaid subscriptions and the number of active prepaid accounts (i.e. accounts that have been active during the previous three months). It includes all mobile-cellular subscriptions that offer voice communications. It excludes subscriptions via data cards or USB modems, subscriptions to public mobile data services, private trunked mobile radio, telepoint, radio paging, machine-to-machine (M2M) and telemetry services.

Percentage of Individuals using the Internet

ICT use / Percentage of individuals using the Internet:“Internet users” refers to the proportion of individuals who used the Internet in the last 12 months. Data are generally based on national household surveys where the percentage should reflect the total population of the country.

Fixed (wired) broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

Fixed wired broadband subscriptions include the total number of subscriptions to the following broadband technologies with download speeds of 256 kbit/s or greater: DSL, cable modem, fiber-to-the-home and other fixed technologies (such as broadband over power lines and leased lines). This indicator is measured in number of subscriptions per 100 inhabitants and in total number of subscriptions.

Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

ICT use / Active mobile broadband subscription per 100 inh:This indicator refers to the sum of active handset-based and computer-based mobile-broadband subscriptions to the public Internet, where users have accessed the Internet in the last three months. It covers actual subscribers, not potential subscribers, even though the latter may have broadband-enabled handsets.

Fixed telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

Percentage of Mobile data and voice high-consumption basket price

This basket refers to the cheapest mobile broadband plan (and add-on) providing at least 2 GB of monthly data using at least 3G technology140 minutes of voice, and 70 SMS messages.

Percentage of Fixed-broadband Internet basket price

Fixed-broadband (wired) Internet traffic is traffic generated by fixed-broadband subscribers and measured at the end-user access point. Such traffic should be measured by tallying up download and upload traffic; this should exclude wholesale traffic, walled garden, Internet Protocol television (IPTV) and cable TV traffic. The indicator is calculated by dividing fixed-broadband Internet traffic by total fixed-broadband subscriptions.

Adult Literacy (%)

Adult literacy rate” is defined as the percentage of the population aged 15 years and over who can read, write, and understand a short, simple statement on his/her everyday life.

Gross Enrollment Ratio

The total number of students enrolled at the primary, secondary and tertiary level, regardless of age, as a percentage of the school-age population.

Expected years of schooling

The term “mean years of schooling” is the average number of completed years of education of a country’s population, excluding years spent repeating individual grades.

Mean years of schooling

The term “mean years of schooling” is the average number of completed years of education of a country’s population, excluding years spent repeating individual grades.

E-government Iteracy

Measures the level of e-government literacy within a country by assessing key features on government portals.

Stage One (%)

E-information: Enabling participation by providing citizens with public information and access to information without or upon demand.

Stage Two (%)

E-decision-making: Empowering citizens through co-design of policy option and co-production of service components and delivery modalities.

Stage Three (%)

E-consultation: Engaging citizens in contributions to and deliberation on public policies and services.

Cybercrime substantive law

Substantive law refers to all categories of public and private law, including the law of contracts, real property, torts, wills, and criminal law that essentially creates, defines, and regulates rights.

Cybersecurity regulations

Regulation is rule based and meant to carry out a specific piece of legislation. Regulations are enforced usually by a regulatory agency formed or mandated to carry out the purpose or provisions of a legislation. Cybersecurity regulation designates the principles, to be abided by various stakeholders, emanating from and being part of the implementation of laws dealing with data protection, breach notification, cybersecurity certification/standardization requirements, implementation of cybersecurity measures, cybersecurity audit requirements, privacy protection, child online protection, digital signatures and e-transactions, and the liability of Internet service providers.

Containment or curbing of spam

National CERT/CIRT/ CSIRT

CIRT-CSIRT-CERT: computer incident response teams, staffed concrete organizational entities that are assigned the responsibility for coordinating and supporting the response to computer security events or incidents on national or government level.

National framework for implementation of cybersecurity standards

Adopted a national framework (or frameworks) for the implementation of internationally recognized cybersecurity standards within the public sector (government agencies) and within the critical infrastructure (even if operated by the private sector). These standards include, but are not limited to, those developed by the following agencies: ISO, ITU, IETF, IEEE, ATIS, OASIS, 3GPP, 3GPP2, IAB, ISOC, ISG, ISI, ETSI, ISF, RFC, ISA, IEC, NERC, NIST, FIPS, PCI DSS, etc.

Sectorial CERT/CIRT/ CSIRT

A sectoral CIRT/CSIRT/CERT is an entity that responds to computer security or cybersecurity incidents which affect a specific sector. Sectoral CERTs are usually established for critical sectors such as healthcare, public utilities, academia, emergency services and the financial sector. The sectoral CERT provides its services to constituents from a single sector only.

Technical mechanisms and capabilities to address spam

Cloud for cybersecurity purposes in the public sector

Child Online Protection

This indicator measures the existence of a national agency dedicated to Child Online Protection, the availability of a national telephone number to report issues associated with children online, any technical mechanisms and capabilities deployed to help protect children online, and any activity by government or non-government institutions to provide knowledge and support to stakeholders on how to protect children online telephone number, email address, web forms and other, where the interested parties can report incidents or concerns related to Child Online Protection (COP).

National Cybersecurity Strategy

The development of policy to promote cybersecurity as one of national top priorities. A national cybersecurity strategy should define the maintaining of resilient and reliable national critical information infrastructures including the security and the safety of citizens; protect the material and intellectual assets of citizens, organizations and the nation; respond, prevent cyber-attacks against critical infrastructures; and minimize damage and recovery time from cyber-attacks.

Responsible Agency

A responsible agency for implementing the national cybersecurity strategy/policy can include permanent committees, official working groups, advisory councils, or cross-disciplinary centers. Such a body may also be directly responsible for the national CIRT. The responsible agency may exist within the government and may have the authority to compel other agencies and national bodies to implement policies and adopt standards.

Cybersecurity metrics

Existence of any officially recognized national or sector‑specific benchmarking exercises or referential used to measure cybersecurity development, risk-assessment strategies, cybersecurity audits, and other tools and activities for a rating or evaluating resulting performance for future improvements. For example, based on ISO/IEC 27004, which is concerned with measurements relating to information security management.

Child Online Protection

Refers to legal, technical, and policy measures implemented by countries to safeguard children from online risks and cyber threats.

Public cybersecurity awareness campaigns

Public awareness includes efforts to promote campaigns to reach as many citizens as possible as well as making use of NGOs, institutions, organizations, ISPs, libraries, local trade organizations, community centers, community colleges and adult education programs, schools and parent-teacher organizations to get the message across about safe cyber-behavior online. This includes actions such as setting up portals and websites to promote awareness, disseminating support materials and other relevant activities.

Training for Cybersecurity Professionals

The existence of sector-specific professional training programs for raising awareness for the general public (i.e., national cybersecurity awareness day, week, or month), promoting cybersecurity education for the workforce of different profiles (technical, social sciences, etc.) and promoting certification of professionals in either the public or the private sector. It also includes cybersecurity training for law enforcement officers, judicial and other legal actors designate professional and technical training that can be recurring for police officers, enforcement agents, judges, solicitors, barristers, attorneys, lawyers, paralegals and other persons of the legal and law enforcement profession. This indicator also includes the existence of a government-approved (or endorsed) framework (or frameworks) for the certification and accreditation of professionals by internationally recognized cybersecurity standards. These certifications, accreditations, and standards include, but are not limited to, the following: Cloud Security knowledge (Cloud Security Alliance), CISSP, SSCP, CSSLP CBK, Cybersecurity Forensic Analyst (ISC²), and other.

Educational programs/academic curricula in cybersecurity

Existence and the promotion of national education courses and programs to train the younger generation in cybersecurity-related skills and professions in schools, colleges, universities and other learning institutes. Cybersecurity-related professions include, but are not limited to, cryptanalysts, digital forensics experts, incident responders, security architects and penetration testers.

Educational programs/academic curricula in cybersecurity

Existence and the promotion of national education courses and programs to train the younger generation in cybersecurity-related skills and professions in schools, colleges, universities and other learning institutes. Cybersecurity-related professions include, but are not limited to, cryptanalysts, digital forensics experts, incident responders, security architects and penetration testers.

Research and development programs

This indicator measures the investment into national cybersecurity research and development programs at institutions that could be private, public, academic, non-governmental, or international. It also considers the presence of a nationally recognized institutional body overseeing the program. Cybersecurity research programs include but are not limited to, malware analysis, cryptography research, and research into system vulnerabilities and security models and concepts. Cybersecurity development programs refer to the development of hardware or software solutions that include but are not limited to firewalls, intrusion prevention systems, honey pots, and hardware security modules. The presence of an overarching national body to increase coordination among the various institutions and the sharing of resources is required.

Government incentive mechanisms

This indicator looks at any incentive efforts by the government to encourage capacity building in the field of cybersecurity, whether through tax breaks, grants, funding, loans, disposal of facilities, and other economic and financial motivators, including dedicated and nationally recognized institutional body overseeing cybersecurity capacity-building activities. Incentives increase the demand for cybersecurity-related services and products, which improves defenses against cyber threats.

National cybersecurity industry

A favorable economic, political, and social environment supporting cybersecurity development incentivizes the growth of a private sector around cybersecurity. The existence of public awareness campaigns, workforce development, capacity building, and government incentives drive a market for cybersecurity products and services. The existence of a home-grown cybersecurity industry is a testament to such a favorable environment and drives the growth of cybersecurity start-ups and associated cyber-insurance markets.

Bilateral cybersecurity agreements

Bilateral agreements (one-to-one agreements) refer to any officially recognized national or sector‑specific partnerships for sharing cybersecurity information or assets across borders by the government with one other foreign government and regional entity (i.e., the cooperation or exchange of information, expertise, technology and other resources). The indicator also measures whether information sharing of threat intelligence. Capacity building refers to the sharing of professional tools, advanced envelopment of experts, and others.

Cybersecurity multilateral agreements

Multilateral agreements (one to multiparty agreements) refers to any officially recognized national or sector-specific programs for sharing cybersecurity information or assets across borders by the government with multiple foreign governments or international organizations (i.e. the cooperation or exchange of information, expertise, technology and other resources).

Government participation in international cybersecurity mechanisms

It may also include ratification of international agreements regarding cybersecurity, such as African Union Convention on Cyber Security and Personal Data Protection, Budapest Convention on Cybercrime and others.

Partnerships with the private sector (PPPs)

Public‑private partnerships (PPP) refer to ventures between the public and private sector. This performance indicator measures the number of officially recognized national or sector‑specific PPPs for sharing cybersecurity information and assets (people, processes, tools) between the public and private sector (i.e. official partnerships for the cooperation or exchange of information, expertise, technology and/or resources), whether nationally or internationally

Inter agency cooperation

This performance indicator refers to any official partnerships between the various government agencies within the nation state (does not refer to international partnerships). This can designate partnerships for information- or asset-sharing between ministries, departments, programs and other public sector institutions.

Best practice

Operational stability for businesses

Index that measures the likelihood and severity of political, legal, operational or security risks affecting business operations. Scores are annualized, standardized and aggregated for end Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4.

Government effectiveness

Index that reflects perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government’s commitment to such policies.

Regulatory quality

Index that reflects perceptions of the ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development.

Rule of law

Index that reflects perceptions of the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, property rights, the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence.

Cost of redundancy dismissal

Sum of notice period and severance pay for redundancy dismissal (salary in weeks, averages for workers with 1, 5, and 10 years of tenure, with a minimum threshold of 8 weeks) Redundancy costs measure the cost of advance notice requirements and severance payments due when terminating a redundant worker, expressed in weeks of salary.

Ease of starting a business

Doing Business records all procedures officially required, or commonly done in practice, for an entrepreneur to start up and formally operate an industrial or commercial business, as well as the time and cost to complete these procedures and the paid-in minimum capital requirement.

Ease of doing insolvency

The ranking of economies on the ease of resolving insolvency is determined by sorting their scores. These scores are the simple average of the scores for the recovery rate and the strength of insolvency framework index. The recovery rate is recorded as cents on the dollar recovered by secured creditors through reorganization, liquidation, or debt enforcement (foreclosure or receivership) proceedings.

Policies for doing business

The extent to which governments ensure a stable policy environment for doing business.

Entrepreneurship policies and culture

Average perception scores (five-year average) of experts on entrepreneurial policies and entrepreneurial culture. Experts in different fields assess conditions for entrepreneurship in their country via statements (1= completely false; 10 =completely true).

Policy stability for doing business

Average answer to the survey question: In your country, to what extent does the government ensure a stable policy environment for doing business? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent].

Expenditure on education

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers), expressed as a percentage of GDP.

Government funding per secondary student

Total general (local, regional and central, current and capital) initial government funding of education per student, which includes transfers paid (such as scholarships to students), but excludes transfers received, in this case international transfers to government for education (when foreign donors provide education sector budget support or other support integrated in the government budget). This is then expressed as a share of GDP per capita, in US$.

School life expectancy

Total number of years of schooling that a child of a certain age can expect to receive in the future, assuming that the probability of his or her being enrolled in school at any particular age is equal to the current enrolment ratio for that age.

PISA scales in reading, math and science

PISA is the OECD’s (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) Program for International Student Assessment. PISA measures 15-year-olds’ ability to use their reading, mathematics and science knowledge and skills. Results from PISA indicate the quality and equity of learning outcomes attained around the world.

Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

The number of pupils enrolled in secondary school divided by the number of secondary school teachers (regardless of their teaching assignment).A high pupil-teacher ratio suggests that each teacher has to be responsible for a large number of pupils. In other words, the higher the pupil/ teacher ratio, the lower the relative access of pupils to teachers.

Tertiary enrolment

The ratio of total tertiary enrolment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the tertiary level of education. Tertiary education, whether or not at an advanced research qualification, normally requires, as a minimum condition of admission, the successful completion of education at the secondary level.

Graduates in Science and engineering

The share of all tertiary-level graduates in natural sciences, mathematics, statistics, information and technology, manufacturing, engineering, and construction as a percentage of all tertiary-level graduates.

Tertiary inbound mobility

The number of students from abroad studying in a given country as a percentage of the total tertiary-level enrolment in that country.

Gross expenditure on R&D (GERD)

Total domestic intramural expenditure on R&D during a given period as a percentage of GDP. “Intramural R&D expenditure” is all expenditure for R&D performed within a statistical unit or sector of the economy during a specific period, whatever the source of funds

Global RnD companies, average expenditure, top 3

Average expenditure on R&D of the top three global companies. If a country has fewer than three global companies listed, the figure is either the average of the sum of the two companies listed or the total for a single listed company. A score of 0 is given to countries with no listed companies.

QS university ranking average score of top 3 universities

Average score of the top three universities per country. If fewer than three universities are listed in the QS ranking of the global top 1000 universities, the sum of the scores of the listed universities is divided by three, thus implying a score of zero for the non-listed universities.

Researchers FTE

Researchers per million population, FTE. Researchers in R&D are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods, or systems and in the management of the projects concerned. Postgraduate PhD students (ISCED97 level 6) engaged in R&D are included.

ICT access

The ICT access index, previously part of the ITU ICT Development Index, is a composite index that weights five ICT indicators (20% each): (1) Fixed telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; (2) Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; (3) International Internet bandwidth (bit/s) per Internet user; (4) Percentage of households with a computer; and (5) Percentage of households with Internet access.

ICT use

The ICT use index, previously part of the ITU ICT Development Index, is a composite index that weights three ICT indicators (33% each): (1) Percentage of individuals using the Internet; (2) Fixed (wired)-broadband Internet subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; (3) Active mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants.

Government online service

The Online Services Index component of the E-Government Development Index is a composite indicator measuring the use of ICTs by governments in delivering public services at the national level.

online e-participation

The E-Participation Index (EPI) is derived as a supplementary index to the United Nations E-Government Survey. It extends the dimension of the Survey by focusing on the government use of online services in providing information to its citizens or “e-information sharing”, interacting with stakeholders or “e-consultation” and engaging in decision-making processes or “e-decision-making.”

Electricity output

Electricity output

Logistics performance

Logistics performance: A multidimensional assessment of logistics performance, the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) ranks 160 countries combining data on six core performance components into a single aggregate measure—including customs performance, infrastructure quality, and timeliness of shipments. The LPI’s six components are: (1) the efficiency of customs and border management clearance (“Customs”); (2) the quality of trade and transport infrastructure (“Infrastructure”); (3) the ease of arranging competitively priced shipments (“International shipments”); (4) the competence and quality of logistics services (“Services Quality”); (5) the ability to track and trace consignments (“Tracking and tracing”); and (6) the frequency with which shipments reach consignees within scheduled or expected delivery times (“Timeliness”). The LPI consists therefore of both qualitative and quantitative measures and helps build profiles of logistics friendliness for these countries.

Gross capital formation

Gross capital formation is expressed as a ratio of total investment in current local currency to GDP in current local currency. Investment or gross capital formation is measured by the total value of the gross fixed capital formation and changes in inventories and acquisitions less disposals of valuables for a unit or sector, on the basis of the System of National Accounts (SNA) of 1993.

GDP per unit of energy use

Purchasing power parity gross domestic product (PPP$ GDP) per kilogram of oil equivalent of energy use. Total primary energy supply (TPES) is made up of production + imports - exports - international marine bunkers - international aviation bunkers +/– stock changes.

Environmental performance

These indicators provide a gauge at a national scale of how close countries are to established environmental policy targets. The EPI offers a scorecard that highlights leaders and laggards in environmental performance and provides practical guidance for countries that aspire to move toward a sustainable future.

ISO 14001 environmental certificates

ISO 14001:2015 specifies the requirements for an environmental management system that an organization can use to enhance its environmental performance. ISO 14001 is intended for use by an organization seeking to manage its environmental responsibilities in a systematic manner that contributes to the environmental pillar of sustainability. ISO 14001 helps an organization achieve the intended outcomes of its environmental management system, which provide value for the environment, the organization itself, and interested parties.

Low-carbon energy use, %

The low-carbon intensive energy share is calculated based on its share of a country’s total primary energy consumption (expressed in petajoules). Primary energy is the energy available in raw, unprocessed natural resources that serve as inputs into the energy system. It measures total energy consumed before any significant efficiency losses due to converting it to secondary energy (a transportable form) or final energy (delivered to the consumer). The full energy mix is considered, comprising high-carbon intensive fossil fuel sources; oil, coal, and natural gas; as well as low-carbon intensive sources; hydro, nuclear, wind, biomass, solar, geothermal, etc.

Ease of getting credit

These scores are the score for the sum of the strength of the legal rights index (range 0–12) and the depth of credit information index (range 0–8). Doing Business measures the legal rights of borrowers and lenders with respect to secured transactions through one set of indicators and the reporting of credit information through another. The first set of indicators measures whether certain features that facilitate lending exist within the applicable collateral and bankruptcy laws. The second set measures the coverage, scope, and accessibility of credit information available through credit reporting service providers such as credit bureaus or credit registries. Although Doing Business compiles data on getting credit for public registry coverage (% of adults) and for private bureau coverage (% of adults), these indicators are not included in the ranking.

Domestic credit to private sector

Domestic credit to private sector” refers to financial resources provided to the private sector by financial corporations, such as through loans, purchases of nonequity securities, and trade credits and other accounts receivable that establish a claim for repayment. For some countries, these claims include credit to public enterprises. The financial corporations include monetary authorities and deposit money banks, as well as other financial corporations where data are available (including corporations that do not accept transferable deposits but do incur such liabilities as time and savings deposits).

Microfinance institutions gross loan portfolio

Combined gross loan balances of microfinance institutions (current US$) in a country as a percentage of its GDP (current US$).

Finance for startups and scaleups

Average perception scores (five-year average) of experts on finance for starting and growing firms. Experts in different fields assess conditions for entrepreneurship in their country via statements (1=completely false; 10 = completely true).

Loans from microfinance institutions, % GDP

Outstanding loans from all microfinance institutions in a country as a percentage of its GDP

Ease of protecting minority investors

This ranking is the sum of the scores for the extent of conflict of interest regulation index and the extent of shareholder governance index. The extent of conflict of interest regulation index measures the protection of shareholders against directors’ misuse of corporate assets for personal gain by distinguishing three dimensions of regulation that address conflicts of interest: transparency of related-party transactions (extent of disclosure index), shareholders ‘ability to sue and hold directors liable for self-dealing (extent of director liability index), and access to evidence and allocation of legal expenses in shareholder litigation(ease of shareholder suits index).

Market capitalization

Market capitalization (also known as “market value”) is the share price times the number of shares outstanding (including their several classes) for listed domestic companies. Investment funds, unit trusts, and companies whose only business goal is to hold shares of other listed companies are excluded.

Venture capital investors, deals

Thomson Reuters Eikon data on private equity deals, per deal, with information on the location of investment, investment company, investor firms, funds, and crowdfunding, among other details.

Venture capital recipients, deals

Venture capital received, value, % GDP

Refinitiv data on private equity deals, per deal, with information on the location of the firm investing in a venture capital (VC) deal, among other details. The data represent the three-year average of 2019–21 deals invested in and are reported per billion PPP$ GDP.

Applied tariff rate, weighted average

"Weighted mean applied tariff” is the average of effectively applied rates weighted by the product import shares corresponding to each partner country. Data are classified using the Harmonized System of trade at the six- or eight-digit level. Tariff line data were matched to Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) revision 3 codes to define commodity groups and import weights. To the extent possible, specific rates have been converted to their ad valorem equivalent rates and have been included in the calculation of weighted mean tariffs. Effectively applied tariff rates at the six- and eight-digit product level are averaged for products in each commodity group. When the effectively applied rate is unavailable, the most favored nation rate is used instead.

Domestic industry diversification

Average answer to the survey question: In your country, how intense is competition in the local markets? [1 = not intense at all; 7 = extremely intense

Domestic market scale

The domestic market size is measured by gross domestic product (GDP) based on the purchasing-power-parity (PPP) valuation of country GDP, in current international dollars (billions).

Knowledge-intensive employment

Sum of people in categories 1 to 3 as a percentage of total people employed, according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO). Categories included in ISCO-08 are: 1 Managers, 2 Professionals, and 3 Technicians and associate professionals.

Firms offering formal training

The percentage of firms offering formal training programs for their permanent, full-time employees in the sample of firms in the World Bank’s Enterprise Survey in each country.

GERD performed by business enterprise

Gross expenditure on R&D performed by business enterprise as a percentage of GDP

GERD financed by business enterprise

Gross expenditure on R&D financed by business enterprise as a percentage of total gross expenditure on R&D.

Females employed with advanced degrees

The percentage of females employed with advanced degrees out of total employed. The employed comprise all persons of working age who, during a specified brief period, were in one of the following categories: (1) paid employment (whether at work or with a job but not at work); or (2) self-employment (whether at work or with an enterprise but not at work).

University/industry research collaboration

Average answer to the survey question: In your country, to what extent do businesses and universities collaborate on research and development (R&D) [1 = do not collaborate at all; 7 = collaborate extensively]

State of cluster development

Average answer to the survey question on the role of clusters in the economy: In your country, how widespread are well-developed and deep clusters (geographic concentrations of firms, suppliers, producers of related products and services, and specialized institutions in a particular field)? [1 = non-existent; 7 = widespread in many fields]

GERD financed by abroad

Percentage of gross expenditure on R&D financed by abroad (billions, national currency)—that is, with foreign financing as a percentage of GDP (billions, national currency).

Joint venture/strategic alliance deals

Thomson Reuters data on joint ventures/strategic alliances deals, per deal, with details on the country of origin of partner firms, among others. The series corresponds to a query on joint venture/strategic alliance deals from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019, for a total of 10,535 deals announced in 2019, with firms headquartered in 122 GII participating economies. Each participating nation of each company in a deal (n countries per deal) gets, per deal,a score equivalent to 1/n (with the effect that all country scores add up to 10,535). The data are reported per billion PPP$ GDP.

Patent families filed in two offices

A “patent family” is a set of interrelated patent applications filed in one or more countries or jurisdictions to protect the same invention. Patent families containing applications filed in at least two different offices is a subset of patent families where protection of the same invention is sought in at least two different countries.

Innovation linkage

Public Research–Industry co-publications, %

Public–private co-authored research publications as a percentage of all research publications. Research publications are limited to the following four main fields of science: Biomedical and health sciences, Life and earth sciences, Mathematics and computer science, and Physical sciences and engineering. The definition of the "private sector" includes all for profit business enterprises, covering all manufacturing and services sectors. This includes research institutes and other corporate R&D laboratories that are fully funded or owned by for profit business enterprises. Organizations in the private education sector and private healthcare sector organizations (including hospitals and clinics) are not classified as private sector.

Intellectual property payments

Value according to the Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification EBOPS 2010—that is, code SH charges for the use of intellectual property not included elsewhere as a percentage of total trade. “Total trade” is defined as the sum of total imports code G goods and code SOX commercial services (excluding government goods and services not included elsewhere) plus total exports of code G goods and code SOX commercial services (excluding government goods and services not included elsewhere), divided by 2. According to the sixth edition of the International Monetary Fund’s Balance of Payments Manual, the item “Goods” covers general merchandise, net exports of goods under merchanting, and non-monetary gold.

High tech imports

High-technology imports as a percentage of total trade. High-technology exports and imports contain technical products with a high intensity of R&D, defined by the Eurostat classification, which is based on Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) Revision 4 and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) definition. Commodities belong to the following sectors: aerospace; computers & office machines; electronics; telecommunications; pharmacy; scientific instruments; electrical machinery; chemistry; non-electrical machinery; and armament.

ICT services imports

Telecommunications, computer and information services as a percentage of total trade according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)’s Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification EBOPS 2010, coded SI: Telecommunications, computer and information services.

Foreign direct investment net inflows

Foreign direct investment is the average of the most recent three years of net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock)in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments. This series shows net inflows (new investment inflows less disinvestment) in the reporting economy from foreign investors, and is divided by GDP.

Research talent in business enterprise

Full-time equivalent (FTE) researchers in the business enterprise sector” refers to researchers as professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods, and systems, as well as in the management of these projects, broken down by the sectors in which they are employed (business enterprise, government, higher education, and private non-profit organizations).

Patent applications by origin

A resident patent application refers to an application filed with an IP office for or on behalf of the first-named applicant’s country of residence. For example, an application filed with the Japan Patent Office (JPO) by a resident of Japan is considered a resident application for Japan.

PCT applications by origin

A PCT application refers to an international patent applications filed through the WIPO-administered Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT). The PCT system makes it possible to seek patent protection for an invention simultaneously in a number of countries by filing a single international patent application. The origin of PCT applications is defined by the residence of the first-named applicant.

Utility models by origin

Terms and conditions for granting a utility model are slightly different from those for normal patents and include a shorter term of protection and less stringent patentability requirements. A utility model is sometimes referred to in certain countries as “petty patents”, “short-term patents”, or “innovation patents”. A resident UM application refers to an application filed with an IP office for or on behalf of the first-Named applicant’s country of residence.

Scientific and technical publications

Articles are counted on a count basis (rather than a fractional basis)—that is, for articles with collaborating institutions from multiple countries/economies, each country/economy receives credit on the basis of its participating institutions. The data are reported per billion PPP$ GDP.

Citable documents H index

The H-index expresses the journal’s number of articles (H) that have received at least H citations. It quantifies both journal scientific productivity and scientific impact. The H-index is tabulated from the number of citations received in subsequent years by articles published in a given year, divided by the number of articles published that year.

Labor productivity growth

Growth rate of real GDP per person employed (constant 1990 PPP$), average of three last available years. Growth of gross domestic product (GDP) per person engaged provides a measure of labor productivity (defined as output per unit of labor input). GDP per person employed is GDP divided by total employment in the economy. PPP$ GDP is Constant 1990 in U.S. dollars, expressed in 1990 GK PPP, Millions. While this is a relatively robust measure, it does not correct for part-time jobs as it merely counts people who are employed. Hence, GDP per person employed is somewhat underestimated in countries with a higher share of part-time workers, which are mostly OECD countries.

New business density

Number of newly registered corporations per 1,000 working-age (15–64 years old). The units of measurement are private, formal sector companies with limited liability.

Total computer software spending

Computer software spending includes the total value of purchased or leased packaged software such as operating systems, database systems, programming tools, utilities, and applications. It excludes expenditures for internal software development and outsourced custom software development.

High-tech manufacturing

High-tech and medium-high-tech output as a percentage of total manufactures output, on the basis of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) classification of Technology Intensity Definition.

Unicorn valuation

Total valuation of all unicorns in a country as a percentage of GDP. A unicorn company is a private company with a valuation over $1 billion. Unicorn companies as of April 7, 2023, with 1,207 unicorns worldwide.

ISO 9001 quality/bn PPP$ GDP

ISO 9001:2015 specifies requirements for a quality management system when an organization needs to demonstrate its ability to consistently provide products and services that meet customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements, and aims to enhance customer satisfaction through the effective application of the system, including processes for improving the system and assuring conformity to customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements.

IP receipts

Value according to the Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification EBOPS 2010—that is, code SH charges for the use of intellectual property not included elsewhere as a percentage of total trade. Receipts are between residents and non-residents for the use of proprietary rights (such as patents, trademarks, copyrights, industrial processes, and designs including trade secrets, franchises), and for licenses to reproduce or distribute (or both) intellectual property embodied in produced originals or prototypes (such as copyrights on books and manuscripts, computer software, cinematographic works, and sound recordings) and related rights (such as for live performances and television, cable, or satellite broadcast).

High Tech exports

High-technology exports minus re-exports (% of total trade):High-technology exports and imports contain technical products with a high intensity of R&D, defined by the Eurostat classification, which is based on Standard International Trade Classification (SITC).

ICT services export

Telecommunications, computer and information services (% of total trade) according to the Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification EBOPS 2010,

FDI outflows

Foreign direct investment” refers to the average of the most recent three years of direct investment equity flows in an economy. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, and other capital. Direct investment is a category of cross-border investment associated with a resident in one economy having control or a significant degree of influence on the management of an enterprise that is resident in another economy.

Production and export complexity

Trademark application class count by origin

A “trademark” is a sign used by the owner of certain products or provider of certain services to distinguish them from the products or services of other companies. A trademark can consist of words and/or combinations of words, such as slogans, Names, logos, figures and images, letters, numbers, sounds, and moving images, or a combination thereof.

Industrial design by origin

Sum of Global Brand Values, top 5,000 as a percentage of GDP. Brand Finance calculates brand value using the Royalty Relief methodology, which determines the value a company would be willing to pay to license its brand as if it did not own it. The methodology is compliant with industry standards set in ISO 10668. ISO This approach involves estimating the future revenue attributable to a brand and calculating a royalty rate that would be charged for the use of the brand.

ICTs and business model creation

An “industrial design” is a set of exclusive rights granted by law to applicants for protecting the Ornamental or aesthetic aspect of their products. An industrial design is valid for a limited period of time and within a limited territory. A resident industrial design application refers to an application filed with the IP office for or on behalf of the applicant’s country of residence.

ICTs and organizational model creation

Average answer to the question: In your country, to what extent do ICTs enable new organizational models (e.g., virtual teams, remote working, telecommuting)

Global brand value, top 5,000

Intangible asset intensity, top 15, %

The data cover a global list of firms for which intangible asset value and total firm value are observed. Only the top 15 firms of each economy are considered, ranked by intangible assets in absolute terms (in USD). Countries with fewer than 15 firms are not considered. For each firm, the intangible asset value is divided by the firm’s total value before computing the arithmetic mean across the top 15 firms for each economy

Cultural and creative services exports

World Trade Organization

National feature films produced

A film with a running time of 60 minutes or longer. It includes works of fiction, animation, and documentaries. It is intended for commercial exhibition in cinemas. Feature films produced exclusively for television broadcasting, as well as newsreels and advertising films, are excluded.

Entertainment and media market

The Global Entertainment & Media Outlook (the Outlook) is a comprehensive source of global analyses and five-year forecasts of consumer and advertising spending across 53 territories for 14 entertainment and media segments.

Printing publications and other media output

Printing, and reproduction of recorded media output (ISIC Revision 4 Division 18, group 181 with class 1811 and 1812 and group 182 with class 1820) as a percentage of total manufacturing output.

Creative goods exports

Total value of creative goods exports (current US$) over total trade.

Generic TLD

A generic top-level domain (gTLD) is one of the categories of top-level domains (TLDs) maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for use on the Internet. Generic TLDs can be unrestricted (.com, .info, .net, and.org) or restricted—that is, used on the basis of fulfilling eligibility criteria (.biz, .Name, and .pro). Of these, the statistic covers the five generic domains .biz, .info, .org,.net, and .com.

Country code TLD

A country-code top-level domain (ccTLD) is one of the categories of top-level domains (TLDs) maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for use on the Internet. Country-code TLDs are two-letter domains especially designated for a particular economy, country, or autonomous territory"

Wikipedia yearly edits

Data extracted from Wikimedia Foundation’s internal data sources. Data reflects economies with more than 100,000 edit counts in 2019; The data exclude both contributions to the extent that is identifiable in the data sources. Data are reported per million population 15–69 years old.

Mobile apps creation

Global downloads of mobile apps, by origin of the headquarters of the developer/firm, scaled by PPP$ GDP (billions). Global downloads are compiled by App Annie Intelligence, public data sources, and the company’s proprietary forecast model based on data from Google play store and iOS App store in each country between January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2019.

GitHub commits/mn pop. 15–69

GitHub is the world’s largest host of source code, and a commit is the term used for a change on this platform. One or more commits can be saved (or pushed) to projects (or repositories). Thus, “GitHub commit pushes received” refers to the number of batched changes received by publicly-available projects on GitHub within a specific economy.

Top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69

The sum of Generic top-level domains (TLDs) and country-code TLDs as a proportion of thousand population, 15-69 years old. A top-level domain (TLD) encompasses various categories maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for internet use. Generic TLDs cover five generic domains (.biz, .info, .org, .net, and .com), excluding sponsored domains such as .name or .pro, and all new generic TLDs. Country-code TLDs are assigned to specific economies, countries, or territories and represent total domain registrations within each country-code TLD, with exceptions for ccTLDs licensed for global commercial use.

net enrollment rate in primary education

Measures the actual school participation of official school age population for primary education

net enrollment rate in lower secondary education

Measures the actual school participation of official school age population for lower secondary education

net enrollment rate in upper secondary education

Measures the actual school participation of official school age population for upper secondary education

years of compulsory education in primary and secondary

Number of years of primary and secondary education to which children are legally entitled.

completion rate in upper secondary education

Percentage of a cohort of children or young people aged 3-5 years above the intended age for the last grade of upper secondary education who have completed that grade.

gross intake ratio to the last grade of lower secondary education

Total number of new entrants into the last grade of lower secondary general education as a percentage of the population at the intended entrance age to the last grade of lower secondary general education.

assessment of 15-year-old students in math, science and reading

The OECD Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) assesses the extent to which 15-year-old students near the end of their compulsory education have acquired key knowledge and skills that are essential for full participation in modern societies.

learning-adjusted years of schooling

Compares years of schooling across countries, while adjusting by the amount of learning that takes place during those years.

government expenditure on primary education (% gdp)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on primary education (current, capital and transfers), expressed as a percentage of GDP.

government expenditure on secondary education (% gdp)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on secondary education (current, capital and transfers), expressed as a percentage of GDP.

government funding per primary student (% gdp per capita)

Total initial funding from government (central, regional, local) for primary education per student enrolled at that level in a given year.

government funding per secondary student (% gdp per capita)

Total initial funding from government (central, regional, local) for secondary education per student enrolled at that level in a given year. The results are expressed as a percentage of GDP per capita.

pupil-trained teacher ratio in primary education

Average number of pupils per trained teacher in primary education based on headcounts of both pupils and teachers in a given academic year.

pupil-trained teacher ratio in secondary education

Average number of pupils per trained teacher in secondary education based on headcounts of both pupils and teachers in a given academic year.

schools with access to computers in primary education (%)

Measures the use of computers to support course delivery or independent teaching and learning needs in primary education.

schools with access to computers in secondary education (%)

Measures the use of computers to support course delivery or independent teaching and learning needs in secondary education

gross enrollment ratio in early childhood education

Total enrolment in early childhood education regardless of age expressed as a percentage of the population of the official age.

proportion of children who are developmentally on track

Measures the proportion of children aged 24-59 months who have achieved the minimum number of milestones expected, defined as follows: (i) health - gross motor development, fine motor development and self-care; (ii) learning expressive language - literacy, numeracy, pre-writing and executive functioning; and (iii) psychosocial well-being - emotional skills, social skills, internalizing behavior and externalizing behavior.

proportion of children with stimulating home learning environments

Evaluates learning environment to ensure that it promotes and does not harm children's development.

pupil-trained teacher ratio in pre-primary education

Average number of pupils per trained teacher in pre-primary education based on headcounts of both pupils and teachers in a given academic year.

completion rate in upper secondary education, gender parity

Percentage of a cohort of children or young people aged 3-5 years above the intended age for the last grade of upper secondary education who have completed that grade. The gender parity index represents the ratio of the variable value for one group (females) to that of the other (males).

completion rate in upper secondary education, wealth parity

Percentage of a cohort of children or young people aged 3-5 years above the intended age for the last grade of upper secondary education who have completed that grade.

completion rate in upper secondary education, location parity

Percentage of a cohort of children or young people aged 3-5 years above the intended age for the last grade of upper secondary education who have completed that grade.

firms offering formal training (%)

The percentage of firms offering formal training programs for their permanent, full-time employees.

Labor force with short-cycle tertiary education (%)

Measures the labor force participation rate for persons who attained a short-cycle tertiary education level.

participation rate in formal and non-formal education and training

Percentage of youth and adults (15-24 years and 25-64 years) participating in formal or non-formal education or training in the last 12 months as a percentage of the population of the same age bracket.

government expenditure on vocational education (%)

Government expenditure on secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational education, expressed as a percentage of total government expenditure on all sectors.

Share of students enrolled in post-secondary vocational programs

Total number of students enrolled in vocational programs in post-secondary non-tertiary education, expressed as a percentage of the total number of students enrolled in all programs (vocational and general) at that level.

share of students enrolled in post-secondary vocational programmes

Total number of students enrolled in vocational programmes in post-secondary non-tertiary education, expressed as a percentage of the total number of students enrolled in all programmes (vocational and general) at that level.

extent of staff training

In your country, to what extent do companies invest in training and employee development? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent].

quality of vocational training

In your country, how do you assess the quality of vocational training? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent].

ratio of high-skill tvet occupations earnings to average wage

The earnings of employees relate to the gross remuneration in cash and in kind paid to employees, as a rule at regular intervals, for time worked or work done together with remuneration for time not worked, such as annual vacation, other type of paid leave or holidays. High-skill TVET occupations comprise technicians and associate professionals according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO 08,3).

ratio of medium-skill tvet occupations earnings to average wage

The earnings of employees relate to the gross remuneration in cash and in kind paid to employees, as a rule at regular intervals, for time worked or work done together with remuneration for time not worked, such as annual vacation, other type of paid leave or holidays. Medium-skill TVET occupations comprise clerical support workers (ISCO-08,4), craft and related trade workers (ISCO-08,7) and plant and machine operators and assemblers (ISCO-08,8) according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations.

firms constrained with inadequately educated workforce (%)

To what degree is an inadequately educated workforce an obstacle to the current operations of this establishment?

employment educational mismatch (%)

The variable is calculated by summing the number of workers who are under-educated with the number of workers who are over-educated. The sum is divided by the total number of workers.

proportion of skilled production workers

Skilled workers comprise workers in highly skilled production jobs, professionals whose tasks require extensive theoretical and technical knowledge, and workers in semi-skilled production jobs, technicians whose tasks require some level of mechanical or technical knowledge.

unemployment rate with vocational education

The unemployed comprise all persons of working age who were: a) without work during the reference period, i.e. were not in paid employment or self-employment; b) currently available for work, i.e. were available for paid employment or self-employment during the reference period; and c) seeking work, i.e. had taken specific steps in a specified recent period to seek paid employment or self-employment.

share of tvet occupations

Measures the share of workers in TVET occupations among all workers. TVET occupations are categorized according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO).

manufacturing employment (%)

Conveys the share of employment in manufacturing. Employment in manufacturing is defined based on the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC).

enrollment in vocational education, gender parity

Percentage of young people aged 15-24 years participating in technical or vocational education either in formal or non-formal (e.g. work-based or other settings) education, on a given date or during a specified period.

vulnerable employment rate

The employed comprise all persons of working age who, during a specified brief period, were in one of the following categories: a) paid employment (whether at work or with a job but not at work); or b) self-employment (whether at work or with an enterprise but not at work).

government expenditure per tertiary student

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure per student in tertiary education, expressed in purchasing power parity (PPP) dollars at constant prices. Expenditure on education refers to expenditure on core educational goods and services, such as teaching staff, school buildings, or schoolbooks and teaching materials and peripheral educational goods and services such as ancillary services, general administration and other activities.

teaching staff compensation (% tertiary expenditure)

Teacher compensation expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional) of the tertiary level of education.

enrollment in bachelor's or equivalent level (%)

This variable is calculated by dividing the number of individuals officially registered in tertiary education ISCED 6 programs regardless of age by the number of individuals aged between 18-24 years.

enrollment in master's, doctoral or equivalent (%)

This variable is calculated by dividing the number of individuals officially registered in tertiary education ISCED 7 and 8 programs regardless of age by the number of individuals aged between 22-40 years.

pupil-teacher ratio in tertiary education

Average number of pupils per teacher in tertiary education in a given academic year

researchers in higher education (%)

Researchers refers to all professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge (who conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models, techniques instrumentation, software or operational methods) broken down by the sectors they are employed in (business enterprise, government, higher education and private non-profit organizations).

teachers in tertiary education, gender parity

Measures the level of gender representation in the teaching profession rather than the effectiveness and quality of teaching.

inbound mobility rate

Number of students from abroad studying in a given country, expressed as a percentage of total tertiary enrolment in that country.

academic freedom

The Academic Freedom Index is designed to provide an aggregated measure of the following 5 dimensions: freedom to research and teach, freedom of academic exchange and dissemination, institutional autonomy, campus integrity and freedom of academic and cultural expression. The variable ranges from 0 (low) to 1 (high).

gross attendance ratio for tertiary education, gender parity

Number of students attending a given level of education at any time during the reference academic year, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education. For the tertiary level, the population used is the 5-year age group starting from the official secondary school graduation age.

gross attendance ratio for tertiary education, wealth parity

Number of students attending a given level of education at any time during the reference academic year, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

gross attendance ratio for tertiary education, location parity

Number of students attending a given level of education at any time during the reference academic year, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Educational attainment rate, bachelor’s or equivalent

Distribution of the population aged 25 years and above according to the highest level of education attained or completed. This variable is usually presented for age groups of at least 25 years and older in order to ensure that the majority of the population has completed their education.

educational attainment rate, master's or equivalent

Distribution of the population aged 25 years and above according to the highest level of education attained or completed. This variable is usually presented for age groups of at least 25 years and older in order to ensure that the majority of the population has completed their education.

educational attainment rate, doctoral or equivalent

Distribution of the population aged 25 years and above according to the highest level of education attained or completed. This variable is usually presented for age groups of at least 25 years and older in order to ensure that the majority of the population has completed their education.

Labor force participation rate with advanced education

The labor force participation rate with an advanced level of education (ISCED 5, 6, 7 and 8) is the labor force with an advanced level education as a percent of the working age population with an advanced level of education.

unemployment rate with advanced education

The percentage of the labor force with an advanced level of education (ISCED 5, 6, 7 and 8) who are unemployed.

university-industry collaboration in r&d

Based on response to the survey question: In your country, to what extent do business and universities collaborate on research and development (R&D)? [1 =do not collaborate at all; 7 = collaborate extensively].

citable documents per r&d personnel in higher education

Citable documents refers to the number of citable documents published by a journal in the three previous years (selected year documents are excluded). Exclusively articles, reviews and conference papers are considered.

gerd (% gdp)

Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) as a percentage of GDP is the total intramural expenditure on R&D performed in the national territory during a specific reference period expressed as a percentage of GDP of the national territory.

gerd per researcher

Total intramural expenditure on R&D performed during a specific reference period per researcher, expressed in purchasing power parity (PPP) dollars at constant prices.

researchers per thousand labor force

Researchers refers to the number of professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge (who conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models, techniques instrumentation, software or operational methods) during a given year expressed as a proportion of a labor force of 1,000 people.

tertiary graduates from stem programs (%)

Refers to the percentage of students who have successfully graduated from tertiary education in information and communication technologies, natural sciences, mathematics and statistics or engineering, manufacturing and construction programs in a given academic year.

gerd performed by business enterprises (%)

GERD performed by business enterprises as a percentage of GDP is the total intramural expenditure on R&D performed during a specific reference period corresponding to business enterprise, independent of the source of funds, as a percentage of GDP.

gerd financed by business enterprises (%)

Refers to the total intramural expenditure on R&D performed during a specific reference period financed by business enterprise as a percentage of total gross expenditure on R&D.

researchers in business enterprises (%)

Researchers refers to professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge (who conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models, techniques instrumentation, software or operational methods) employed by business enterprises.

firms that spend on r&d (%)

The percentage of firms that spent on formal research and development activities during the last fiscal year out of all firms in the manufacturing and services sectors. This corresponds to formal (registered) firms classified with ISIC codes 15-37, 45, 50-52, 55, 60-64 and 72 (ISIC Rev.3.1) companies.

high-skilled employment (%)

The employed comprise all persons of working age who, during a specified brief period, were in one of the following categories: a) paid employment (whether at work or with a job but not at work); or b) self-employment (whether at work or with an enterprise but not at work). The working-age population is defined as all persons aged 15 and older.

intellectual property payments (% total trade)

Charges for the use of intellectual property (credit) are payments between non-residents and residents for the authorized use of proprietary rights (such as patents, trademarks, copyrights, industrial processes and designs including trade secrets and franchises) and for the use, through licensing agreements, of produced originals or prototypes (such as copyrights on books and manuscripts, computer software, cinematographic works and sound recordings) and related rights (such as for live performances and television, cable, or satellite broadcast).

state of cluster development

Based on response to the survey question: In your country, how widespread are well-developed and deep clusters (geographic concentrations of firms, suppliers, producers of related products and services and specialized institutions in a particular field)? [1 = non-existent; 7 = widespread in many fields].

average documents per researcher

Average published documents per researcher.

citations per document

Average number of citations per document published in a specific year.

patent applications (per 100 billion gdp)

This variable measures the total count of resident patent applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), by priority date and inventor nationality, using fractional count if an application is filed by multiple inventors per 100 billion PPP$ GDP constant.

intellectual property receipts (% total trade)

Charges for the use of intellectual property not included elsewhere receipts (% of total trade) according to the Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification EBOPS 2010. Receipts are between residents and non-residents for the use of proprietary rights (such as patents, trademarks, copyrights, industrial processes and designs including trade secrets, franchises), and for licenses to reproduce or distribute (or both) intellectual property embodied in produced originals or prototypes (such as copyrights on books and manuscripts, computer software, cinematographic works and sound recordings) and related rights (such as for live performances and television, cable, or satellite broadcast).

industrial design applications (per 100 billion gdp)

Refers to the number of designs contained in industrial design applications filed at a given national or regional office per 100 billion PPP$ GDP constant. Data refer to industrial design application design counts – the number of designs contained in applications – and include designs contained in resident industrial design applications filed at both the national office and the regional office, where applicable.

pct applications (per 100 billion gdp)

This variable measures the total count of applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), by priority date and inventor nationality, using fractional count if an application is filed by multiple inventors per 100 billion PPP$ GDP constant.

firms producing new goods and services (%)

Refers to the percentage of firms that introduced new or significantly improved products or services over the last three years.

trademark applications (per 100 billion gdp)

Trademark applications filed are applications to register a trademark with a national or regional Intellectual Property (IP) offices and designations received by relevant offices through the Madrid System. A trademark is a sign which identifies certain goods or services as those produced or provided by a specific person or enterprise. It provides protection to the owner by ensuring the exclusive right to use it to identify goods or services, or to authorize another to use it in return for payment.

cultural goods exports (% exports)

The value of exported cultural goods expressed as percentage of the value of all exported goods. Cultural goods refer to consumer goods that convey ideas, symbols and ways of life, i.e. books, magazines, multimedia products, software, recordings, films, videos, audio-visual programs, crafts and fashion.

printing and publishing output (% manufactured output)

Measures gross output of printing and publishing as percentage of gross output of total manufacturing industries.

research institutions prominence

Measures the prominence and standing of private and public research institutions. The score is computed as the sum of the inverse ranks of all research institutions in a country included in the Scimago Institutions Rankings (SIR).

growth of innovative companies

Based on response to the survey question: In your country, to what extent do new companies with innovative ideas grow rapidly? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent].

iso 9001 quality certificates (% gdp)

ISO 9001 is defined as the international standard that specifies requirements for a quality management system (QMS). It can be used by any organization, large or small, regardless of its field of activity. GDP data are expressed in billion 2017 US purchasing power parity (PPP) dollars.

iso 14001 environmental certificates (% gdp)

ISO 14001 is defined as the international standard that specifies the requirements for an environmental management system that an organization can use to enhance its environmental performance. It can be used by any organization, large or small, regardless of its field of activity. GDP data are expressed in billion 2017 US purchasing power parity (PPP) dollars.

gerd financed from abroad (%)

Total intramural expenditure on R&D performed during a specific reference period, financed by ‘the rest of the world’ as a percentage of total gross expenditure on R&D.

joint ventures per strategic alliance deals (per billion gdp)

Number of deals, fractional counting (per billion PPP$ GDP). It is from Thomson Reuters data on joint ventures/strategic alliance deals, per deal, with details on the country of origin of partner firms, among others.

computer software spending (% gdp)

Computer software spending includes the total value of purchased or leased packaged software such as operating systems, database systems, programming tools, utilities and applications.

new business density per thousand population

The number of newly registered firms with limited liability per 1,000 working-age people (ages 15-64) per calendar year.

firms with new product/service (%)

Percentage of firms that introduced new or significantly improved products or services over the last three years that were also new for the firms’ main product and services market.

3g/4g mobile network coverage (% population)

Percentage of the population covered by at least an LTE/WiMAX mobile network refers to the percentage of inhabitants that live within range of LTE/LTE-Advanced; mobile WiMAX/WirelessMAN or other more advanced mobile-cellular networks; irrespective of whether or not they are subscribers.

secure internet servers per 1 million population

Secure servers are servers using encryption technology in Internet transactions. The number of secure Internet servers, from the Netcraft Secure Server Survey, indicates how many companies conduct encrypted transactions over the Internet.

investment in telecommunication services (% gdp)

Measures investment made by entities providing telecommunication networks and/or services in the country and includes expenditure on initial installations and additions to existing installations where the usage is expected to be over an extended period of time.

mobile upload and download speeds

Measures the equal-weighted average of the variables ‘average mobile upload speed’ and ‘average mobile download speed’.

fixed-broadband upload and download speeds

Measures the equal-weighted average of the variables ‘average fixed- broadband upload speed' and 'average fixed broadband download speed'.

fixed-broadband subscriptions by speed per hundred people

It is derived from data on the number of subscriptions with a maximum speed below 2 Mbit/s (‘slow’ data are speed tier), between 2 and 10 Mbit/s (‘medium’ speed tier) and equal to or above 10 Mbit/s (‘fast’ speed tier).

fixed broadband basket (% gni per capita)

Fixed broadband price basket (5GB) refers to the cheapest plan providing at least 5GB of monthly high-speed data (equal to or above 256 Kbit/s) over a 30-day (or four weeks) period of time from the operator with the largest market share in each economy. The variable is reported as a percentage of GNI per capita.

mobile broadband basket (% gni per capita)

Based on a monthly data usage of a minimum of 1.5 GB. For plans that limit the monthly amount of data transferred by including data volume caps below 1.5 GB, the cost for the additional bytes is added to the basket.

internet and telephony competition

Measures the level of competition in 17 categories of ICT services, including fixed wireless broadband, Internet services, international fixed long distance calls and international gateways.

active mobile-broadband subscriptions per hundred inhabitants

Active mobile-broadband subscriptions refers to the sum of active handset-based and computer-based (USB/dongles mobile-broadband subscriptions to the public Internet. It covers actual subscribers, not potential subscribers, even though the latter may have broadband-enabled handsets.

international internet bandwidth per user

International Internet bandwidth refers to the total used capacity of international Internet bandwidth in Kbits per second (Kbits/s). It is measured as the sum of the used capacity of all Internet exchanges (locations where Internet traffic is exchanged) offering international bandwidth.

households with internet access at home (%)

This variable includes both; estimates and survey data corresponding to the proportion of households with Internet.

individuals with standard ict skills (%)

This variable refers to ICT skills, defined as having undertaken certain computer-related activities in the last three months.

tertiary graduates from ict programs (%)

A graduate is defined as a 'person who, during the reference school or academic year, has successfully completed an education program’.

ict employment (%)

Employment refers to all persons of working age who, during a specified brief period, were in the following categories: a) paid employment (whether at work or with a job but not at work); or b) self-employment (whether at work or with an enterprise but not at work).

government online services

This index assesses e-government development at the national level, based on data collected from an independent survey questionnaire that assesses the national online presence of all 193 United Nations Member States.

fixed broadband internet traffic per subscription

The fixed (wired)- broadband Internet traffic (exabytes) refers to traffic generated by fixed-broadband subscribers measured at the end-user access point. It should be measured adding up download and upload traffic.

mobile broadband internet traffic per subscription

Mobile-broadband Internet traffic (exabytes) refers to broadband traffic volumes originated from 3G networks or other more advanced mobile-networks; including 3G upgrades; and evolutions or equivalent standards in terms of data transmission speeds.

internet users (%)

Internet users refers to the percent of total population who use the Internet. This includes those using the Internet from any device (including mobile phones) in the last 12 months. This variable can include both; estimates and survey data corresponding to the proportion of individuals using the Internet, based on results from national household surveys.

ict pct patent applications (per 100 billion gdp)

Refers to the number of applications for information and communication technology-related patents filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) per 100 billion PPP$ GDP constant.

e-participation

A country’s E-participation Index (EPI) reflects its e-participation mechanisms that are deployed by the government as compared to all other countries. The purpose of this measure is not to prescribe any specific practice, but rather to offer insight into how different countries are using online tools in promoting interaction between the government and its people, as well as among the people, for the benefit of all.

internet activities by individuals (%)

The variable is computed by calculating the average of the following activities: Internet banking, reading or downloading newspapers, magazines or electronic books in a digital format, getting information about goods or services, getting information from general government organizations, interacting with general government organizations, purchasing or ordering goods or services, seeking health information (on injury, disease, nutrition, etc.), using services related to travel or travel-related accommodation and doing a formal online course.

trade in digitally deliverable services (% total trade)

Digitally-deliverable services are an aggregation of insurance and pension services, financial services, charges for the use of intellectual property, telecommunications, computer and information services, other business services and audiovisual and related services.

gross fixed capital formation (% gdp)

Gross fixed capital formation (formerly gross domestic fixed investment) includes land improvements (fences, ditches, drains and so on); plant, machinery and equipment purchases; and the construction of roads, railways and the like, including schools, offices, hospitals, private residential dwellings and commercial and industrial buildings. According to the 1993 SNA, net acquisitions of valuables are also considered capital formation. The variable is reported as a percentage of GDP.

logistics performance

The international Logistics Performance Index (LPI) is a summary indicator of logistics sector performance, combining data on six core performance components into a single aggregate measure.

transport productive capacity

The Productive Capacities Index provide a quantitative measure of the productive resources, entrepreneurial capabilities and production linkages of a given economy.

building quality control

The Building Quality Control Index is based on six indices—the quality of building regulations, quality control before, during, and after construction, liability and insurance regimes and professional certifications indices. Index scores range between 0 and 100.

ease of starting a business

Measures the paid-in minimum capital requirement, number of procedures, time and cost for a small- to medium-sized limited liability company to start up and formally operate in an economy’s largest business city. These procedures include the processes entrepreneurs undergo when obtaining all necessary approvals, licenses, permits and completing any required notifications, verifications or inscriptions for the company and employees with relevant authorities.

insolvency recovery rate

The recovery rate is recorded as cents on the dollar recovered by secured creditors through judicial reorganization, liquidation or debt enforcement (foreclosure or receivership) proceedings. The calculation takes into account the outcome: whether the business emerges from the proceedings as a going concern or the assets are sold piecemeal.

entrepreneurial employee activity rate

Entrepreneurial employee activity refers to employees who, in the past three years, were actively involved in and had a leading role in at least one of these phases (i.e., ‘idea development for a new activity’ and/or ‘preparation and implementation of a new activity’). The prevalence of entrepreneurial employee activity can be defined as the number of entrepreneurial employees, as a percentage of the adult population (between 18-64 years of age).

extent of corporate transparency

The Extent of Corporate Transparency Index measures the level of information that companies must share regarding their board members, senior executives, annual meetings and audits.

trade (% gdp)

Trade is the sum of exports and imports of goods and services measured as a share of gross domestic product.

high-technology trade (% total trade)

High-technology exports and imports minus re-exports and re-imports expressed as a percentage of total trade.

product concentration

The Product Concentration Index shows to which degree exports (of goods) of individual economies are concentrated on a few products rather than being distributed in a more homogeneous manner among several products.

market concentration

Measures the dispersion of trade value across an exporter's partners. A country with exports that are concentrated in a very few markets will have an Index value close to one. Similarly, a country with a perfectly diversified trade portfolio will have an Index close to zero.

chinn-ito financial openness

The Index measures the extent of openness in capital account transactions. Capital ‘openness’ (KAOPEN) is based on the binary dummy variables that codify the tabulation of restrictions on cross-border financial transactions reported in the IMF’s Annual Report.

foreign direct investment, net inflows (% gdp)

Foreign direct investment is the net inflow of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor.

debt dynamics

This variable measures the change in public debt-to-GDP ratio, weighted by a country’s credit rating and debt level in relation to its GDP.

domestic credit to private sector (% gdp)

Domestic credit to private sector refers to financial resources provided to the private sector by financial corporations, such as through loans, purchases of nonequity securities and trade credits and other accounts receivable, that establish a claim for repayment. For some countries these claims include credit to public enterprises.

msme financing gap (% gdp)

MSME finance gap is estimated as the difference between current supply and potential demand which can potentially be addressed by financial institutions.

tax and contribution rate (% profit)

The total tax rate measures the amount of taxes and mandatory contributions borne by a business in the second year of operation, expressed as a share of commercial profit. The total amount of taxes borne is the sum of all the different taxes and contributions payable after accounting for allowable deductions and exemptions.

bank non-performing loans (%)

Nonperforming loans to total gross loans ratio is calculated by using the value of nonperforming loans (NPLs) as the numerator and the total value of the loan portfolio (including NPLs, and before the deduction of specific loan- loss provisions) as the denominator.

medium- and high-tech activities value added

This variable is defined as the proportion of medium and high technology (MHT) manufacturing value added from the total value added of all manufacturing industries.

industry and services value added (% gdp)

Industry (including construction) corresponds to ISIC divisions 05-43 and includes manufacturing (ISIC divisions 10-33).

labor underutilization rate

The composite measure of labor underutilization represents the share of the extended labor force that are in unemployment, time-related underemployment or the potential labor force.

output per worker

Labour productivity represents the total volume of output (measured in terms of GDP) produced per unit of labour (measured in terms of the number of employed persons) during a given time reference period.

peace and stability

Political stability and absence of violence measures perceptions of the likelihood that the government will be destabilized or overthrown by unconstitutional or violent means, including politically-motivated violence and terrorism.

voice and accountability

Voice and accountability captures perceptions of the extent to which a country's citizens are able to participate in selecting their government, as well as freedom of expression, freedom of association and a free media.

rule of law

Rule of Law captures perceptions of the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, property rights, the police and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence.

control of corruption

Control of corruption captures perceptions of the extent to which public power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as 'capture' of the state by elites and private interests.

government effectiveness

Government effectiveness captures perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation and the credibility of the government's commitment to such policies.

female-to-male ratio in parliament

The percentage of women in parliament is based on the number of seats held by women members in single or lower chambers of national parliaments, expressed as a percentage of all occupied seats.

female-to-male labor force participation

This is the ratio of female labor force participation rate to that of males.

female-to-male ratio in internet usage

Internet users refers to the percent of total population who use the Internet.

social protection coverage (% population)

This indicator conveys the share of the population effectively covered by a social protection system, including social protection floors.

adult literacy rate

Percentage of the number of literate persons aged 15 years out of the total number of persons in the same age group, excluding persons with unknown literacy status.

youth not in employment, education or training (%)

The share of youth not in education, employment or training (also known as ‘the NEET rate’) conveys the number of young persons not in education, employment or training as a percentage of the total youth population.

poverty headcount ratio (% population)

National poverty headcount ratio is the percentage of the population living below the national poverty line(s). National estimates are based on population-weighted subgroup estimates from household surveys.

gdp per capita

GDP at purchaser's prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the country plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products.

universal health coverage

Coverage of essential health services is defined as the average coverage of essential services based on tracer interventions that include reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health, infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases and service capacity and access, among the general and the most disadvantaged population.

healthy life expectancy (years)

Average number of years that a person can expect to live in ‘full health’ by taking into account years lived in less than full health due to disease and/or injury.

under-five mortality rate

The probability of a child born in a specific year or period dying before reaching the age of five, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of that period.

renewable energy consumption (%)

The share of renewable energy in total final energy consumption.

ecological footprint per capita

It refers to the ecological footprint of consumption and is a measure of how much area of biologically productive land and water an individual, population or activity requires to produce all the resources it consumes and to absorb the waste it generates, using prevailing technology and resource management practices.

natural hazard exposure

It represents the load that the community has to deal with when exposed to a hazard event.

Percentage of households with internet access

Percentage of households with internet access:The Internet is a worldwide public computer network. It provides access to a number of communication services, including the World Wide Web, and carries e-mail, news, entertainment and data files, irrespective of the device used (not assumed to be only a computer; it may also be a mobile telephone, tablet, PDA, games machine, digital television, etc.). Access can be via a fixed or mobile network. Household with Internet access means that the Internet is available for use by all members of the household at any time.

Percentage of individuals using the Internet

ICT use / Percentage of individuals using the Internet:The term “individuals using the Internet” refers to people who used the Internet from any location and for any purpose, irrespective of the device and network used, in the previous three months. Usage can be via a computer (i.e. desktop computer, laptop computer, tablet or similar handheld computer), mobile phone, games machine, digital television, etc.). Access can be via a fixed or mobile network.

Active mobile broadband subscription per 100 inh

ICT use / Active mobile broadband subscription per 100 inh

Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network (%)

Percentage of the population covered by at least a 3G mobile network refers to the percentage of inhabitants that are within range of at least a 3G mobile-cellular signal, irrespective of whether or not they are subscribers. This is calculated by dividing the number of inhabitants that are covered by at least a 3G mobile-cellular signal by the total population and multiplying by 100.

Population covered by at least a 4G/LTE mobile network (%)

Percentage of the population covered by at least a 4G/LTE mobile network refers to the percentage of inhabitants that live within range of LTE/LTE-Advanced, mobile WiMAX/WirelessMAN or other more advanced mobile-cellular networks, irrespective of whether or not they are subscribers. This is calculated by dividing the number of inhabitants that are covered by the previously mentioned mobile-cellular technologies by the total population and multiplying by 100. It excludes people covered only by HSPA, UMTS, EV-DO and previous 3G technologies, and also excludes fixed WiMAX coverage.

Mobile broadband Internet traffic per subscription (GB)

Mobile broadband Internet traffic per mobile-broadband subscription (GB). Mobile-broadband Internet traffic (within the country) refers to broadband traffic volumes originated within the country from 3G networks or other more advanced mobile-networks, including 3G upgrades, evolutions or equivalent standards in terms of data transmission speeds. Traffic should be collected and aggregated at the country level for all 3G or more advanced mobile networks within the country. Download and upload traffic should be added up and reported together. Traffic should be measured at the end-user access point. Wholesale and walled-garden traffic should be excluded. The indicator is calculated by dividing mobile-broadband Internet traffic (within the country) by active mobile-broadband subscriptions.

Fixed broadband Internet traffic per subscription (GB)

Fixed broadband Internet traffic per fixed broadband subscription (GB). Fixed (wired)- broadband Internet traffic refers to traffic generated by fixed-broadband subscribers measured at the end-user access point. It should be measured by adding up download and upload traffic. This should exclude wholesale traffic, walled garden, IPTV and cable TV traffic. The indicator is calculated by dividing fixed-broadband Internet traffic by total fixed broadband subscriptions.

Mobile data and voice high-consumption basket price (% GNI p.c.)

Mobile-broadband data and voice high-consumption basket price as a percentage of GNI per capita (p.c.). The basket refers to the cheapest mobile broadband plan (and add-on) providing at least 2 GB of monthly data using at least 3G technology, 140 minutes of voice and 70 SMSs. See ITU ICT price statistics website for detailed data collection rules.

Fixed-broadband internet basket price (% GNI p.c.)

Entry-level fixed-broadband basket price as percentage of GNI per capita. The basket is composed of the cheapest plan providing at least 5GB of monthly high-speed data (256Kbit/s or higher) from the operator with the largest market share in each economy. See ITU ICT price statistics website for detailed data collection rules.

Individuals owning a mobile phone (%)

Proportion of individuals who own a mobile phone. An individual owns a mobile cellular phone if he/she has a mobile cellular phone device with at least one active SIM card for personal use. It includes mobile cellular phones supplied by employers that can be used for personal reasons (to make personal calls, access the Internet, etc.) and those who have a mobile phone for personal use that is not registered under his/her name. It excludes individuals who have only active SIM card(s) and not a mobile phone device.

mobile tariffs

The sub-index relates to the cost of three separate basket profiles that are distinguished in part by usage allowance (100MB, 500 MB, and 1 GB per month, respectively). Tariffs are given as a percentage of monthly GDP per capita.

handset prices

The Handset prices indicator relates to the cheapest smartphone or feature phone that allows user access to the Internet.

FTTh/Building internet subscriptions

Fibre-to-the-home/building Internet subscriptions refers to the number of Internet subscriptions using fibre-to-the-home or fibre-to-the-building; at downstream speeds equal to; or greater than; 256 kbit/s

4G mobile network coverage

4G mobile network coverage:This indicator measures the percentage of inhabitants out of the total population who are within range of an advanced mobile cellular signal, such as LTE/LTE-Advanced and mobile WiMAX/Wireless MAN networks, irrespective of whether they are subscribers.

fixed broadband subs

ICT use / fixed-broadband subscriptions per 100 inh:The term “fixed-broadband subscriptions” refers to fixed subscriptions for high-speed access to the public Internet (a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/IP connection) at downstream speeds equal to or higher than 256 kbit/s. This includes cable modem, DSL, fibre-to-the-home/building, other fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions, satellite broadband and terrestrial fixed wireless broadband. The total is measured irrespective of the method of payment. It excludes subscriptions that have access to data communications (including the Internet) via mobile-cellular networks. It includes fixed WiMAX and any other fixed wireless technologies, and both residential subscriptions and subscriptions for organizations.

International internet bandwidth

International Internet bandwidth refers to the total used capacity of international Internet bandwidth in megabits per second (Mbit/s).

Internet access in schools

The Internet access in schools indicator refers to the share of primary schools with access to the Internet via fixed narrowband, fixed broadband, or mobile networks.

Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network

The following indicator refers to the percentage of inhabitants within range of at least a 3G mobile-cellular signal, irrespective of whether or not they are subscribers.

SMS sent by population 15-69

SMS sent refers to the total number of mobile short-message service (SMS) messages initiated to and from national and international destinations.

digital participation and content creation

DKEI digital participation and content creation subindex This indicator is a sub-index comprised of three variables: GitHub commits, Wikipedia edits, and top-level domain registrations. The sub-index has been constructed by Ojanperä et al. (2019) as a measure of digital capacities and skills in a country. They use it to estimate a Digital Knowledge Economy Index, whereby they complement the World Bank’s Knowledge Economy Index by adding the sub-index as a fifth dimension.

mobile app development

Number of active mobile applications developed per person. This indicator is included in the Mobile Connectivity Index published by the GSM Association. It is one of four indicators that make up the Local Relevance sub-index that, in turn, is part of the Content & Services pillar. The original data is sourced from AppFigures (https://appfigures.com/).

Intellectual property receipts

Charges for the use of intellectual property not included elsewhere, receipts (% of total trade) This indicator is based on receipts related to four subitems of charges for the use of intellectual property not included elsewhere: franchises and trademarks licensing fees, licenses for the use of outcomes of research and development, licenses to reproduce and/or distribute computer software, and licenses to reproduce and/or distribute audiovisual and related products. The data refers to the three-year average as a percentage of total trade. The product category follows the Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification (EBOPS 2010), which is based on the sixth edition of the IMF Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (BPM6).

AI scientific publications

The AI scientific publications indicator measures the total number of AI publications in Elsevier per economy. Any paper with a field of study categorized as “artificial intelligence” and “machine learning” according to the Microsoft Academic Graph (MAG) taxonomy is measured.

GitHub commits

GitHub is the world’s largest host of source code, and a commit is the term used for a saved change on this platform. One or more commits can be saved (or pushed) to projects (or repositories).

Internet domain registrations

The Internet domain registrations indicator measures the production of Internet content. It refers to two types of top-level domains: generic top-level domains and countrycode top-level domain.

Mobile application development

Global downloads of mobile apps, by origin of the headquarters of the developer/firm, scaled by PPP$ GDP (billions).

Wikipedia edits

All data extracts from internal sources provided by The Wikimedia Foundation. A country with edit counts in 2020 greater than 100,000 use data from that year.

availability of latest technologies

In your country, to what extent are the latest technologies available? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent] | 2016-17 weighted average

company investment in emerging technology

Average answer to the question: In your country, to what extent do companies invest in emerging technologies (e.g. Internet of Things, advanced analytics and artificial intelligence, augmented virtual reality and wearables, advanced robotics, 3D printing)? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]. The World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey (EOS) is conducted on an annual basis to gather information from business leaders on topics for which hard data sources are scarce or nonexistent.

Gov procurement of advanced tech products

The Government Online Service Index (OIS) is one of the three main components of the E-Government Development Index (EGDI) constructed and published by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. The OIS assesses the quality of a government’s delivery of online services on a 0-to-1 (best) scale. The assessment is carried out by researchers, who evaluate “each country’s national website in the native language, including the national portal, e-services portal, and e-participation portal, as well as the websites of the related ministries of education, labor, social services, health, finance, and environment, as applicable.

ICT PCT patent applications

Number of applications for information and communication technology–related patents filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) (per million population) This indicator refers to the count of applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) in the technology domain of information and communication technologies by priority date and inventor nationality. The count is divided by million population. The classification for ICT-related patents is based on the International Patent Classification (IPC), as described in Inaba and Squicciarini (2017).

Computer software spending

Computer software spending refers to the total value of purchased or leased packaged software, including operating systems, database systems, programming tools, utilities, and applications.

Robot density

Robot density refers to the estimated number of multipurpose industrial robots per 10,000 persons employed in the manufacturing industry.

Adoption of emerging technologies

“In your country, to what extent are companies adopting Artificial intelligence?” (1: not at all; 7: to a great extent - on par with the most technologically advanced economies)

Investment in emerging technologies

In your country, to what extent do companies invest in emerging technologies (e.g., Internet of Things, advanced analytics and artificial intelligence, augmented virtual reality and wearables, advanced robotics, 3D printing)?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]

Internet users

ICT use / Percentage of individuals using the Internet:“Internet users” refers to the proportion of individuals who used the Internet in the last 12 months. Data are generally based on national household surveys where the percentage should reflect the total population of the country.

Active mobile broadband subs

ICT use / Active mobile broadband subscription per 100 inh:This indicator refers to the sum of active handset-based and computer-based mobile-broadband subscriptions to the public Internet, where users have accessed the Internet in the last three months. It covers actual subscribers, not potential subscribers, even though the latter may have broadband-enabled handsets.

Use of virtual social network

The Use of virtual social networks indicator refers to the penetration of active social media users expressed as a percentage of the total population.

Tertiary enrollment

Tertiary enrollment refers to the ratio of total education enrollment, regardless of age, by the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the expected level of tertiary education.

Adult literacy rate

The Adult literacy rate indicator defines the percentage of the population aged 15 years and over who can read, write, and understand short, simple statements about their everyday life.

ICT skills in the education system

Average answer to the question: In your country, to what extent is the workforce proficient in the following skills? Technology skills [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent]

Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country

Mobile-broadband Internet traffic (within the country) refers to broadband traffic volumes originated within the country from 3G networks or other more advanced mobile-networks; including 3G upgrades; evolutions or equivalent standards in terms of data transmission speeds.

AI talent concentration

A LinkedIn member is considered AI talent if they have explicitly added AI skills to their profile and/or they are occupied in an AI job. The counts of AI talent are used to calculate talent concentration metrics.

Firms with websites

The data for the Firms with website indicator consists of enterprise surveys conducted by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the World Bank.

Internet shopping

Used the Internet to buy something online in the past year (%) . This indicator refers to the percentage of respondents aged at least 15 years old who have used the Internet in the past year to buy something online. The data stem from a triennial survey that is carried out in more than 140 economies.

Professionals

Sum of people in categories 1 to 3 as a percentage of total people employed, according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO). Categories included in ISCO-08 are: 1 Managers; 2 Professionals; 3 Technicians and Associate Professionals.

Technicians and associate professionals

This indicator refers to the number of technicians and associate professionals as a share of the total workforce. The employment by occupation is based on the International Standard Classification of Occupation (ISCO) Revision 2008 (data based on ISCO Rev. 1988 is used for those countries where ISCO Rev. 2008 is not available). It includes physical and engineering science associate professionals, life science and health associate professionals, teaching associate professionals, and other associate professionals (finance and sales, social work, artistic, entertainment and sports, religious associate professionals, police inspectors and detectives, administrative, customs, and tax and related government associate professionals).

Extent of staff training

Average answer to the question: In your country, to what extent do companies invest in training and employee development? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent] The World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey (EOS) is conducted on an annual basis to gather information from business leaders on topics for which hard data sources are scarce or nonexistent. It is part of the effort to supplement The Global Competitiveness Report in assessing issues that drive national competitiveness

R&D expenditure by businesses

Gross domestic expenditure on R&D performed by business enterprise (% of GDP) This indicator refers to business enterprise expenditure on research and development (R&D) as a percentage of GDP. This includes both private enterprises and public enterprises. R&D expenditure is defined as all current expenditure plus gross fixed capital expenditure for R&D performed by businesses, whatever the source of funds

Annual investment in telecommunication services

The Annual investment in telecommunication services indicator refers to the investments made within the financial year by entities that provide telecommunication networks and/or services (including fixed mobile and Internet services and the transmission of TV signals).

GERD financed by business enterprise

The following indicator refers to the Gross expenditure on R&D (GERD) financed by a business enterprise as a percentage of total gross R&D expenditure.

GERD performed by business enterprise

The indicator measures the gross expenditure on R&D performed by a business enterprise as a percentage of GDP.

Number of venture capital deals invested in AI

Refers to the occurrences of deals associated with venture capital investments specifically targeting artificial intelligence startups. This metric is expressed per billion PPP$ GDP and focuses on private companies that either develop AI systems or deliver products that significantly rely on AI technologies.

Public cloud computing market scale

A public cloud is the digital infrastructure and computing resources managed by a service provider. These resources, which include virtual machines, storage, and associated services, are available for purchase through flexible business models such as pay-as-you-go and subscriptions. The public cloud market encompasses companies that provide these resources and services to individuals, businesses, and organizations.

Gov online services

In your country, to what extent do government purchasing decisions foster innovation? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]

Publication and use of open data

The Open Data Barometer indicator refers to the fourth edition of the Open Data Barometer index that provides a measure of how governments publish and use open data based on readiness (35%), implementation (35%), and impact (30%)

ICT use and government efficiency

The data refer to the simple mean of the average answers to a similarly worded question regarding five different emerging technologies: In your country, to what extent does the government foster investment (public and private) in Artificial intelligence and machine learning|Robotics|App- and web-enabled markets|Big data analytics|Cloud computing? (1: not at all; 7: to a great extent)

R&D expenditure by government and higher education

The following indicator refers to the combined expenditure by governments and higher education institutions on research and development (R&D) as a percentage of GDP.

Government online services

The OIS assesses the quality of a government’s delivery of online services on a 0-to-1 (best) scale.

Government promotion of investment in emerging technologies

“In your country, to what extent does the government foster investment (public and private) in artificial intelligence and machine learning?” (1: not at all; 7: to a great extent)

Data Capabilities

Refers to a country’s ability to effectively create, manage, and utilize data. This includes aspects such as access, skills, infrastructure, institutions, and intermediaries. It evaluates the training level of the civil service in data practices, the presence of open data initiatives, support for data reuse, and the strength of data activities at sub-national levels.

Rule of law

The rule of law indicator ‘reflects perceptions of the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, property rights, the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence’. Scores are standardized to a scale from -2.5 (worst) to 2.5 (best).

Software piracy rate

This measure covers piracy of all packaged software that runs on personal computers (PCs), including desktops, laptops, and ultra-portables, including netbooks. This includes operating systems; systems software such as databases and security packages; business applications; and consumer applications such as games, personal finance, and reference software. The study does not include software that runs on servers or mainframes, or Software loaded onto tablets or smart phones.

Secure Internet servers

Secure Internet server s are servers that use encryption technology in Internet transactions.

Cybersecurity

The Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) measures the level of cybersecurity commitments made by individual countries.

Online trust and safety

The Trust & Safety sub-index is one of three components that make up the Readiness pillar of the Inclusive Internet Index . The sub-index measures Internet safety and cultural acceptance of the Internet based on the weighted average of six indicators: Privacy regulations, Trust in online privacy, Trust in Government websites and apps, Trust in Non-government websites and apps, Trust in information from social media, and e-Commerce safety. Scores are standardized to a scale of 0-100.

Online access to financial account

The Online access to financial account indicator refers to the percentage of people who have a financial institution account that report using a mobile phone or the Internet to access their financial institution account within the past 12 months.

Internet shopping

The Internet shipping indicator refers to the percentage of respondents aged 15 years and older who have used the Internet in the past year to purchase goods and services online.

Regulation quality

The regulatory quality indicator captures perceptions of the ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development. Scores are standardized to a scale from -2.5 (worst) to 2.5 (best).

Ease of doing business

Doing Business records all procedures officially required, or commonly done in practice, for an entrepreneur to start up and formally operate an industrial or commercial business, as well as the time and cost to complete these procedures and the paid-in minimum capital requirement. These procedures include the processes entrepreneurs undergo when obtaining all necessary approvals, licenses, and permits and completing any required notifications, verifications, or inscriptions for the company and employees with relevant authorities.

Legal framework adaptability to digital business models

Average answer to survey questions concerning the extent to which the legal framework is adapting to five types of emerging technology? The World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey (EOS) is conducted on an annual basis to gather information from business leaders on topics for which hard data sources are scarce or nonexistent. The data refer to the simple mean of the average answers to a similarly worded question regarding five different emerging technologies: In your country, how adequately is the legal framework adapting to Artificial intelligence|Robotics|Appand web-enabled markets|Big data analytics|Cloud computing? (1: not at all; 7: to a great extent - the legal framework is up-to-date)

e-commerce legislation

The E-commerce legislation indicator refers to a country’s adoption of e-commerce legislation. The Global Cyberlaw Tracker provides information on whether a country has adopted legislation or has a draft law pending adoption within four areas: electronic transactions, consumer protection, privacy and data protection, and cybercrime.

Social safety net protection

Average answer to the question: What does the legal framework to protect Internet users’ privacy and their data stipulate? This indicator refers to responses on privacy protection given by multiple country experts on a 0-to-4 scale. The responses have been aggregated and, taking disagreement and measurement error into account, a probability distribution has been computed over country-year scores on a standardized interval scale. The point estimates are the median values of these distributions for each country year. The scale of a measurement model variable is similar to a normal (“Z”) score (e.g. typically between -5 and 5, with 0 approximately representing the mean for all country years in the sample), though it does not necessarily follow normal distribution. Only estimates based on at least four ratings are included in the data.

ICT regulatory environment

The ICT regulatory environment indicator is based on the ICT Regulatory Tracker composite index that provides a measure of the existence and features of ICT legal and regulatory frameworks

Legal framework's adaptability to emerging technologies

The Legal framework’s adaptability to emerging technologies indicator refers to the simple mean of the average answer of a similarly-worded question posited by the EOS regarding five different emerging technologies (Artificial intelligence, Robotics, App- and web-enabled markets, Big data analytics, and Cloud computing)

Privacy protection by law content

The Privacy protection by law content indicator refers to responses on privacy protection given by multiple country experts on a 0-4 scale. With disagreement and measurement error taken into account.

Regulation quality

The regulatory quality indicator captures the perception of a government’s ability to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development.

Regulation of emerging technologies

“In your country, how adequately is the legal framework adapting to artificial intelligence, robotics, app- and webenabled markets, big data analytics, and cloud computing? (1: not at all; 7: to a great extent - the legal framework is up-to-date)

e-participation

The E-Participation Index assesses on a 0-to-1 (best) scale the quality, relevance, and usefulness of government websites.

Availability of local online content

Average answer to the question: In your country, to what extent are Internet content and services tailored to the local population (e.g. in the local language, meeting local demand)? (1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent]

Gender gap in internet use

The Gender gap in Internet use indicator refers to the share of women and men in a country that use the Internet.

Rural gap in use of digital payment

The following indicator refers to the share of the rural population against a country’s total population that made or received digital payments within the past 12 months.

Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments

The following indicator refers to the share of the poorest 40% and the richest 60% income groups in a country that made or received digital payment within the past 12 months.

Medium and high tech industry

Proportion of medium and high-tech industry value added in total value added (%) . This indicator refers to the ratio between the value added of medium and high-tech industry and the total value added of manufacturing, expressed as a percentage.

PCT patent application

A PCT application refers to an international patent application filed through the WIPO-administered Patent Cooperation Treaty.

Labor productivity per employee

The Conference Board provides two calculations of its estimates on output, labor, and labor productivity: an original version based on official GDP data and an adjusted version based on GDP growth and levels that take into account rapidly falling ICT prices. “Labor productivity per employee” is based on the estimates of the adjusted version.

Growth rate of GDP per person engaged

The following indicator refers to the growth rate of real GDP per person employed averaged over the three most recent and available years (2018, 2019, 2020). Growth of GDP per person engaged provides a measure of labor productivity (defined as output per unit of labor input). GDP per person employed is expressed as a percentage of total employment in the economy.

High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing

High-technology and medium-high-technology output as a percentage of total manufacturing output.

High-tech exports

High-technology exports as a percentage of total trade.

ICT services exports

Telecommunications, computer and information services exports as a percentage of total trade according to the Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification.

Prevalence of gig economy

Average answer to the question: In your country, to what extent is the online gig economy prevalent? [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent]

Domestic market size

The domestic market size is measured by GDP based on the PPP valuation of country GDP, in current international dollars (billions).

Happiness

Happiness refers to the national average response to the following survey question included in the Gallup World Poll: “Please imagine a ladder, with steps numbered from 0 at the bottom to 10 at the top.

Freedom to make life choices

Freedom to make life choices refers to the national average response to the following survey question included in the Gallup World Poll: “Are you satisfied or dissatisfied with your freedom to choose what you do with your life?”

Income inequality

The Gini index is a measure of income inequality within an individual economy. At a technical level, it is based ona Lorenz curve that “plots the cumulative percentages of total income received against the cumulative number of recipients.

Healthy life expectancy at birth

The Healthy life expectancy at birth indicator expresses the “average number of years that a person can expect to live in ‘full health’ by taking into account years lived in less than full health due to disease and/or injury.”

Access to basic services

Population with access to basic sanitation services and basic drinking water services (%). This indicator refers to the average of the percentage of the population using at least basic sanitation services and the percentage of the population using at least basic drinking water services. Basic sanitation services relate to “improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households”, while the definition for basic drinking water services is “drinking water from an improved source, provided collection time is not more than 30 minutes for a round trip”. The measure is based on SDG indicator “1.4.1 Proportion of population living in households with access to basic services”, which is one of the official indicators for “SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere” .

Pollution

Annual mean levels of fine particulate matter in cities, urban population (micrograms per cubic meter) . Pollution refers to air pollution in urban areas, as measured by annual mean concentrations of fine particulate matter that are less than 2.5 microns in diameters. The data on PM2.5 concentrations come from fixed-site, population-oriented monitors in metropolitan areas. The country-level mean is a population-weighted average for the urban population. The indicator is one of the official measures for “SDG 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.

Road safety

Road traffic death rate (per 100,000 population). Road safety refers to the estimated number of deaths that are due to road traffic injuries per 100,000 population. The indicator is one of the official measures for “SDG 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages” .

Reading proficiency in schools

Minimum proficiency in reading, lower primary education (%) This indicator relates to the proportion of students in grades 2 or 3 that have at least minimum proficiency in reading. The level of minimum proficiency is measured through learning assessments and United Nations (2018) provides further details on what minimum proficiency levels are associated with different learning assessments. The indicator is one of the official measures for “SDG 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all” and, specifically, for “Target 4.1: By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes”.

Math proficiency in schools

Minimum proficiency in mathematics, lower primary education (%) This indicator relates to the proportion of students in grades 2 or 3 that have at least minimum proficiency in mathematics. The level of minimum proficiency is measured through learning assessments and United Nations (2018) provides further details on what minimum proficiency levels are associated with different learning assessments. The indicator is one of the official measures for “SDG 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all” and, specifically, for “Target 4.1: By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes”.

Use of clean fuels and technology

Proportion of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology (%) . This indicator is defined as “the number of people using clean fuels and technologies for cooking, heating and lighting divided by total population”, expressed as a percentage. By “clean” is meant meeting specific emission rate targets and fuel recommendations as set out in World Health Organization (2014). The indicator is one of the official measures for “SDG 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all

SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities

Two indicators capture the safety and sustainability of cities: urban pollution and household.

SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being

The following indicator refers to the Universal health coverage (UHC) service coverage index and is one of the official indicators related to SDG 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.

SDG 4: Quality Education

PISA measures 15-year-olds’ ability to use their reading, mathematics and science knowledge skills.

SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy

The Affordable and Clean Energy indicator refers to the energy intensity level of primary energy and is an official indicator related to SDG 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.

Females employed with advanced degrees

This indicator refers to the percentage of females employed with advanced degrees out of the total employed population.

SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity

Women, Business and the Law tracks progress toward legal equality between men and women in 190 economies. Data are collected with standardized questionnaires to ensure comparability across economies.

Population & vital statistics

The number of people living in a given area at a certain time, the number of babies born every year per inhabitant, and the number of people who died every year per inhabitant.

Education facilities

The number of educational institutions in a country, rooms where classes are held in educational institutions in a country, professional personnel directly involved in teaching students, and the amount of money spent on education in a country in any currency.

Education outcomes

The number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, is expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Health facilities

The number of hospitals, primary care centers, health clinics in a country, hospital beds for the care of admitted patients, the number of employed people whose primary intent is to enhance health, and the amount of money spent on health in a country in any currency.

Health outcomes

The number of people who have been immunized against certain diseases per any number of inhabitants, and the number of existing cases (new and old) from certain diseases at the end of a specific year.

Reproductive health

The number of maternal deaths during a given period per live birth during the same period, the number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per live births in a given year or another period, and the quotient between the number of deaths in children under 5 year of age in a given year and the number of live births in that year.

Food security & nutrition

A percentage estimate of the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normally active and healthy life.

Gender statistics

The proportion of women subject to any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life

Crime & justice

The total count of unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury per unit of population, the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area, and the number of persons held in prison per unit of population.

Poverty & income

The share of population living in households with income or consumption expenditure below a stated national or international poverty line, and the number or percentage of households divided into 10 income groups.

National accounts

The sum of the gross values added of all resident producers at basic prices, plus all taxes fewer subsidies on products.

Labor

The percentage distribution of those employed by their industry or occupation as well as the percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Price indexes

A measure of the change in the cost of purchasing a given “basket” of consumer goods and services, whereas a cost of living index is defined as measuring the change in the cost of maintaining a given standard of living, or level of utility.

Government finance

Government revenue is reported at the end of the fiscal year and government expenditures are reported at the end of the fiscal year.

Money & banking

The money supply is the total amount of money in circulation in a country and the interest rates that are available for various lending instruments.

International trade

Exports of goods and services – merchandise trade comprise goods leaving the statistical territory of a country.

Balance of payments

The number of transactions (other than those in financial items) that involve economic values and occur between resident and non-residents entities.

Agriculture & Land Use

The established land area under either public or private ownership that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives, presented in physical units.

Resource use

The volume of fish brought ashore, the amount of forest area or trees cut in physical units or value as well as the value of raw materials extracted from the earth presented in physical units or value.

Energy

Total energy consumed by end-users, such as households, industry, and agriculture.

Pollution

The amount of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone, and chloro-fluorocarbons occurring naturally and resulting from human (production and consumption) activities, and contributing to the greenhouse effect (global warming), presented in physical units.

Built environment

Percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources and the percentage of the population having access to and using improved sanitation facilities. It includes also the number or percentage of households by a total number of rooms or bedrooms, the number or percentage of households that have access to electricity, and the number or percentage of households by construction material type for roofs, floors, walls, etc.

Education outcomes

The number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, is expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Health facilities

The number of hospitals, primary care centers, health clinics in a country, hospital beds for the care of admitted patients, the number of employed people whose primary intent is to enhance health, and the amount of money spent on health in a country in any currency.

Health outcomes

The number of people who have been immunized against certain diseases per any number of inhabitants, and the number of existing cases (new and old) from certain diseases at the end of a specific year.

Reproductive health

The number of maternal deaths during a given period per live birth during the same period, the number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per live births in a given year or another period, and the quotient between the number of deaths in children under 5 year of age in a given year and the number of live births in that year.

Food security & nutrition

A percentage estimate of the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normally active and healthy life.

Gender statistics

The proportion of women subject to any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life

Crime & justice

The total count of unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury per unit of population, the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area, and the number of persons held in prison per unit of population.

Poverty & income

The share of population living in households with income or consumption expenditure below a stated national or international poverty line, and the number or percentage of households divided into 10 income groups.

National accounts

The sum of the gross values added of all resident producers at basic prices, plus all taxes fewer subsidies on products.

Labor

The percentage distribution of those employed by their industry or occupation as well as the percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Price indexes

A measure of the change in the cost of purchasing a given “basket” of consumer goods and services, whereas a cost of living index is defined as measuring the change in the cost of maintaining a given standard of living, or level of utility.

Government finance

Government revenue is reported at the end of the fiscal year and government expenditures are reported at the end of the fiscal year.

Money & banking

The money supply is the total amount of money in circulation in a country and the interest rates that are available for various lending instruments.

Population & vital statistics

The number of people living in a given area at a certain time, the number of babies born every year per inhabitant, and the number of people who died every year per inhabitant.

Education facilities

The number of educational institutions in a country, rooms where classes are held in educational institutions in a country, professional personnel directly involved in teaching students, and the amount of money spent on education in a country in any currency.

International trade

Exports of goods and services – merchandise trade comprise goods leaving the statistical territory of a country.

Balance of payments

The number of transactions (other than those in financial items) that involve economic values and occur between resident and non-residents entities.

Agriculture & Land Use

The established land area under either public or private ownership that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives, presented in physical units.

Resource use

The volume of fish brought ashore, the amount of forest area or trees cut in physical units or value as well as the value of raw materials extracted from the earth presented in physical units or value.

Energy

Total energy consumed by end-users, such as households, industry, and agriculture.

Pollution

The amount of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone, and chloro-fluorocarbons occurring naturally and resulting from human (production and consumption) activities, and contributing to the greenhouse effect (global warming), presented in physical units.

Built environment

Percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources and the percentage of the population having access to and using improved sanitation facilities. It includes also the number or percentage of households by a total number of rooms or bedrooms, the number or percentage of households that have access to electricity, and the number or percentage of households by construction material type for roofs, floors, walls, etc.

Education outcomes

The number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, is expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Health facilities

The number of hospitals, primary care centers, health clinics in a country, hospital beds for the care of admitted patients, the number of employed people whose primary intent is to enhance health, and the amount of money spent on health in a country in any currency.

Health outcomes

The number of people who have been immunized against certain diseases per any number of inhabitants, and the number of existing cases (new and old) from certain diseases at the end of a specific year.

Reproductive health

The number of maternal deaths during a given period per live birth during the same period, the number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per live births in a given year or another period, and the quotient between the number of deaths in children under 5 year of age in a given year and the number of live births in that year.

Food security & nutrition

A percentage estimate of the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normally active and healthy life.

Gender statistics

The proportion of women subject to any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life

Crime & justice

The total count of unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury per unit of population, the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area, and the number of persons held in prison per unit of population.

Poverty & income

The share of population living in households with income or consumption expenditure below a stated national or international poverty line, and the number or percentage of households divided into 10 income groups.

National accounts

The sum of the gross values added of all resident producers at basic prices, plus all taxes fewer subsidies on products.

Labor

The percentage distribution of those employed by their industry or occupation as well as the percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Price indexes

A measure of the change in the cost of purchasing a given “basket” of consumer goods and services, whereas a cost of living index is defined as measuring the change in the cost of maintaining a given standard of living, or level of utility.

Government finance

Government revenue is reported at the end of the fiscal year and government expenditures are reported at the end of the fiscal year.

Money & banking

The money supply is the total amount of money in circulation in a country and the interest rates that are available for various lending instruments.

Population & vital statistics

The number of people living in a given area at a certain time, the number of babies born every year per inhabitant, and the number of people who died every year per inhabitant.

Education facilities

The number of educational institutions in a country, rooms where classes are held in educational institutions in a country, professional personnel directly involved in teaching students, and the amount of money spent on education in a country in any currency.

International trade

Exports of goods and services – merchandise trade comprise goods leaving the statistical territory of a country.

Balance of payments

The number of transactions (other than those in financial items) that involve economic values and occur between resident and non-residents entities.

Agriculture & Land Use

The established land area under either public or private ownership that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives, presented in physical units.

Resource use

The volume of fish brought ashore, the amount of forest area or trees cut in physical units or value as well as the value of raw materials extracted from the earth presented in physical units or value.

Energy

Total energy consumed by end-users, such as households, industry, and agriculture.

Pollution

The amount of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone, and chloro-fluorocarbons occurring naturally and resulting from human (production and consumption) activities, and contributing to the greenhouse effect (global warming), presented in physical units.

Built environment

Percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources and the percentage of the population having access to and using improved sanitation facilities. It includes also the number or percentage of households by a total number of rooms or bedrooms, the number or percentage of households that have access to electricity, and the number or percentage of households by construction material type for roofs, floors, walls, etc.

Education outcomes

The number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, is expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Health facilities

The number of hospitals, primary care centers, health clinics in a country, hospital beds for the care of admitted patients, the number of employed people whose primary intent is to enhance health, and the amount of money spent on health in a country in any currency.

Health outcomes

The number of people who have been immunized against certain diseases per any number of inhabitants, and the number of existing cases (new and old) from certain diseases at the end of a specific year.

Reproductive health

The number of maternal deaths during a given period per live birth during the same period, the number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per live births in a given year or another period, and the quotient between the number of deaths in children under 5 year of age in a given year and the number of live births in that year.

Food security & nutrition

A percentage estimate of the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normally active and healthy life.

Gender statistics

The proportion of women subject to any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life

Crime & justice

The total count of unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury per unit of population, the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area, and the number of persons held in prison per unit of population.

Poverty & income

The share of population living in households with income or consumption expenditure below a stated national or international poverty line, and the number or percentage of households divided into 10 income groups.

National accounts

The sum of the gross values added of all resident producers at basic prices, plus all taxes fewer subsidies on products.

Labor

The percentage distribution of those employed by their industry or occupation as well as the percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Price indexes

A measure of the change in the cost of purchasing a given “basket” of consumer goods and services, whereas a cost of living index is defined as measuring the change in the cost of maintaining a given standard of living, or level of utility.

Government finance

Government revenue is reported at the end of the fiscal year and government expenditures are reported at the end of the fiscal year.

Population & vital statistics

The number of people living in a given area at a certain time, the number of babies born every year per inhabitant, and the number of people who died every year per inhabitant.

Education facilities

The number of educational institutions in a country, rooms where classes are held in educational institutions in a country, professional personnel directly involved in teaching students, and the amount of money spent on education in a country in any currency.

Agriculture & Land Use

The established land area under either public or private ownership that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives, presented in physical units.

Resource use

The volume of fish brought ashore, the amount of forest area or trees cut in physical units or value as well as the value of raw materials extracted from the earth presented in physical units or value.

Pollution

The amount of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone, and chloro-fluorocarbons occurring naturally and resulting from human (production and consumption) activities, and contributing to the greenhouse effect (global warming), presented in physical units.

Built environment

Percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources and the percentage of the population having access to and using improved sanitation facilities. It includes also the number or percentage of households by a total number of rooms or bedrooms, the number or percentage of households that have access to electricity, and the number or percentage of households by construction material type for roofs, floors, walls, etc.

Education outcomes

The number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, is expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Health facilities

The number of hospitals, primary care centers, health clinics in a country, hospital beds for the care of admitted patients, the number of employed people whose primary intent is to enhance health, and the amount of money spent on health in a country in any currency.

Health outcomes

The number of people who have been immunized against certain diseases per any number of inhabitants, and the number of existing cases (new and old) from certain diseases at the end of a specific year.

Reproductive health

The number of maternal deaths during a given period per live birth during the same period, the number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per live births in a given year or another period, and the quotient between the number of deaths in children under 5 year of age in a given year and the number of live births in that year.

Gender statistics

The proportion of women subject to any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life

Crime & justice

The total count of unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury per unit of population, the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area, and the number of persons held in prison per unit of population.

Poverty & income

The share of population living in households with income or consumption expenditure below a stated national or international poverty line, and the number or percentage of households divided into 10 income groups.

Labor

The percentage distribution of those employed by their industry or occupation as well as the percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Population & vital statistics

The number of people living in a given area at a certain time, the number of babies born every year per inhabitant, and the number of people who died every year per inhabitant.

Education facilities

The number of educational institutions in a country, rooms where classes are held in educational institutions in a country, professional personnel directly involved in teaching students, and the amount of money spent on education in a country in any currency.

Agriculture & Land Use

The established land area under either public or private ownership that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives, presented in physical units.

Built environment

Percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources and the percentage of the population having access to and using improved sanitation facilities. It includes also the number or percentage of households by a total number of rooms or bedrooms, the number or percentage of households that have access to electricity, and the number or percentage of households by construction material type for roofs, floors, walls, etc.

Population & vital statistics

The number of people living in a given area at a certain time, the number of babies born every year per inhabitant, and the number of people who died every year per inhabitant.

Education facilities

The number of educational institutions in a country, rooms where classes are held in educational institutions in a country, professional personnel directly involved in teaching students, and the amount of money spent on education in a country in any currency.

Education outcomes

The number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, is expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Health facilities

The number of hospitals, primary care centers, health clinics in a country, hospital beds for the care of admitted patients, the number of employed people whose primary intent is to enhance health, and the amount of money spent on health in a country in any currency.

Health outcomes

The number of people who have been immunized against certain diseases per any number of inhabitants, and the number of existing cases (new and old) from certain diseases at the end of a specific year.

Reproductive health

The number of maternal deaths during a given period per live birth during the same period, the number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per live births in a given year or another period, and the quotient between the number of deaths in children under 5 year of age in a given year and the number of live births in that year.

Food security & nutrition

A percentage estimate of the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normally active and healthy life.

Gender statistics

The proportion of women subject to any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life

Crime & justice

The total count of unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury per unit of population, the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area, and the number of persons held in prison per unit of population.

Poverty & income

The share of population living in households with income or consumption expenditure below a stated national or international poverty line, and the number or percentage of households divided into 10 income groups.

National accounts

The sum of the gross values added of all resident producers at basic prices, plus all taxes fewer subsidies on products.

Labor

The percentage distribution of those employed by their industry or occupation as well as the percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Price indexes

A measure of the change in the cost of purchasing a given “basket” of consumer goods and services, whereas a cost of living index is defined as measuring the change in the cost of maintaining a given standard of living, or level of utility.

Government finance

Government revenue is reported at the end of the fiscal year and government expenditures are reported at the end of the fiscal year.

Money & banking

The money supply is the total amount of money in circulation in a country and the interest rates that are available for various lending instruments.

International trade

Exports of goods and services – merchandise trade comprise goods leaving the statistical territory of a country.

Balance of payments

The number of transactions (other than those in financial items) that involve economic values and occur between resident and non-residents entities.

Agriculture & Land Use

The established land area under either public or private ownership that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives, presented in physical units.

Resource use

The volume of fish brought ashore, the amount of forest area or trees cut in physical units or value as well as the value of raw materials extracted from the earth presented in physical units or value.

Energy

Total energy consumed by end-users, such as households, industry, and agriculture.

Pollution

The amount of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone, and chloro-fluorocarbons occurring naturally and resulting from human (production and consumption) activities, and contributing to the greenhouse effect (global warming), presented in physical units.

Built environment

Percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources and the percentage of the population having access to and using improved sanitation facilities. It includes also the number or percentage of households by a total number of rooms or bedrooms, the number or percentage of households that have access to electricity, and the number or percentage of households by construction material type for roofs, floors, walls, etc.

Population & vital statistics

The number of people living in a given area at a certain time, the number of babies born every year per inhabitant, and the number of people who died every year per inhabitant.

Education facilities

The number of educational institutions in a country, rooms where classes are held in educational institutions in a country, professional personnel directly involved in teaching students, and the amount of money spent on education in a country in any currency.

Education outcomes

The number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, is expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Health facilities

The number of hospitals, primary care centers, health clinics in a country, hospital beds for the care of admitted patients, the number of employed people whose primary intent is to enhance health, and the amount of money spent on health in a country in any currency.

Health outcomes

The number of people who have been immunized against certain diseases per any number of inhabitants, and the number of existing cases (new and old) from certain diseases at the end of a specific year.

Reproductive health

The number of maternal deaths during a given period per live birth during the same period, the number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per live births in a given year or another period, and the quotient between the number of deaths in children under 5 year of age in a given year and the number of live births in that year.

Food security & nutrition

A percentage estimate of the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normally active and healthy life.

Gender statistics

The proportion of women subject to any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life

Crime & justice

The total count of unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury per unit of population, the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area, and the number of persons held in prison per unit of population.

Poverty & income

The share of population living in households with income or consumption expenditure below a stated national or international poverty line, and the number or percentage of households divided into 10 income groups.

National accounts

The sum of the gross values added of all resident producers at basic prices, plus all taxes fewer subsidies on products.

Labor

The percentage distribution of those employed by their industry or occupation as well as the percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Price indexes

A measure of the change in the cost of purchasing a given “basket” of consumer goods and services, whereas a cost of living index is defined as measuring the change in the cost of maintaining a given standard of living, or level of utility.

Government finance

Government revenue is reported at the end of the fiscal year and government expenditures are reported at the end of the fiscal year.

Money & banking

The money supply is the total amount of money in circulation in a country and the interest rates that are available for various lending instruments.

International trade

Exports of goods and services – merchandise trade comprise goods leaving the statistical territory of a country.

Balance of payments

The number of transactions (other than those in financial items) that involve economic values and occur between resident and non-residents entities.

Agriculture & Land Use

The established land area under either public or private ownership that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives, presented in physical units.

Resource use

The volume of fish brought ashore, the amount of forest area or trees cut in physical units or value as well as the value of raw materials extracted from the earth presented in physical units or value.

Energy

Total energy consumed by end-users, such as households, industry, and agriculture.

Pollution

The amount of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone, and chloro-fluorocarbons occurring naturally and resulting from human (production and consumption) activities, and contributing to the greenhouse effect (global warming), presented in physical units.

Built environment

Percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources and the percentage of the population having access to and using improved sanitation facilities. It includes also the number or percentage of households by a total number of rooms or bedrooms, the number or percentage of households that have access to electricity, and the number or percentage of households by construction material type for roofs, floors, walls, etc.

Population & vital statistics

The number of people living in a given area at a certain time, the number of babies born every year per inhabitant, and the number of people who died every year per inhabitant.

Education facilities

The number of educational institutions in a country, rooms where classes are held in educational institutions in a country, professional personnel directly involved in teaching students, and the amount of money spent on education in a country in any currency.

Education outcomes

The number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, is expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Health facilities

The number of hospitals, primary care centers, health clinics in a country, hospital beds for the care of admitted patients, the number of employed people whose primary intent is to enhance health, and the amount of money spent on health in a country in any currency.

Health outcomes

The number of people who have been immunized against certain diseases per any number of inhabitants, and the number of existing cases (new and old) from certain diseases at the end of a specific year.

Reproductive health

The number of maternal deaths during a given period per live birth during the same period, the number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per live births in a given year or another period, and the quotient between the number of deaths in children under 5 year of age in a given year and the number of live births in that year.

Food security & nutrition

A percentage estimate of the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normally active and healthy life.

Gender statistics

The proportion of women subject to any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life

Crime & justice

The total count of unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury per unit of population, the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area, and the number of persons held in prison per unit of population.

Poverty & income

The share of population living in households with income or consumption expenditure below a stated national or international poverty line, and the number or percentage of households divided into 10 income groups.

National accounts

The sum of the gross values added of all resident producers at basic prices, plus all taxes fewer subsidies on products.

Labor

The percentage distribution of those employed by their industry or occupation as well as the percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Price indexes

A measure of the change in the cost of purchasing a given “basket” of consumer goods and services, whereas a cost of living index is defined as measuring the change in the cost of maintaining a given standard of living, or level of utility.

Government finance

Government revenue is reported at the end of the fiscal year and government expenditures are reported at the end of the fiscal year.

Money & banking

The money supply is the total amount of money in circulation in a country and the interest rates that are available for various lending instruments.

International trade

Exports of goods and services – merchandise trade comprise goods leaving the statistical territory of a country.

Balance of payments

The number of transactions (other than those in financial items) that involve economic values and occur between resident and non-residents entities.

Agriculture & Land Use

The established land area under either public or private ownership that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives, presented in physical units.

Resource use

The volume of fish brought ashore, the amount of forest area or trees cut in physical units or value as well as the value of raw materials extracted from the earth presented in physical units or value.

Energy

Total energy consumed by end-users, such as households, industry, and agriculture.

Pollution

The amount of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone, and chloro-fluorocarbons occurring naturally and resulting from human (production and consumption) activities, and contributing to the greenhouse effect (global warming), presented in physical units.

Built environment

Percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources and the percentage of the population having access to and using improved sanitation facilities. It includes also the number or percentage of households by a total number of rooms or bedrooms, the number or percentage of households that have access to electricity, and the number or percentage of households by construction material type for roofs, floors, walls, etc.

Population & vital statistics

The number of people living in a given area at a certain time, the number of babies born every year per inhabitant, and the number of people who died every year per inhabitant.

Education facilities

The number of educational institutions in a country, rooms where classes are held in educational institutions in a country, professional personnel directly involved in teaching students, and the amount of money spent on education in a country in any currency.

Education outcomes

The number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, is expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Health facilities

The number of hospitals, primary care centers, health clinics in a country, hospital beds for the care of admitted patients, the number of employed people whose primary intent is to enhance health, and the amount of money spent on health in a country in any currency.

Health outcomes

The number of people who have been immunized against certain diseases per any number of inhabitants, and the number of existing cases (new and old) from certain diseases at the end of a specific year.

Reproductive health

The number of maternal deaths during a given period per live birth during the same period, the number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per live births in a given year or another period, and the quotient between the number of deaths in children under 5 year of age in a given year and the number of live births in that year.

Food security & nutrition

A percentage estimate of the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normally active and healthy life.

Gender statistics

The proportion of women subject to any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life

Crime & justice

The total count of unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury per unit of population, the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area, and the number of persons held in prison per unit of population.

Poverty & income

The share of population living in households with income or consumption expenditure below a stated national or international poverty line, and the number or percentage of households divided into 10 income groups.

National accounts

The sum of the gross values added of all resident producers at basic prices, plus all taxes fewer subsidies on products.

Labor

The percentage distribution of those employed by their industry or occupation as well as the percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Price indexes

A measure of the change in the cost of purchasing a given “basket” of consumer goods and services, whereas a cost of living index is defined as measuring the change in the cost of maintaining a given standard of living, or level of utility.

Government finance

Government revenue is reported at the end of the fiscal year and government expenditures are reported at the end of the fiscal year.

Money & banking

The money supply is the total amount of money in circulation in a country and the interest rates that are available for various lending instruments.

International trade

Exports of goods and services – merchandise trade comprise goods leaving the statistical territory of a country.

Balance of payments

The number of transactions (other than those in financial items) that involve economic values and occur between resident and non-residents entities.

Agriculture & Land Use

The established land area under either public or private ownership that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives, presented in physical units.

Resource use

The volume of fish brought ashore, the amount of forest area or trees cut in physical units or value as well as the value of raw materials extracted from the earth presented in physical units or value.

Energy

Total energy consumed by end-users, such as households, industry, and agriculture.

Pollution

The amount of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone, and chloro-fluorocarbons occurring naturally and resulting from human (production and consumption) activities, and contributing to the greenhouse effect (global warming), presented in physical units.

Built environment

Percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources and the percentage of the population having access to and using improved sanitation facilities. It includes also the number or percentage of households by a total number of rooms or bedrooms, the number or percentage of households that have access to electricity, and the number or percentage of households by construction material type for roofs, floors, walls, etc.

Education outcomes

The number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, is expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Health facilities

The number of hospitals, primary care centers, health clinics in a country, hospital beds for the care of admitted patients, the number of employed people whose primary intent is to enhance health, and the amount of money spent on health in a country in any currency.

Health outcomes

The number of people who have been immunized against certain diseases per any number of inhabitants, and the number of existing cases (new and old) from certain diseases at the end of a specific year.

Reproductive health

The number of maternal deaths during a given period per live birth during the same period, the number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per live births in a given year or another period, and the quotient between the number of deaths in children under 5 year of age in a given year and the number of live births in that year.

Food security & nutrition

A percentage estimate of the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normally active and healthy life.

Gender statistics

The proportion of women subject to any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life

Crime & justice

The total count of unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury per unit of population, the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area, and the number of persons held in prison per unit of population.

Poverty & income

The share of population living in households with income or consumption expenditure below a stated national or international poverty line, and the number or percentage of households divided into 10 income groups.

National accounts

The sum of the gross values added of all resident producers at basic prices, plus all taxes fewer subsidies on products.

Labor

The percentage distribution of those employed by their industry or occupation as well as the percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Price indexes

A measure of the change in the cost of purchasing a given “basket” of consumer goods and services, whereas a cost of living index is defined as measuring the change in the cost of maintaining a given standard of living, or level of utility.

Government finance

Government revenue is reported at the end of the fiscal year and government expenditures are reported at the end of the fiscal year.

Money & banking

The money supply is the total amount of money in circulation in a country and the interest rates that are available for various lending instruments.

International trade

Exports of goods and services – merchandise trade comprise goods leaving the statistical territory of a country.

Balance of payments

The number of transactions (other than those in financial items) that involve economic values and occur between resident and non-residents entities.

Agriculture & Land Use

The established land area under either public or private ownership that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives, presented in physical units.

Resource use

The volume of fish brought ashore, the amount of forest area or trees cut in physical units or value as well as the value of raw materials extracted from the earth presented in physical units or value.

Energy

Total energy consumed by end-users, such as households, industry, and agriculture.

Pollution

The amount of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone, and chloro-fluorocarbons occurring naturally and resulting from human (production and consumption) activities, and contributing to the greenhouse effect (global warming), presented in physical units.

Built environment

Percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources and the percentage of the population having access to and using improved sanitation facilities. It includes also the number or percentage of households by a total number of rooms or bedrooms, the number or percentage of households that have access to electricity, and the number or percentage of households by construction material type for roofs, floors, walls, etc.

Population & vital statistics

The number of people living in a given area at a certain time, the number of babies born every year per inhabitant, and the number of people who died every year per inhabitant.

Education facilities

The number of educational institutions in a country, rooms where classes are held in educational institutions in a country, professional personnel directly involved in teaching students, and the amount of money spent on education in a country in any currency.

Life expectancy at birth-female

The average number of years that a newborn could expect to live, if he or she were to pass through life exposed to the sex- and age-specific death rates prevailing at the time of his or her birth, for a specific year, in a given country, territory, or geographic area.

Life expectancy at birth-male

The average number of years that a newborn could expect to live, if he or she were to pass through life exposed to the sex- and age-specific death rates prevailing at the time of his or her birth, for a specific year, in a given country, territory, or geographic area.

Expected years of schooling-female

Expected years of schooling is the number of years a child of school entrance age is expected to spend at school, or university, including years spent on repetition. It is the sum of the age-specific enrolment ratios for primary, secondary, post-secondary non-tertiary and tertiary education

Mean years of schooling-female

estimates the average number of years of total schooling adults aged 25 years and older have received.

Expected years of schooling-male

Expected years of schooling is the number of years a child of school entrance age is expected to spend at school, or university, including years spent on repetition. It is the sum of the age-specific enrolment ratios for primary, secondary, post-secondary non-tertiary and tertiary education

Mean years of schooling-male

estimates the average number of years of total schooling adults aged 25 years and older have received.

Gross national income (GNI) per capita-female

GNI per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP). PPP GNI is gross national income (GNI) converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GNI as a U.S. dollar has in the United States. GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in constant 2017 international dollars.

Gross national income (GNI) per capita-male

GNI per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP). PPP GNI is gross national income (GNI) converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GNI as a U.S. dollar has in the United States. GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in constant 2017 international dollars.

Labor force participation rate

Proportion of a country’s working-age (15–64) female population that engages actively in the labor market, either by working or looking for work. (i.e. ratio of the number of women participating in the labor force to total labor force). Labor force data doesn’t take into account workers employed abroad. It includes ILO estimates for missing data.

Wage equality for similar work

Response to the survey question, “In your country, for similar work, to what extent are wages for women equal to those of men?” (1 = not at all, significantly below those of men; 7 = fully, equal to those of men).

Estimated earned income

The estimated female earned income is a proxy for how much command women have over a country’s economic resources. For each country, it is computed using female and male shares of the economically active population, the ratio of the female to male wages (both sourced from (both indicators are sourced from ILO), gross domestic product valued at constant 2017 international dollars (IMF), and female and male shares of population (World Bank). The methodology used to compute this indicator is adapted from the methodology developed by the United Nations Development Program’s Human Development Report Office for computing the Gender Development Index (UNDP, 2020, page 6-7). Female and male wage measures used in the computation of the gender wage ratio correspond to the mean nominal monthly earnings of female and male employees, respectively. In the absence of wage data, a gender wage ratio of 0.75 is used in the computation of the wage bill. ILO’s measure of earning corresponds to the mean of monthly earnings of all employees in nominal terms. The earnings of employees relate to the gross remuneration in cash and in kind paid to employees, as a rule at regular intervals, for time worked or work done together with remuneration for time not worked, such as annual vacation, other type of paid leave or holidays. Earnings exclude employers’ contributions in respect of their employees paid to social security and pension schemes and also the benefits received estimated average annual earned income per capita in constant 2017 international dollars for women and men, respectively, and the ratio of the two values.

Legislators, senior officials and managers

Ratio of women to men employed in senior roles, defined by the International Labor Organization as those who plan, direct, coordinate and evaluate the overall activities of enterprises, governments and other organizations, or of organizational units within them, and formulate and review their policies, laws, rules and regulations. It corresponds to Major Group 1 of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08)

Professional and technical workers

Ratio of women to men employed in professional and technical roles, defined by the International Labor Organization as those who increase the existing stock of knowledge, apply scientific or artistic concepts and theories or those who perform technical and related tasks that require advanced knowledge and skill. It corresponds to the sum of Major Groups 2 and 3 of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08).

Literacy rate

Percentage of the adult population (over 15 years of age) of each gender with the ability to both read and write and make simple arithmetic calculations.

Enrollment in primary education

Percentage of girls and boys in the official primary school age range (net rate) who are enrolled in primary education (International Standard Classification of Education [ISCED] 1)

Enrollment in secondary education

Percentage of girls and boys in the official secondary school age range (net rate) who are enrolled in secondary education (ISCED 2 and 3). It excludes ISCED 4, which is post-secondary, non-tertiary education. Whenever data on this indicator is not available, the “Percentage of students in secondary education (ISCED 2 and 3) who are female” variable is used instead.

Enrollment in tertiary education

Total enrolment in tertiary education (gross rate), regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the most recent five-year age cohort that has left secondary school. Tertiary education consists of ISCED levels 5 to 8, and gross enrolment data should be examined within the context of a country structure regarding military service as well as propensity of students to seek education abroad.

Sex ratio at birth

Sex ratio at birth refers to male births per female births. The data are 5 year averages.

Healthy life expectancy

Average number of years that a person of each gender can expect to live in full health, calculated by taking into account years lived in less than full health due to disease and/or injury.

Women in parliament

Percentage of women holding parliamentary seats as a share of total parliamentary seats. In instances where a parliamentary system is bicameral, the figure used is the one for the lower house.

Women in ministerial positions

Percentage of women holding ministerial portfolios as a share of total ministry positions in each government. Some overlap between ministers and heads of government that also hold a ministerial portfolio may occur.

Years with female/male head of state (last 50)

The number of years in the past fifty-year period for which a woman has held a post equivalent to an elected head of state or head of government in the country. It takes into account prime ministers and/or presidents, royalties are not considered. It takes into account prime ministers and/or presidents, and royalties are not considered.

Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on a woman choosing where to live. The answer is “No” if there are explicit restrictions on a woman choosing where to live, if there are legal restrictions on a woman choosing where to live, if the husband chooses the marital home or has more weight in determining where the family will live, or if a woman’s domicile automatically follows that of her husband.

Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on a woman traveling alone domestically. The answer is “No” if permission, additional documentation, or the presence of her husband or guardian is required for a woman to travel alone domestically; or a woman must justify her reasons for leaving the home; or leaving the home without a valid reason is considered disobedience with legal consequences, such as loss of right to maintenance.

Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if there are no gender differences in passport application procedures. The answer is “No” if an adult woman needs the permission or signature of her husband, father or other relative or guardian to apply for a passport; or passport application procedures or forms require a woman to provide details about her husband, father, or other relative or guardian; or passport application procedures or forms require a woman to provide details about her husband, father, or other relative or guardian or additional documents such as a marriage certificate and if the same is not required of a man.

Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on a woman traveling alone internationally. The answer is “No” if permission, additional documentation, or the presence of her husband or a guardian is required for a woman to leave the country; or the law requires a married woman to accompany her husband out of the country if he wishes her to do so.

Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on a woman’s legal capacity and ability to get a job or pursue a trade or profession. The answer is “No” if a husband can prevent his wife from working; or permission or additional documentation is required for a woman to work but not a man; or it is considered a form of disobedience with legal consequences, such as loss of maintenance, for a woman to work contrary to her husband’s wishes or the interests of the family.

Does the law prohibit discrimination in employment based on gender

The answer is "Yes" if the law prohibits employers from discriminating based on sex or gender or mandates equal treatment of women and men in employment. The answer is "No" if the law does not prohibit such discrimination or only prohibits it in one aspect of employment, such as pay or dismissal.

Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment

The answer is “Yes” if legal provisions specifically protect against sexual harassment in employment, including unwelcome verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature. The answer is “No” if there is no legislation specifically addressing sexual harassment in employment; or the law addresses harassment in general but makes no reference to acts of a sexual nature or contact; or states only that the employer has a duty to prevent sexual harassment but no provisions prohibit it or provide sanctions or other forms of redress.

Are there criminal penalties or civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment

The answer is “Yes” if the law establishes criminal sanctions, such as fines or imprisonment, for sexual harassment in employment; or the provision in the criminal code provides for reparation of damages for offenses covered by the code; or the law provides for civil remedies or compensation for victims of sexual harassment in employment or the workplace, even after dismissal of the victims. The answer is “No” if the law establishes neither criminal sanctions for sexual harassment in employment nor civil remedies or compensation for victims of sexual harassment in employment; or the law only prohibits sexual harassment in employment and sets forth that the employer should apply discretionary sanctions.

Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value

The answer is "Yes" if employers are legally obliged to pay equal remuneration to male and female employees who perform work of equal value in accordance with these definitions. The answer is "No" if the law limits the principle of equal remuneration to equal work, the same work, similar work or work of a similar nature; or the law limits the broad concept of “remuneration” to only basic wages or salary.

Can a woman work at night in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if a woman who is not pregnant and not nursing can work at night in the same way as a man; or restrictions on women’s ability to work at night do not apply to the food retail sector; or women’s consent to work at night is required; or an employer needs to comply with safety measures. The answer is “No” if the law broadly prohibits a woman, including one with children over the age of one, from working at night or limits the hours that she can work at night; or the law gives the relevant authority the power to restrict or prohibit a woman’s ability to work at night, regardless of the content of any decisions issued by that authority.

Can a woman work in a job deemed dangerous in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if no laws prohibit or restrict a woman who is not pregnant and not nursing from working in a broad and subjective category of jobs deemed hazardous, arduous, or morally inappropriate. The answer is “No” if the law prohibits or restricts a woman’s ability to work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous, or morally inappropriate; or the relevant authority can determine whether particular jobs are too hazardous, arduous, or morally inappropriate for a woman but not for a man, regardless of the content of any decisions issued by that authority.

Can a woman work in an industrial job in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if a woman who is not pregnant and not nursing can work in the mining, construction, manufacturing, energy, water, agriculture, and transportation industries in the same way as a man. The answer is “No” if the law prohibits a woman from working in any of these industries; or a woman’s employment in the relevant industries is restricted in any way, such as by prohibiting her from working at night in “industrial undertakings;” or by giving the relevant authority the power to prohibit or restrict her ability to work in certain jobs or industries, regardless of the content of any decisions issued by that authority.

Is there no legal provision that requires a married woman to obey her husband

The answer is "Yes" if there is no provision requiring a married woman to obey her husband. The answer is "No" if there is an explicit provision stating that a married woman must obey her husband or if disobeying the husband has legal ramifications for a married woman, such as loss of her right to maintenance.

Can a woman be head of household in the same way as a man

The answer is "Yes" if there are no restrictions on a woman being head of household or head of family. The answer is "No" if the law designates the husband as head of household or stipulates that he leads the family; or a male is designated as the default family member who receives the family book or equivalent document that is needed for accessing services.

Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence

The answer is “Yes” if there is legislation addressing domestic violence that includes criminal sanctions or provides for protection orders for domestic violence. The answer is “No” if there is no legislation addressing domestic violence, if the domestic violence legislation does not provide for sanctions or protection orders, or if only a specific category of women or family member is protected; or there is only a provision that increases penalties for general crimes covered in the criminal code if committed between spouses or within the family.

Can a woman obtain a judgment of divorce in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if the process to obtain a judgment of divorce is equal for a woman and a man or provides additional protections for a woman, such as prohibiting a husband from initiating divorce proceedings while his wife is pregnant. The answer is “No” if there are procedural or evidentiary differences for a woman seeking a judgment of divorce; or only a man can initiate divorce proceedings; or divorce is not legally allowed.

Does a woman have the same rights to remarry as a man

The answer is “Yes” if a woman and a man have equal rights to remarry. The answer is “No” if the law limits a woman’s right to remarry, such as by requiring a waiting period before remarriage to which a man is not subject; or divorce is not legally allowed.

Is paid leave of at least 14 weeks available to mothers

The answer is “Yes” if mothers are legally entitled to at least 14 weeks (98 calendar days) of paid leave for the birth of a child through maternity leave, parental leave or a combination of both. The answer is “No” the law does not establish paid leave for mothers, or if the length of paid leave is less than 14 weeks.

Does the government administer 100% of maternity leave benefits

The answer is “Yes” if leave benefits are fully administered by a government entity, including compulsory social insurance schemes (such as social security), public funds, government-mandated private insurance or employer reimbursement of any maternity leave benefits paid directly to an employee. The answer is “No” if any of the cost is shared by the employer; or contributions or taxes are mandated only for female employees, if the social insurance scheme that provides maternity leave benefits is optional, or if no paid leave is available to expectant and new mothers.

Is there paid leave available to fathers

The answer is “Yes” if fathers are legally entitled to at least one day of paid paternity leave for the birth of a child, or if the law reserves a portion of paid parental leave specifically for fathers—that is, through “use-it-or-lose-it” policies or fathers’ quotas; or fathers are individually entitled to paid parental leave. The answer is “No” if the law does not guarantee fathers any paid paternity leave or other specific leave for the birth of a child; or allowances for the birth of a child must be deducted from annual or sick leave.

Is there paid parental leave

The answer is “Yes” if parents are legally entitled to some form of full-time paid parental leave, either shared between mother and father (at least two weeks) or as an individual entitlement that each can take regardless of the other (at least one week each); or the duration of paid maternity leave and paid paternity leave is the same. The answer is “No” if the law does not mandate any form of paid parental leave.

Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited

he answer is “Yes” if the law explicitly prohibits the dismissal of pregnant women, if pregnancy cannot serve as grounds for termination of a contract, or if dismissal of pregnant workers is considered a form of unlawful termination, unfair dismissal, or wrongful discharge. The answer is “No” if there are no provisions prohibiting the dismissal of pregnant workers, or if the law only prohibits the dismissal of pregnant workers during maternity leave, for a limited period of the pregnancy, or when their pregnancy results in illness or disability.

Does the law prohibit discrimination in access to credit based on gender

The answer is “Yes” if the law prohibits discrimination by creditors based on sex or gender or prescribes equal access for both men and women when conducting financial transactions or entrepreneurial activities, or if the law prohibits gender discrimination when accessing goods and services. The answer is “No” if the law does not prohibit such discrimination or if the law does not provide for effective remedies.

Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if a woman obtains full legal capacity upon reaching the age of majority and there are no restrictions on her signing legally binding contracts. The answer is “No” if a woman has limited legal capacity to sign a contract or needs the signature, consent, or permission of her husband or guardian to do so.

Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on a woman registering a business. The answer is “No” if a woman has limited legal capacity to register a business, including situations in which she needs her husband’s or guardian’s permission, signature or consent to register a business.; or the registration process at any stage requires a woman to provide additional information or documentation that is not required of a man.

Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on a woman opening a bank account. The answer is “No” if a woman has limited legal capacity or is required to provide any additional permission or documentation that is not required of a man; or legal provisions limit the ability of a woman to open a bank account, such as stating that only a married woman who is separately employed from her husband may open a bank account in her own name.

Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property

The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on women’s legal capacity and rights to immovable property. The answer is “No” if women's rights to own or administer property are legally restricted, or if there are gender differences in the legal treatment of spousal property, such as granting the husband administrative control of marital property, or for cases in which customary law is prevalent, if there is no statutory law that recognizes equal property rights.

Do sons and daughters have equal rights to inherit assets from their parents

The answer is “Yes” if sons and daughters have the same rights to inherit assets from their parents. The answer is “No” if there are gender-based differences in the recognition of children as heirs to property .

Do male and female surviving spouses have equal rights to inherit assets

The answer is “Yes” if surviving spouses of either gender with no living children have the same inheritance rights. The answer is “No” if there are gender-based differences in the inheritance rights of surviving spouses.

Does the law grant spouses equal administrative authority over assets during marriage

The answer is “Yes” if spouses retain administrative power over those assets each brought to the marriage or acquired during marriage, and their accrued value, without the need for spousal consent; or spouses administer their separate property, but for major transactions, such as selling or pledging the property as collateral, spousal consent is required or if both spouses have equal rights in the administration and transaction of joint property. The answer is “No” if the husband has administrative rights over all property, including any separate property of the wife, or if the husband's word prevails in case of disagreement; or customary law (which often discriminates against women) is prevalent, if there is no statutory law that recognizes equal property administration.

Does the law provide for the valuation of nonmonetary contributions

The answer is “Yes” if there is an explicit legal recognition of such contributions and the law provides for equal or equitable division of the property or the transfer of a lump sum to the stay-at-home spouse based on nonmonetary contributions; or the default marital property regime is full community, partial community, or deferred community of property because these regimes implicitly recognize nonmonetary contributions at the time of property division and benefit both spouses regardless of who purchased the property or holds title to it. The answer is “No” if the default marital property regime is not a form of community of property and there is no explicit legal provision providing for equal or equitable division of property based on nonmonetary contributions.

Is the age at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits the same

The answer is “Yes” if the statutory age at which men and women can retire and receive an irrevocable minimum old-age pension is the same. The answer is “No” if there is a difference in the statutory age or if there is no mandatory pension scheme implemented for private sector workers.

Is the age at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits the same

The answer is “Yes” if the age at which men and women can retire and receive partial pension benefits is the same or if the age at which men and women can retire and receive partial benefits is not mandated. The answer is “No” if the age at which men and women can retire and receive partial pension benefits is different or if there is no mandatory pension scheme implemented for private sector workers.

Is the mandatory retirement age for men and women the same

The answer is “Yes” if the legally established age at which men and women must retire is the same or if there is no mandatory retirement age. The answer is “No” if the age at which men and women must retire is different.

Are periods of absence due to childcare accounted for in pension benefits

The answer is “Yes” if pension contributions are paid or credited during maternity or parental leave or the leave period is considered a qualifying period of employment used for the purpose of calculating pension benefits; or there are mechanisms to compensate for any contribution gaps and to ensure that the leave period does not reduce the assessment base or pension amounts or if there are no mandatory contributory pension schemes, but there is a noncontributory universal social pension conditioned on noncontributory requirements with no means test attached. The answer is “No” if there are no compensating pension arrangements for periods of childcare or if there is no mandatory contributory pension scheme for private sector workers and no noncontributory universal social pension.

Does the law address child marriage?

A score of 1 is assigned if (1) the legal age of marriage—the age at which girls and boys are free to marry without parental or an authority’s consent—is at least 18 for both girls and boys; (2) the law does not provide for exceptions to the legal age of marriage based on parental consent; (3) marriage in violation of the age requirements is void or voidable; and (4) the law establishes penalties for anyone who allows, registers, or celebrates marriages in violation of the age requirements or for any party to the marriage who is over the legal age and knowingly enters into such a marriage. A score of 0 is assigned if the legal age of marriage is lower than 18 or the law allows marriage below the legal age with parental consent or the law does not provide that marriage in violation of the age requirements is void or voidable and does not establish penalties for celebrating or authorizing marriage in violation of the age requirements.

Does the law address sexual harassment?

A score of 1 is assigned if the law addresses at least two of the following forms of harassment: (1) sexual harassment in employment—including providing criminal penalties or civil remedies for such conduct; (2) sexual harassment in education establishments against students over the age of 18—including providing criminal penalties or civil remedies for such conduct; (3) sexual harassment in public places, in the public life or sphere, or in transportation—including providing criminal penalties or civil remedies for such conduct—that is not limited to the relationship between the service provider and the user; (4) cyber-harassment or cyber-stalking—that is, any act directed at assisting in or committing any form of violence such as abusive comments, threats, sexual harassment, harassment, or stalking perpetrated through the internet or other electronic means, including applications—that is not limited to the relationship between the provider and the user and includes criminal penalties or civil remedies. A score of 0 is assigned if the law does not address any of the above forms of harassment or addresses only one.

Does the law address domestic violence?

A score of 1 is assigned if the law addresses physical, sexual, psychological, and economic domestic violence, includes criminal sanctions, or provides for protection orders for domestic violence and addresses marital rape. A score of 0 is assigned if the law does not address domestic violence, if the domestic violence law does not address all forms of domestic violence (physical, sexual, psychological, and economic violence), if the domestic violence law does not provide for sanctions or protection orders, or if only a specific category of woman or family member is protected or if the law does not explicitly criminalize marital rape or entitle a wife to file a criminal complaint of rape against her husband or if there is only a provision that increases penalties for general crimes covered in the criminal code if committed between spouses or within the family.

Does the law address femicide?

A score of 1 is assigned if the law criminalizes femicide—that is, the intentional killing of a woman with a gender-related motivation or if the law provides for aggravated penalties for the murder of a woman. A score of 0 is assigned if there is no law criminalizing femicide or establishing aggravated penalties for the murder of a woman.

Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man?

A score of 1 is assigned if there are no restrictions on a woman choosing where to live. A score of 0 is assigned if there are legal restrictions on a woman choosing where to live, if the husband chooses the marital home or has more weight in determining where the family will live, or if a woman’s domicile automatically follows that of her husband.

Can a woman travel internationally in the same way as a man?

A score of 1 is assigned if there are no restrictions on a woman traveling alone domestically or if permission, additional documentation, or the presence of her husband or guardian is required for a woman to travel alone domestically. A score of 0 is also assigned if a woman must justify her reasons for leaving the home or if leaving the home without a valid reason is considered disobedience with legal consequences, such as loss of right to maintenance.

Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man?

A score of 1 is assigned if there are no restrictions on a woman traveling alone internationally or if there are no legal restrictions on a woman applying for a passport. A score of 0 is assigned if permission, additional documentation, or the presence of her husband or a guardian is required for a woman to leave the country or if the law requires a married woman to accompany her husband out of the country if he wishes her to do so or if an adult woman is added to the passport of her husband or needs the permission or signature of her husband, father, or other relative or guardian to apply for a passport.or the law requires a woman to provide details about her husband, father, or other relative or guardian or if she needs to submit additional documents such as a marriage certificate that are not required of a man.

Do a woman and a man have equal rights to confer citizenship on their spouses and their children?

A score of 1 is assigned if there are no legal or procedural differences between women and men in conferring nationality on their children and spouses or if there is no legal difference in the treatment of a foreign wife and a foreign husband. A score of 0 is assigned if the law restricts the capacity of a woman to confer nationality on her foreign spouse or her children or provides different rules for women and men and also assigned if a woman cannot freely access documents required for children to acquire her nationality.

Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man?

A score of 1 is assigned if there are no restrictions on a woman’s legal capacity and ability to get a job or pursue a trade or profession. A score of 0 is assigned if a husband can prevent his wife from working or if permission or additional documentation is required for a woman to work but not a man or if it is considered a form of disobedience with legal consequences, such as loss of maintenance, for a woman to work contrary to her husband’s wishes or the interests of the family.

Does the law explicitly prohibit discrimination in recruitment based on marital status, parental status, and age?

A score of 1 is assigned if the law specifically prohibits employers from discriminating based on marital status, parental status, and age during pre-employment (that is, recruitment and hiring). A score of 0 is assigned if no law specifically prohibits employers from discriminating based on marital status, parental status, and age during pre-employment or if the law prohibits discrimination in recruitment in only one of the aspects analyzed or if the prohibition of discrimination is not applicable to pre-employment practices.

Does the law prohibit discrimination in employment based on gender?

A score of 1 is assigned if the law prohibits employers from discriminating based on gender or mandates equal treatment of women and men in employment. A score of 0 is assigned if the law does not prohibit such discrimination or prohibits it in only one aspect of employment, such as pay or dismissal.

Does the law allow employees to request flexible work?

A score of 1 is assigned if the law grants employees the option of requesting flexible work arrangements, either through flexible time or through remote work. A score of 0 is assigned if the law does not contemplate such options for employees or if the option to request flexible work arrangements is conditional on certain characteristics such as parental status, disabilities, or age of children.

Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value?

A score of 1 is assigned if employers are legally obliged to pay equal remuneration to male and female employees who perform work of equal value in accordance with these definitions. A score of 0 is assigned if the law limits the principle of equal remuneration to equal work, the same work, similar work, or work of a similar nature or if the law limits the broad concept of “remuneration” to only basic wages or salary.

Can a woman work at night in the same way as a man?

The answer is “Yes” if a woman who is not pregnant and not nursing can work at night in the same way as a man; or restrictions on women’s ability to work at night do not apply to the food retail sector; or women’s consent to work at night is required; or an employer needs to comply with safety measures. The answer is “No” if the law broadly prohibits a woman, including one with children over the age of one, from working at night or limits the hours that she can work at night; or the law gives the relevant authority the power to restrict or prohibit a woman’s ability to work at night, regardless of the content of any decisions issued by that authority.

Can a woman work in a job deemed dangerous in the same way as a man?

The answer is “Yes” if no laws prohibit or restrict a woman who is not pregnant and not nursing from working in a broad and subjective category of jobs deemed hazardous, arduous, or morally inappropriate. The answer is “No” if the law prohibits or restricts a woman’s ability to work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous, or morally inappropriate; or the relevant authority can determine whether particular jobs are too hazardous, arduous, or morally inappropriate for a woman but not for a man, regardless of the content of any decisions issued by that authority.

Can a woman work in an industrial job in the same way as a man?

The answer is “Yes” if a woman who is not pregnant and not nursing can work in the mining, construction, manufacturing, energy, water, agriculture, and transportation industries in the same way as a man. The answer is “No” if the law prohibits a woman from working in any of these industries; or a woman’s employment in the relevant industries is restricted in any way, such as by prohibiting her from working at night in “industrial undertakings;” or by giving the relevant authority the power to prohibit or restrict her ability to work in certain jobs or industries, regardless of the content of any decisions issued by that authority.

Is the law free of legal provisions that require a married woman to obey her husband?

The answer is "Yes" if there is no provision requiring a married woman to obey her husband. The answer is "No" if there is an explicit provision stating that a married woman must obey her hushusband or if disobeying the husband has legal ramifications for a married woman, such as loss of her right to maintenance.

Can a woman be “head of household” or “head of family” in the same way as a man?

The answer is "Yes" if there are no restrictions on a woman being head of household or head of family. The answer is "No" if the law designates the husband as head of household or stipulates that he leads the family; or a male is designated as the default family member who receives the family book or equivalent document that is needed for accessing services.

Can a woman obtain a judgment of divorce in the same way as a man?

The answer is “Yes” if the process to obtain a judgment of divorce is equal for a woman and a man or provides additional protections for a woman, such as prohibiting a husband from initiating divorce proceedings while his wife is pregnant. The answer is “No” if there are procedural or evidentiary differences for a woman seeking a judgment of divorce; or only a man can initiate divorce proceedings; or divorce is not legally allowerd.

Does a woman have the same rights to remarry as a man?

The answer is “Yes” if a woman and a man have equal rights to remarry. The answer is “No” if the law limits a woman’s right to remarry, such as by requiring a waiting period before remarriage to which a man is not subject; or divorce is not legally allowed.

Is paid leave of at least 14 weeks available to mothers?

The answer is “Yes” if mothers are legally entitled to at least 14 weeks (98 calendar days) of paid leave for the birth of a child through maternity leave, parental leave or a combination of both. The answer is “No” the law does not establish paid leave for mothers, or if the length of paid leave is less than 14 weeks.

Are leave benefits for mothers paid solely by the government?

A score of 1 is assigned if leave benefits are paid by a government entity, including compulsory social insurance schemes (such as social security), public funds, governmentmandated private insurance, or employer reimbursement of any maternity leave benefits paid directly to an employee. A score of 0 is assigned if any of the cost is shared by the employer or if contributions or taxes are mandated only for female employees, if the social insurance scheme that provides maternity leave benefits is optional, or if no paid leave is available to expectant and new mothers.

Is paid leave available to fathers?

The answer is “Yes” if fathers are legally entitled to at least one day of paid paternity leave for the birth of a child, or if the law reserves a portion of paid parental leave specifically for fathers—that is, through “use-it-or-lose-it” policies or fathers’ quotas; or fathers are individually entitled to paid parental leave. The answer is “No” if the law does not guarantee fathers any paid paternity leave or other specific leave for the birth of a child; or allowances for the birth of a child must be deducted from annual or sick leave.

Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited?

The answer is “Yes” if the law explicitly prohibits the dismissal of pregnant women, if pregnancy cannot serve as grounds for termination of a contract, or if dismissal of pregnant workers is considered a form of unlawful termination, unfair dismissal, or wrongful discharge. The answer is “No” if there are no provisions prohibiting the dismissal of pregnant workers, or if the law only prohibits the dismissal of pregnant workers during maternity leave, for a limited period of the pregnancy, or when their pregnancy results in illness or disability.

Does the law establish the provision of center-based childcare services?

A score of 1 is assigned if the law establishes the provision of childcare services for children ages 0–2 years (including 2 years and 11 months) in center-based settings (nurseries, day cares, creches, or formal preschools) by at least one of the following: (1) government, (2) private centers, or (3) employers. A direct legal mandate is not conditional on the number of female employees. A score of 0 is assigned if the law does not establish any provision of center-based childcare services. A score of 0 is also assigned if the law establishes childcare provision solely through a direct government mandate for employers, contingent on the number of female employees.

Does the law establish any form of support for families for childcare services?

A score of 1 if various forms of financial aid or tax benefits are provided to parents for childcare services, including subsidies, allowances, grants, tax credits, deductions, exemptions, and free universal childcare services. Additionally, if financial support is directed to childcare providers or childcare expenses are tax-deductible.a score of 0 is assigned if there is no specific support for childcare services or if the government support lacks clarity on entitlement conditions. Also, if parents receive government aid not explicitly intended for childcare, such as maternity or parental benefits.

Does the law establish any form of support for nonstate childcare providers?

A score of 1 is given if the law provides financial or tax-based support to private childcare centers or employers offering childcare services, with additional points for public-private partnerships. Non-state providers may also receive points for meeting certain criteria or benefiting from tax incentives. Conversely, a score of 0 is given if there's no support or unclear eligibility criteria.

Does the law establish quality standards for the provision of center-based childcare services?

A score of 1 is given if the law mandates quality standards for center-based childcare, including structural requirements like educator-to-child ratios or group sizes, workforce qualifications, and quality assurance mechanisms such as inspections or reporting. A score of 0 is assigned if there are no quality standards mandated by law, if only one or two parameters are covered, or if compliance is recommended but not required.

Can a woman undertake entrepreneurial activities in the same way as a man?

A score of 1 is assigned if the law prohibits discrimination by creditors based on gender or prescribes equal access for both women and men when conducting financial transactions or entrepreneurial activities. A score of 1 is also assigned if the law prohibits gender discrimination when accessing goods and services (and services are defined to include financial services). A score of 0 is assigned if the law does not prohibit such discrimination or if the law does not provide for effective remedies.

Does the law prohibit discrimination in access to credit based on gender?

The answer is “Yes” if the law prohibits discrimination by creditors based on sex or gender or prescribes equal access for both men and women when conducting financial transactions or entrepreneurial activities, or if the law prohibits gender discrimination when accessing goods and services. The answer is “No” if the law does not prohibit such discrimination or if the law does not provide for effective remedies.

Does the law prescribe a gender quota for corporate boards?

A score of 1 is assigned if the law mandates a specific numerical or percentage-based quota for the inclusion of women on corporate boards of private sector enterprises or publicly listed companies. A score of 0 is assigned if the law does not mandate a specific numerical or percentage-based quota for the inclusion of women on the corporate boards of private sector enterprises or if the law only outlines voluntary targets for female representation on boards, emphasizes the importance of diversity at the board level, or requires diversity reporting or if private sector initiatives that are not legally binding prescribe a quota.

Does the law include gender-sensitive procurement provisions for public procurement processes?

A score of 1 is assigned if the law mandates gender-sensitive criteria in the public procurement process or if the relevant laws either explicitly establish measures that benefit women in the award process, such as exclusion grounds, selection criteria, award criteria, or tie-breaker provisions, or, more broadly, seek to promote gender-responsive business practices. A score of 0 is assigned if the law does not mandate any gender-sensitive criteria in the public procurement process or if meas ures related to the promotion of socially responsible public procurement are included in the relevant laws without specifically mentioning gender or women.

Do a woman and a man have equal administrative power and ownership rights to immovable property, including land?

A score of 1 is given if spouses have equal administrative authority and ownership rights over immovable property, including land, without needing spousal consent for transactions or If spousal consent is required for major transactions or if both spouses have equal rights in managing joint property. A score of 0 is assigned if the husband has sole administrative authority over marital property, or if a woman's property rights are legally restricted in any manner.

Do sons and daughters have equal rights to inherit assets?

A score of 1 is assigned if sons and daughters have the same rights to inherit assets from their parents. A score of 0 is assigned if there are gender-based differences in the recognition of children as heirs to property.

Do male and female surviving spouses have equal rights to inherit assets?

A score of 1 is assigned if surviving spouses of either gender with no living children have the same inheritance rights. A score of 0 is assigned if there are gender-based differences in the inheritance rights of surviving spouses.

Does the law provide for the valuation of nonmonetary contributions?

A score of 1 is given if the law explicitly recognizes nonmonetary contributions in property division and ensures equal or equitable distribution based on such contributions. Additionally, if the default marital property regime acknowledges nonmonetary contributions implicitly, such as through community property regimes. A score of 0 is given if there is no explicit legal provision for equitable property division based on nonmonetary contributions, and if the default regime does not recognize community property principles.

Are the ages at which a woman and a man can retire with full pension benefits the same?

The answer is “Yes” if the statutory age at which men and women can retire and receive an irrevocable minimum old-age pension is the same. The answer is “No” if there is a difference in the statutory age or if there is no mandatory pension scheme implemented for private sector workers.

Are the ages at which a woman and a man can retire with partial pension benefits the same?

The answer is “Yes” if the age at which men and women can retire and receive partial pension benefits is the same or if the age at which men and women can retire and receive partial benefits is not mandated. The answer is “No” if the age at which men and women can retire and receive partial pension benefits is different or if there is no mandatory pension scheme implemented for private sector workers.

Is the mandatory retirement age for a woman and a man the same?

The answer is “Yes” if the legally established age at which men and women must retire is the same or if there is no mandatory retirement age. The answer is “No” if the age at which men and women must retire is different.

Are periods of absence due to childcare accounted for in pension benefits?

The answer is “Yes” if pension contributions are paid or credited during maternity or parental leave or the leave period is considered a qualifying period of employment used for the purpose of calculating pension benefits; or there are mechanisms to compensate for any contribution gaps and to ensure that the leave period does not reduce the assessment base or pension amounts or if there are no mandatory contributory pension schemes, but there is a noncontributory universal social pension conditioned on noncontributory requirements with no means test attached. The answer is “No” if there are no compensating pension arrangements for periods of childcare or if there is no mandatory contributory pension scheme for private sector workers and no noncontributory universal social pension.

Education (years)

Average number of years of education received by women ages 25 and older, converted from educational attainment using official durations of each level.

Financial inclusion (%)

The percentage of women ages 15 and older who reported having an account alone or jointly at a bank or another type of financial institution or personally using a mobile money service.

Employment (%)

The number of employed women ages 25–64, expressed as a percentage of the total female population in that age group

Cell phone use (%)

The percentage of women ages 15 years and older responding 'Yes' to Gallup World Poll question' Do you have a mobile phone that you use to make and receive personal calls?

Parliamentary representation (%)

The percentage of seats held by women in lower and upper houses of national parliaments.

Absence of legal discrimination (aggregate score)

The absence of legal discrimination indicator measures the degree (0 to 100) to which the laws and regulations differentiate between women and men, or protect womens opportunities, across 35 aspects of life and work.

Sex ratio at birth (male to female ratio)

Ratio of male births per female births

Discriminatory norms (%)

Percentage of males ages 15 years and older who responded 'No' to the Gallup World Poll question' Is it acceptable any woman in your family to have paid jobs outside their home if she wants one?

Access to justice

Extent (on a scale of 0–4) to which women are able to exercise justice by bringing cases before the courts without risk to their personal safety, participating in a free trial, and seeking redress if public authorities violate their rights

Maternal mortality ratio

Number of maternal deaths due to pregnancy- related causes per 100,000 live births

Perception of community safety (%)

Percentage of females ages 15 years and older who responded 'Yes' to the Gallup World Poll question' Do you feel safe walking alone at night in the city or area where you live?

Intimate partner violence (%)

The percentage of women who experienced physical or sexual violence committed by their intimate partner 12 months preceding the survey from which the information is gathered.

Organized violence (battle deaths per 100,000 people)

Total number of battle deaths from state and non-state, or one-sided conflicts per 100,000 people. State-based conflict is armed conflict between two states or between a state and rebel groups or militias or between groups with different ethnic, clan, or religious identification. One-sided violence is use of armed force by the government or a formally organized group against civilians.

Community safety (%)

Percentage of women and girls ages 15 and older who responded “Yes” to the Gallup World Poll question “Do you feel safe walking alone at night in the city or area where you live?”

Political violence targeting women

Number of civilian- targeting events in which women or girls are the primary target of the violence, expressed as the number of events per 100,000 women

Proximity to conflict

Percentage of women who lived within 50 kilometers of at least one armed conflict event during the period 2021–2022

Share of individuals using the Internet

All individuals who have used the Internet in the last 3 month are counted as Internet users. The Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV etc

Share of individuals with an account

The percent of population that ages 15+ and has an account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider

Secure Internet servers

The number of distinct, publicly-trusted TLS/SSL certificates found in the Netcraft Secure Server Survey

UPU postal reliability score

UPU postal reliability index considers the reliability, reach, relevance and resilience of the postal service

Healthy life expectancy at birth, years

Healthy life expectancy at birth is the average number of years that a person can expect to live in full health by taking into account years lived in less than full health due to disease and/or injury. The selected minimum and maximum values are 20 and 75, respectively.

Expected years of schooling

Expected years of schooling is the number of years a child of school entrance age is expected to spend at school, or university, including years spent on repetition. The selected minimum and maximum values are 0 and 18, respectively.

Mean years of schooling

Mean years of schooling is the average number of years of education completed by a country's population (25 years and older) excluding years spent repeating grades. The selected minimum and maximum values are 0 and 15, respectively.

Harmonized test scores

The harmonized test scores provide a standardized measurement of learning outcomes across countries and time on the basis of scores obtained in a number of key international student achievement tests. The selected maximum value is 581.

Inequality Income

Gross national income (GNI) per capita (constant 2017 PPP$)

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) GNI is gross national income (GNI) converted to international dollars using PPP rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GNI as a U.S. dollar has in the United States. GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. The selected minimum and maximum values are 100 and 75000, respectively.

Material footprint per capita

Material footprint is the attribution of global material extraction to domestic final demand of a country. The total material footprint is the sum of the material footprint for biomass, fossil fuels, metal ores and non-metal ores. The selected minimum and maximum values are 0 and 60, respectively.

PM2.5 exposure

PM2.5 exposure is measured using the number of age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years lost per 100,000 persons (DALY rate) due to exposure to fine air particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5). The selected minimum and maximum values are 118.458 and 3961.869, respectively.

Household solid fuels

Household solid fuels is measured using the number of age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years lost per 100,000 persons (DALY rate) due to exposure to household air pollution (HAP) from the use of household solid fuels. The selected minimum and maximum values are 0.8433 and 10588.0738, respectively.

Ozone exposure

Ozone exposure is measured using the number of age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years lost per 100,000 persons (DALY rate) due to exposure to ground-level ozone pollution. The selected minimum and maximum values are 0.8278 and 245.4382, respectively.

Unsafe sanitation

Unsafe sanitation is measured using the number of age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years lost per 100,000 persons (DALY rate) due to their exposure to inadequate sanitation facilities. The selected minimum and maximum values are 1.6145 and 4439.9447, respectively.

Unsafe drinking water

"Unsafe drinking water is measured using the number of age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years lost per 100,000 persons (DALY rate) due to exposure to unsafe drinking water. The selected minimum and maximum values are 2.3585 and 5889.3255, respectively."

Lead exposure

Lead exposure is measured using the number of age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years lost per 100,000 persons (DALY rate) due to lead contamination in the environment. The selected minimum and maximum values are 23.323 and 1389.7858, respectively.

Carbon Dioxide (C02) emissions per capita (production)

Total carbon dioxide emissions produced as a consequence of human activities (use of coal, oil and gas for combustion and industrial processes, gas flaring and cement manufacture), divided by midyear population. The selected minimum and maximum values are 0 and 25, respectively.

Energy efficiency (megajoules per USD constant 2011 PPP GDP)

Energy efficiency (or energy intensity) is the energy supplied to the economy per unit value of economic output. The selected minimum and maximum values are 0.11 and 12, respectively.

Controlled solid waste

Controlled solid waste refers to the proportion of household and commercial waste generated in a country that is collected and treated in a manner that controls environmental risks. This metric counts waste as “controlled” if it is treated through recycling, composting, anaerobic digestion, incineration, or disposed of in a sanitary landfill. The selected minimum and maximum values are 0 and 1, respectively.

Transparent Laws With Predictable Enforcement

Transparent laws with predictable enforcement focuses on the extent to which the laws of the land are clear, well publicized, coherent (consistent with each other), relatively stable from year to year, and enforced in a predictable manner. The selected minimum and maximum values are -3.635 and 3.828, respectively.

Executive Oversight

Executive oversight focuses on how likely it is that a body other than the legislature, such as a comptroller general, general prosecutor, or ombudsman, would question or investigate executive branch officials and issue an unfavorable decision or report if they were engaged in unconstitutional, illegal, or unethical activity. The selected minimum and maximum values are -2.6 and 3.362, respectively.

Judicial Accountability

Judicial accountability focuses on how often judges are removed from their posts or otherwise disciplined when they are found responsible for serious misconduct. The selected minimum and maximum values are -2.595 and 3.615, respectively.

Access to Justice index

Rigorous and Impartial Public Administration

Rigorous and impartial public administration focuses on the extent to which public officials generally abide by the law and treat like cases alike, or conversely, the extent to which public administration is characterized by arbitrariness and biases (i.e., nepotism, cronyism, or discrimination). The selected minimum and maximum values are -3.752 and 4.006, respectively.

CSO consultation

CSO consultation focuses on whether major civil society organizations (CSOs) are routinely consulted by policymakers on policies relevant to their members. The selected minimum and maximum values are -2.476 and 3.62, respectively.

CSO participatory environment

"CSO participatory environment focuses on the involvement of people in civil society organizations (CSOs). The selected minimum and maximum values are -3.325 and 3.178, respectively."

Government effectiveness

Government effectiveness captures perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government's commitment to such policies. The selected minimum and maximum values are -2.48 and 2.44, respectively.

Procedures (number) - Men

A procedure is defined as any interaction of the company founders with external parties (for example, government agencies, lawyers, auditors, or notaries) or spouses (if legally required). Interactions between company founders or company officers and employees are not counted as procedures. Procedures that must be completed in the same building but in different offices or at different counters are counted as separate procedures.

Procedures (number) - Women

A procedure is defined as any interaction of the company founders with external parties (for example, government agencies, lawyers, auditors, or notaries) or spouses (if legally required). Interactions between company founders or company officers and employees are not counted as procedures. Procedures that must be completed in the same building but in different offices or at different counters are counted as separate procedures.

Time (days) - Men

Time is recorded in calendar days. The measure captures the median duration that incorporation lawyers or notaries indicate is necessary in practice to complete a procedure with minimum follow-up with government agencies and no unofficial payments. It is assumed that the minimum time required for each procedure is one day, except for procedures that can be fully completed online, for which the minimum time required is recorded as half a day.

Time (days) - Women

Time is recorded in calendar days. The measure captures the median duration that incorporation lawyers or notaries indicate is necessary in practice to complete a procedure with minimum follow-up with government agencies and no unofficial payments. It is assumed that the minimum time required for each procedure is one day, except for procedures that can be fully completed online, for which the minimum time required is recorded as half a day.

Cost - Men (% of income per capita)

Cost is recorded as a percentage of the economy’s income per capita. It includes all official fees and fees for legal or professional services if such services are required by law or commonly used in practice. Fees for purchasing and legalizing company books are included if these transactions are required by law. Although VAT registration can be counted as a separate procedure, VAT is not part of the incorporation cost.

Cost - Women (% of income per capita)

Cost is recorded as a percentage of the economy’s income per capita. It includes all official fees and fees for legal or professional services if such services are required by law or commonly used in practice. Fees for purchasing and legalizing company books are included if these transactions are required by law. Although VAT registration can be counted as a separate procedure, VAT is not part of the incorporation cost.

Minimum capital (% of income per capita)

The paid-in minimum capital requirement reflects the amount that the entrepreneur needs to deposit in a bank or with a third party (for example, a notary) before registration or up to three months after incorporation. It is recorded as a percentage of the economy’s income per capita. The amount is typically specified in the commercial code or the company law. The legal provision needs to be adopted, enforced, and fully implemented. Any legal limitation of the company’s operations or decisions related to the payment of the minimum capital requirement is recorded. In case the legal minimum capital is provided per share, it is multiplied by the number of shareholders owning the company. Many economies require minimum capital but allow businesses to pay only a part of it before registration, with the rest to be paid after the first year of operation.

Procedures (number)

A procedure is any interaction of the building company’s employees, managers, or any party acting on behalf of the company with external parties, including government agencies, notaries, the land registry, the cadaster, utility companies, public inspectors, and any external private inspectors and technical experts hired where needed.

Time (days)

Time is recorded in calendar days. The measure captures the median duration that local experts indicate is necessary to complete a procedure in practice. It is assumed that the minimum time required for each procedure is one day, except for procedures that can be fully completed online, for which the time required is recorded as half a day.

Cost (% of warehouse value)

Cost is recorded as a percentage of the warehouse value (assumed to be 50 times income per capita). Only official costs are recorded. All fees associated with completing the procedures to legally build a warehouse are recorded, including those associated with obtaining land use approvals and preconstruction design clearances; receiving inspections before, during, and after construction; obtaining utility connections; and registering the warehouse at the property registry. Nonrecurring taxes required for the completion of the warehouse project are also recorded. Sales taxes (such as VAT) or capital gains taxes are not recorded, nor are deposits that must be paid up front and are later refunded. The building code, information from local experts, specific regulations, and fee schedules are used as sources for costs. If several local partners provide different estimates, the median reported value is used.

Building quality control index (0–15)

The building quality control index is based on six indexes—the quality of building regulations; quality control before, during, and after construction; liability and insurance regimes; and professional certifications indexes

Procedures (number) - Electricity

Getting electricity / procedure(number): A procedure is defined as any interaction of the company’s employees or its main electrician or electrical engineer (that is, the one who may have done the internal wiring) with external parties, such as the electricity distribution utility, electricity supply utilities, government agencies, electrical contractors, and electrical firms. Interactions between company employees and steps related to the internal electrical wiring, such as the design and execution of the internal electrical installation plans, are not counted as procedures.

Time (days) - Electricity

Getting electricity / Time (days):Time is recorded in calendar days. The measure captures the median duration that the electricity utility and experts indicate is necessary in practice, rather than required by law, to complete a procedure with minimum follow-up and no extra payments. It is assumed that the minimum time required for each procedure is one day. Although procedures may take place simultaneously, they cannot start on the same day (that is, simultaneous procedures start on consecutive days). It is assumed that the company does not waste time and commits to completing each remaining procedure without delay. The time spent by an entrepreneur on preparing information to fill in forms is not measured. It is assumed that the company is aware of all electricity connection requirements and their sequence from the beginning.

Cost (% of income per capita)

Getting electricity / Cost (% of income per capita):Cost is recorded as a percentage of the economy’s income per capita and is exclusive of VAT. All the fees and costs associated with completing the procedures to connect a warehouse to electricity are recorded, including those related to obtaining clearances from government agencies, applying for the connection, receiving inspections of both the site and the internal wiring, purchasing material, getting the actual connection works, and paying a security deposit. Information from local experts and specific regulations and fee schedules are used as sources. If several local partners provide different estimates, the median reported value is used. In all cases the cost excludes bribes.

Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8)

Getting electricity / Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8):Doing Business uses the system average interruption duration index (SAIDI) and the system average interruption frequency index (SAIFI) to measure the duration and frequency of power outages in the largest business city of each economy (for 11 economies the data are also collected for the second-largest business city). SAIDI is the average total duration of outages over the course of a year for each customer served, whereas SAIFI is the average number of service interruptions experienced by a customer in a year.

Procedures (number) - Property

A procedure is defined as any interaction of the buyer, the seller, or their agents (if an agent is legally or in practice required) with external parties, including government agencies, inspectors, public notaries, architects, surveyors, and others.

Time (days) - Property

Time is recorded in calendar days. The measure captures the median duration that property lawyers, notaries, or registry officials indicate is necessary to complete a procedure. It is assumed that the minimum time required for each procedure is one day, except for procedures that can be fully completed online, for which the time required is recorded as half a day.

Cost (% of property value)

Cost is recorded as a percentage of the property value, assumed to be equivalent to 50 times income per capita. Only official costs required by law are recorded, including fees, transfer taxes, stamp duties, and any other payment to the property registry, notaries, public agencies, or lawyers. Other taxes, such as capital gains tax or VAT, are excluded from the cost measure.

Quality of land administration index (0–30)

The quality of land administration index is composed of five other indexes: the reliability of infrastructure, transparency of information, geographic coverage, land dispute resolution, and equal access to property rights. Data are collected for each economy’s largest business city.

Strength of legal rights index (0-12)

The strength of legal rights index measures the degree to which collateral and bankruptcy laws protect the rights of borrowers and lenders and thus facilitate lending. For each economy it is first determined whether a unitary secured transactions system exists.

Depth of credit information index (0-8)

The depth of credit information index measures rules and practices affecting the coverage, scope, and accessibility of credit information available through either a credit bureau or a credit registry.

Extent of disclosure index (0-10)

The extent of disclosure index has five components: • Which corporate body can provide legally sufficient approval for the transaction. • Whether an external body (an independent auditor, for example) must review the transaction before it takes place. • Whether disclosure by Mr. James to the board of directors or the supervisory board is required. • Whether immediate disclosure of the transaction to the public, the regulator, or the shareholders is required • Whether disclosure in periodic filings (for example, annual reports) is required.

Extent of director liability index (0-10)

The extent of director liability index has seven components: • Whether shareholders can sue directly or derivatively for the damage the transaction causes to the company. • Whether a shareholder plaintiff can hold Mr. James liable for the damage the Buyer–Seller transaction causes to the company. • Whether a shareholder plaintiff can hold other executives and directors (the CEO, members of the board of directors, or members of the supervisory board) liable for the damage the transaction causes to the company. • Whether Mr. James pays damages for the harm caused to the company upon a successful claim by the shareholder plaintiff. • Whether Mr. James repays profits made from the transaction upon a successful claim by the shareholder plaintiff. • Whether Mr. James is disqualified upon a successful claim by the shareholder plaintiff. • Whether a court can void the transaction upon a successful claim by a shareholder plaintiff.

Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10)

The ease of shareholder suits index has six components: • Whether shareholders owning 10% of the company’s share capital have the right to inspect the Buyer–Seller transaction documents before filing a suit. • What range of documents is available to the shareholder plaintiff from the defendant and witnesses during trial. • Whether the plaintiff can obtain categories of relevant documents from the defendant without identifying each document specifically. • Whether the plaintiff can directly examine the defendant and witnesses during trial. • Whether the standard of proof for civil suits is lower than that for a criminal case. • Whether shareholder plaintiffs can recover their legal expenses from the company.

Extent of shareholder rights index (0-6)

For each component of the extent of shareholder rights index, The index has six components: • Whether the sale of 51% of Buyer’s assets requires shareholder approval. • Whether shareholders representing 10% of Buyer’s share capital have the right to call for a meeting of shareholders. • Whether Buyer must obtain its shareholders’ approval every time it issues new shares. • Whether shareholders automatically receive preemption rights when Buyer issues new shares. • Whether shareholders elect and dismiss the external auditor. • Whether changes to the rights of a class of shares are only possible if the holders of the affected shares approve.

Extent of ownership and control index (0-7)

For each component of the extent of ownership and control index, . The index has seven components: • Whether the same individual cannot be appointed CEO and chairperson of the board of directors. • Whether the board of directors must include independent non-executive board members. • Whether shareholders can remove members of the board of directors without cause before the end of their term. • Whether the board of directors must have an audit committee. • Whether a potential acquirer must make a tender offer to all shareholders upon acquiring 50% of Buyer. • Whether Buyer must pay declared dividends within a maximum period set by law. • Whether a subsidiary cannot acquire shares issued by its parent company

Extent of corporate transparency index (0-7)

Extent of corporate transparency index For each component of the extent of corporate transparency index, . The index has seven components: • Whether Buyer must disclose direct and indirect beneficial ownership stakes representing 5%. • Whether Buyer must disclose information about board members’ primary employment and directorships in other companies. • Whether Buyer must disclose the compensation of individual managers. • Whether a detailed notice of general meeting must be sent 21 calendar days before the meeting. • Whether shareholders representing 5% of Buyer’s share capital can put items on the general meeting agenda. • Whether Buyer’s annual financial statements must be audited by an external auditor. • Whether Buyer must disclose its audit reports to the public.

Payments (number per year)

The tax payments indicator reflects the total number of taxes and contributions paid, the method of payment, the frequency of payment, the frequency of filing, and the number of agencies involved for the standardized case study company during the second year of operation . It includes taxes withheld by the company, such as sales tax, VAT, and employee-borne labor taxes.

Time (hours per year)

Time is recorded in hours per year. The indicator measures the time taken to prepare, file, and pay three major types of taxes and contributions: the corporate income tax, value added or sales tax, and labor taxes, including payroll taxes and social contributions.

Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit)

The total tax and contribution rate measures the amount of taxes and mandatory contributions borne by the business in the second year of operation, expressed as a share of commercial profit. The total tax and contribution rate is designed to provide a comprehensive measure of the cost of all the taxes a business bears.

Time to comply with VAT refund (hours)

The time to comply with VAT refund measures the time spent preparing and submitting the refund claim and the time spent preparing information for the tax officers, if, in 50% or more of cases, a company that requests a VAT cash refund arising from a capital purchase would be selected for an additional review.

Time to obtain VAT refund (weeks)

Time is recorded in weeks. Time measures the total waiting time to receive a VAT refund from the moment the request has been submitted.

Time to comply with a corporate income tax correction (hours)

Time is recorded in hours. The indicator has two parts: The process of notifying the tax authorities of the error, amending the return, and making additional payment. The process of complying with a corporate income tax correction.

Time to complete a corporate income tax correction (weeks)

Time is recorded in weeks. Time includes the time to start an audit from the moment the tax authority has been notified of the error in the corporate income tax return

Time to export: Documentary compliance (hours)

Documentary compliance captures the time and cost associated with compliance with the documentary requirements of all government agencies of the origin economy, the destination economy, and any transit economies .The aim is to measure the total burden of preparing the bundle of documents that will enable completion of the international trade for the product and partner pair assumed in the case study.

Time to import: Documentary compliance (hours)

Documentary compliance captures the time and cost associated with compliance with the documentary requirements of all government agencies of the origin economy, the destination economy, and any transit economies .The aim is to measure the total burden of preparing the bundle of documents that will enable completion of the international trade for the product and partner pair assumed in the case study.

Time to export: Border compliance (hours)

Border compliance captures the time and cost associated with compliance with the economy’s customs regulations and with regulations relating to other inspections that are mandatory in order for the shipment to cross the economy’s border, as well as the time and cost for handling that takes place at its port or border. The time and cost for this segment include time and cost for customs clearance and inspection procedures conducted by other agencies.

Time to import: Border compliance (hours)

Border compliance captures the time and cost associated with compliance with the economy’s customs regulations and with regulations relating to other inspections that are mandatory in order for the shipment to cross the economy’s border, as well as the time and cost for handling that takes place at its port or border. The time and cost for this segment include time and cost for customs clearance and inspection procedures conducted by other agencies.

Cost to export: Documentary compliance (USD)

Documentary compliance captures the time and cost associated with compliance with the documentary requirements of all government agencies of the origin economy, the destination economy, and any transit economies .The aim is to measure the total burden of preparing the bundle of documents that will enable completion of the international trade for the product and partner pair assumed in the case study.

Cost to import: Documentary compliance (USD)

Documentary compliance captures the time and cost associated with compliance with the documentary requirements of all government agencies of the origin economy, the destination economy, and any transit economies .The aim is to measure the total burden of preparing the bundle of documents that will enable completion of the international trade for the product and partner pair assumed in the case study.

Cost to export: Border compliance (USD)

Border compliance captures the time and cost associated with compliance with the economy’s customs regulations and with regulations relating to other inspections that are mandatory in order for the shipment to cross the economy’s border, as well as the time and cost for handling that takes place at its port or border. The time and cost for this segment include time and cost for customs clearance and inspection procedures conducted by other agencies. T

Cost to import: Border compliance (USD)

Border compliance captures the time and cost associated with compliance with the economy’s customs regulations and with regulations relating to other inspections that are mandatory in order for the shipment to cross the economy’s border, as well as the time and cost for handling that takes place at its port or border. The time and cost for this segment include time and cost for customs clearance and inspection procedures conducted by other agencies.

Time (days) - Contracts

Time is recorded in calendar days, counted from the moment Seller decides to file the lawsuit in court until payment. This time includes both the days when actions take place and the waiting periods in between.

Cost (% of claim)

Cost is recorded as a percentage of the claim value, assumed to be equivalent to 200% of income per capita or $5,000, whichever is greater. Three types of costs are recorded: average attorney fees, court costs, and enforcement costs. "

Quality of judicial processes index (0-18)

The quality of judicial processes index measures whether each economy has adopted a series of good practices in its court system in four areas: court structure and proceedings, case management, court automation, and alternative dispute resolution.

Recovery rate (cents on the dollar)

The recovery rate is recorded as cents on the dollar recovered by secured creditors through judicial reorganization, liquidation, or debt enforcement (foreclosure or receivership) proceedings.

Strength of insolvency framework index (0-16)

The strength of insolvency framework index is based on four other indexes: commencement of proceedings index, management of debtor’s assets index, reorganization proceedings index, and creditor participation index.

Agriculture

This class includes agricultural activity excludes any subsequent processing of the agricultural products (classified under division 15 (Manufacture of food products and beverages) and division 16 (Manufacture of tobacco products)).

Forestry

This class covers the production of standing timber as well as the extraction and gathering of wild growing forest materials except for mushrooms, truffles, berries and nuts. Besides the production of timber, forestry results in products that undergo little processing, such as wood for fuel or industrial use.

Fishing

Fishing is defined as the use of fishery resources from marine or freshwater environments, with the goal of capturing or gathering fish, crustaceans, molluscs and other marine products.

Mining and quarrying

Mining and quarrying include the extraction of minerals occurring naturally as solids (coal and ores), liquids (petroleum) or gases (natural gas). Extraction can be achieved by underground or surface mining or well operation.

Food and other manufacturing

The food industry processes the products of agriculture, animal husbandry and fishing into food and drink for humans or animals, and includes the production of various intermediate products that are not directly food products. The activity often generates associated products of greater or lesser value (for example, hides from slaughtering, or oilcake from oil production).

Oil refining & chemicals

this class includes manufacture of various chemical products like peptones and oil refining.

Metals, machinery & other minerals

This class includes the activities of smelting and/or refining ferrous and non-ferrous metals from ore, pig or scrap, using electrometallurgic and other process metallurgic techniques, in addition to this it covers the manufacture of machinery and equipment that act independently on materials either mechanically or thermally or perform operations on materials plus the manufacture of mining.

Electronic, electricrics & other instruments

This class includes the manufacture of products that generate, distribute and store electrical power.

Transport equipment

this class includes building and repairing of ships and boats, manufacture of railway and tramway locomotives and rolling stock, manufacture of aircraft and spacecraft and manufacture of transport equipment.

Electricity Generation

this class covers the activity of providing electric power.

Electricity Distribution

This class includes operation of distribution systems (i.e., consisting of lines, poles, meters, and wiring) that convey electric power received from the generation facility or the transmission system to the final consumer.

Construction

This class includes general construction and special trade construction for buildings and civil engineering, building installation and building completion.

Wholesale trade

Wholesale is the resale (sale without transformation) of new and used goods to retailers, to industrial, commercial, institutional or professional users, or to other wholesalers, or involves acting as an agent or broker in buying merchandise for, or selling merchandise to, such persons or companies.

Retail trade

Retailing is the resale (sale without transformation) of new and used goods mainly to the general public for personal or household consumption or utilization, by shops, department stores, stalls, mail-order houses, hawkers and peddlers, consumer cooperatives, auction houses etc

Land

This class includes the transport of passengers and freight via road and rail.

Maritime

This class includes transport of passengers or freight over seas and coastal waters.

Air

This class includes transport of passengers or freight by air or via space

Hotels and restaurants

This class comprises units providing customers with short-term lodging and/or preparing meals, snacks, and beverages for immediate consumption. The section includes both accommodation and food services because the two activities are often combined at the same unit.

Radio & TV broadcasting

This class includes transmission of sound, images, data or other information via cables, broadcasting, relay or satellite.

Other media

This class includes includes units engaged in the publishing of newspapers, magazines, other periodicals, and books.

Fixed telecoms

this class refers to the wired networks that support fixed broadband and telephone services.

Mobile telecoms

this class refers to type of communication technology that uses wireless networks to transmit voice, data, and multimedia content.

Banking

this class includes the activities of central banks such as supervising banking operations, taking deposits that are used for clearance between financial institutions ,holding the country's exchange reserves and managing the country's currency.

Insurance

this class includes units engaged in setting up and managing insurance funds for all kinds of insurance types.

Other finance

this class includes saving banks, credit institutions other than banks such as saving and loan associations, agricultural credit institutions, industrial development banks, rediscounts, financing institutions, personal credit institutions, loan correspondents and brokers, trust companies, security and commodity brokers .

Legal services

this class includes legal representation of one party’s interest against another party, whether or not before courts, general counselling and advising, preparation of legal documents and other activities of notaries public, civil law notaries, bailiffs, arbitrators, examiners and referees.

Accounting & audit

this class includes management consultancy such as design of accounting systems, cost accounting programmes, budgetary control procedures.

Architectural services

this class includes architectural consulting activities such as building design, drafting, supervision of construction town and city planning and landscape architecture.

Engineering Services

this class includes engineering, project management and technical activities.

Real estate

this class includes real estate activities with owned or leased property and real estate activities on a fee or contract basis.

Number of ATMs per 1000 Km²

Calculated as: (number of ATMs)*1000/land area of the reporting country in square kilometers

Number of ATMs per 100000 adults

Calculated as :(number of ATMs)*100000/adult population in the reporting country

Number of commercial bank branches 100000 adults

Calculated as :(number of commercial banks + number of commercial bank branches)*100000/adult population in the reporting country

Number of commercial bank branches per 1000 km²

Calculated as :(number of commercial banks + number of commercial bank branches)*1000/land area of the reporting country

Has access to the internet (% age 15+)

Denotes the percentage of respondents, ages 15+, who report having access to the internet in the home

Own a mobile phone (% age 15+)

Percentage of respondents, ages 15+, who report having access to a mobile phone

E-Finance content

Does the largest retail banking institution offer online banking services?

Household with a computer (%)

Refers to the proportion of households that have a computer. A computer refers to a desktop computer, a laptop (portable) computer or a tablet (or similar handheld computer)

Governemnt initiative to make wifi available

Refers to the number of fixed-broadband subscriptions to the public Internet, split by advertised download speed.

International Internet bandwidth (bits per second per Internet user)

Refers to the total used capacity of international Internet bandwidth, in bits per second per Internet user. Used international Internet bandwidth refers to the average traffic load (expressed in Mbit/s) of international fiber-optic cables and radio links for carrying Internet traffic.

Propotion of individual using the internet for internet banking

Refers to the proportion of individuals using the Internet who undertook activities for private (non-work) purposes from any location in the last three months.

Active mobile broadband subscription per 100 inhabitants

Refers to the sum of mobile-broadband and dedicated mobile broadband subscriptions to the public Internet.

Fixed-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

Refers to the number of fixed-broadband subscriptions to the public Internet, split by advertised download speed.

Population coverage, by mobile network technology 3G

Refers to the percentage of people within a given population or area who have access to the internet.

Account (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report having an account (by themselves or together with someone else) at a bank or another type of financial institution or report personally using a mobile money service in the past year.

Owns a credit card (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report having a credit card

Owns a debit card (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report having a debit card.

Number of loan accounts with commercial banks per 1,000 adults

Calculated as: (number of loan accounts with commercial banks)*1000/adult population in the reporting country

Main source of emergency funds in 30 days: loan from a bank, employer, or private lender (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who say it is possible for them to come up with emergency funds in 30 days and list borrowing from a bank, employer, or private lender as their main source of emergency funds.

Account, female (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report having an account (by themselves or together with someone else) at a bank or another type of financial institution or report personally using a mobile money service in the past year female.(% age 15+)

Account, male (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report having an account (by themselves or together with someone else) at a bank or another type of financial institution or report personally using a mobile money service in the past year male.(% age 15+)

Owns a credit card,female (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report having a credit card female (% age 15+)

Owns a credit card, male(% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report having a credit card male(% age 15+)

Owns a debit card, female(% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report having a debit card female(% age 15+)

Owns a debit card, male (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report having a debit card. male (% age 15+)

Deposit account with commercial banks

Calculated as: (number of deposit accounts with commercial banks) / 1000 adult population in the reporting country

Saved at a financial institution (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report saving or setting aside any money at a bank or another type of financial institution in the past year.

Made a deposit (% with a financial institution account, age 15+)

Among respondents with a financial institution account, the percentage who report making one or more deposits into their account in the past year. This includes cash, electronic deposits, or any transfer of money into the account by the respondent, an employer, or another person or institution.

Made a withdrawal (% with a financial institution account, age 15+)

Among respondents with a financial institution account, the percentage who report withdrawing money from their account one or more times in the past year.

Sent or received domestic remittances using an account (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report personally sending or receiving any of their money in the past year to or from a relative or friend living in a different area of their country.

Received government payments (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report personally receiving any payment from the government (government transfers, public sector pension, or public sector wages) in the past year. This includes payments for educational or medical expenses, unemployment benefits, subsidy payments, or any kind of social benefits. It also includes pension payments from the government, military, or public sector as well as wages from employment in the government, military, or public sector.

Saved at a financial institution, female (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report saving or setting aside any money at a bank or another type of financial institution in the past year , female(% age 15+)

Saved at a financial institution, male (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report saving or setting aside any money at a bank or another type of financial institution in the past year, male(% age 15+)

Borrowed from a formal financial institution (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report borrowing any money from a bank or another type of financial institution or using a credit card in the past year.

Borrowed from a formal financial institution, female (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report borrowing any money from a bank or another type of financial institution or using a credit card in the past year.

Borrowed from a formal financial institution, male (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report borrowing any money from a bank or another type of financial institution or using a credit card in the past year.

Used a mobile phone or the internet to access an account (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report that in the past year, they used a mobile phone or the Internet to make a payment, make a purchase, or to send or receive money through their an account.

Used a mobile phone or the internet to pay bills (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report using a mobile phone or the Internet to pay bills in the past year.

Used a mobile phone or the internet to buy something online (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report using a mobile phone or the Internet to buy something online in the past year.

Made or received a digital payment (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report using mobile money, a debit or credit card, or a mobile phone to make a payment from an account--or report using the internet to pay bills or to buy something online or in a store--in the past year. This includes respondents who report paying bills, sending or receiving remittances, receiving payments for agricultural products, receiving government transfers, receiving wages, or receiving a public sector pension directly from or into a financial institution account or through a mobile money account in the past year.

Used a mobile phone or the internet to access an account, female (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report that in the past year, they used a mobile phone or the Internet to make a payment, make a purchase, or to send or receive money through an account, female (% age 15+)

Used a mobile phone or the internet to access an account, male (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report that in the past year, they used a mobile phone or the Internet to make a payment, make a purchase, or to send or receive money through an account, male(%age 15+)

Used a mobile phone or the internet to pay bills, female (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report using a mobile phone or the Internet to pay bills in the past year female (% age 15+)

Used a mobile phone or the internet to pay bills, male (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report using a mobile phone or the Internet to pay bills in the past year male (% age 15+)

Made or received a digital payment, female (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report using mobile money, a debit or credit card, or a mobile phone to make a payment from an account--or report using the internet to pay bills or to buy something online or in a store--in the past year. This includes respondents who report paying bills, sending or receiving remittances, receiving payments for agricultural products, receiving government transfers, receiving wages, or receiving a public sector pension directly from or into a financial institution account or through a mobile money account in the past year ,female (% age 15+)

Made or received a digital payment, male (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report using mobile money, a debit or credit card, or a mobile phone to make a payment from an account--or report using the internet to pay bills or to buy something online or in a store--in the past year. This includes respondents who report paying bills, sending or receiving remittances, receiving payments for agricultural products, receiving government transfers, receiving wages, or receiving a public sector pension directly from or into a financial institution account or through a mobile money account in the past year, male (% age 15+)

Used a mobile phone or the internet to buy something online, female (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report using a mobile phone or the Internet to buy something online in the past year.

Used a mobile phone or the internet to buy something online, male (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report using a mobile phone or the Internet to buy something online in the past year.

Saved money using mobile money account (% age 15)

The percentage of respondents who report using a debit or credit card, or a mobile phone, to make a purchase in-store.

Borrowed any money using mobile money (% age 15)

The percentage of respondents who report saving money using a mobile money account.

Sent or received domestic remittances: through a money transfer service (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report borrowing any money using a mobile money account in the past year.

No account because financial institutions are too far away (% without an account, age 15+)

Among respondents who report having no account, the percentage who report that they don't have a financial institution account because financial institutions are too far away.

No account because financial services are too expensive (% without an account, age 15+)

Among respondents who report having no account, the percentage who report not having a financial institution account because financial services are too expensive.

No account because of insufficient funds (% without an account, age 15+)

Among respondents who report having no account, the percentage who report not having a financial institution account because they do not have enough money to use one.

No account because of a lack of trust in financial institutions (% without an account, age 15+)

Among respondents who report having no account, the percentage who report not having a financial institution account because they do not trust financial institutions.

No account because of a lack of necessary documentation (% without an account, age 15+)

Among respondents who report having no account, the percentage who report not having a financial institution account because they lack the documentation needed to open one, such as an identity card, a wage slip, or the like.

Ict regulatory environment

The ICT regulatory environment indicator is based on the ICT Regulatory Tracker composite index that provides a measure of the existence and features of ICT legal and regulatory frameworks. The index covers 50 indicators distributed across four pillars: (1) Regulatory Authority, (2) Regulatory Mandate, (3) Regulatory Regime, and (4) Competition Framework. Scores are standardized to a scale of 0–2.

Regulatory quality

captures perceptions of the ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development.

Cybersecurity

reference that measures the commitment of countries to cybersecurity at a global level

Secure internet servers

The number of distinct, publicly-trusted TLS/SSL certificates found in the Netcraft Secure Server Survey.

Smart phone cost

Indexed scores of the price of an entry-level handset to the consumer, as a percentage of GNI per capita.

Data-only mobile broadband basket

Entry-level data-only mobile-broadband basket. Combined time series data: from 2013 to 2017, the basket is composed of the cheapest post-paid, computer-based plan for a USB/dongle providing at least 1 GB of monthly data using at least 3G technology; from 2018 to 2020, the basket refers to the cheapest mobile broadband plan providing at least 1.5 GB of monthly data using at least 3G technology; from 2021, the basket refers of the cheapest mobile broadband plan providing at least 2 GB of monthly data using at least 3G technology.

Access to electricity (%)

Access to electricity is the percentage of population with access to electricity. Electrification data are collected from industry, national surveys and international sources.

Support for digital literacy

Does the government have a plan or strategy that addresses digital literacy for students and training for teachers?

Digital skills among active population

In your country, to what extent does the active population possess sufficient digital skills (e.g., computer skills, basic coding, digital reading)? [1 = not all; 7 = to a great extent]

Mean years of schooling

Mean years of schooling is the average number of years of education completed by a country's population (25 years and older) excluding years spent repeating grades.

Government expenditure on education (% of gdp )

General government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) is expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. General government usually refers to local, regional and central governments.

Business costs of organized crime

Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent does organized crime (mafia-oriented racketeering, extortion) impose costs on businesses?” [1 = to a great extent, imposes huge costs; 7 = not at all, imposes no costs]

Homicide rate

“Intentional homicide” refers to unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury.

Terrorism incidence

This indicator has two components: the number of terrorism related casualties (injuries and fatalities) and the number of terrorist attacks over a five-year period, with each year assigned half the weight of the following year. Each component is normalized on a 0 to 100 scale, with 100 meaning “no casualty” and “no attack”, respectively, and then averaged.

Reliability of police services

Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent can police services be relied upon to enforce law and order?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]

Social capital

Score on the Social Capital pillar of the Legatum Prosperity Index™, which assesses social cohesion and engagement, community and family networks, and political participation and institutional trust. The scale ranges from 0 (low) to 100 (high) This indicator measures national performance in three areas: social cohesion and engagement (bridging social capital), community and family networks (bonding social capital), and political participation and institutional trust (linking social capital).

Budget transparency

The index assigns countries covered by the Open Budget Survey a transparency score on a 100-point scale using a subset of questions that assess the amount and timeliness of budget information that governments make publicly available in eight key budget documents in accordance with international good practice standards. The eight key documents are: Pre-Budget Statement; Executive’s Budget Proposal and Supporting Documents for the Executive’s Budget Proposal; Enacted Budget; Citizens Budget; In-Year Reports; Mid-Year Review; Year-End Report; and Audit Report.

Judicial independence

Response to the survey question “In your country, how independent is the judicial system from influences of the government, individuals, or companies?” [1 = not independent at all; 7 = entirely independent]

Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regulations

Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regulations

Freedom of the press

The index measures media independence, the quality of the infrastructure that supports the production of news, and information and acts of violence against journalists. It is based on two sources: (1) a database of the level of abuses and violence against journalists and media; and (2) an expert opinion survey on pluralism, media independence, self-censorship, transparency and infrastructure in each country.

Burden of government regulation

Response to the survey question “In your country, how burdensome is it for companies to comply with public administration’s requirements (e.g. permits, regulations, reporting)?” [1 = extremely burdensome; 7 = not burdensome at all]

Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes

Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes

E-Participation

The E-Participation Index measures the use of online services to facilitate provision of information by governments to citizens (“e-information sharing”), interaction with stakeholders (“e-consultation”) and engagement in decision-making processes (“e-decision making”).

Future orientation of government

Average of the responses to the following four Executive Opinion Survey questions: 1) “In your country, how fast is the legal framework of your country in adapting to digital business models (e.g. e-commerce, sharing economy, fintech, etc.)?” [1 = not fast at all; 7 = very fast]; 2) “In your country, to what extent does the government ensure a stable policy environment for doing business?”; 3) “In your country, to what extent does the government respond effectively to change (e.g. technological changes, societal and demographic trends, security and economic challenges)?”; and 4) “In your country, to what extent does the government have a long-term vision in place?”. For the last three questions, the answer ranges from 1 (not at all) to 7 (to a great extent).

Incidence of corruption

The index aggregates data from a number of different sources that provide perceptions of business people and country experts of the level of corruption in the public sector.

Property rights

Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent are property rights, including financial assets, protected?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]

Intellectual property protection

Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent is intellectual property protected?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]

Quality of land administration

The index has five components: reliability of infrastructure, transparency of information, geographic coverage, land dispute resolution, and equal access to property rights. Data is collected for each economy’s largest business city.

Strength of auditing and accounting standards

Response to the survey question “In your country, how strong are financial auditing and reporting standards?” [1 = extremely weak; 7 = extremely strong]

Conflict of interest regulation

The index assesses three dimensions of regulation that address conflicts of interest: 1) transparency of related-party transactions, 2) shareholders’ ability to sue and hold directors liable for self-dealing, and 3) access to evidence and allocation of legal expenses in shareholder litigation.

Shareholder governance

The index assesses three dimensions of good governance: (1) shareholders’ rights and role in major corporate decisions, (2) governance safeguards protecting shareholders from undue board control and entrenchment, and (3) corporate transparency on ownership stakes, compensation, audits and financial prospects.

Government ensuring policy stability

Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent does the government ensure a stable policy environment for doing business?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]

Government's responsiveness to change

Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent does the government respond effectively to change (e.g. technological changes, societal and demographic trends, security and economic challenges)?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]

Legal framework's adaptability to digital business models

Response to the survey question “In your country, how fast is the legal framework of your country adapting to digital business models (e.g. e-commerce, sharing economy, fintech, etc.)?” [1 = not fast at all; 7 = very fast]

Government long-term vision

Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent does the government have a long-term vision in place?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]

Energy efficiency regulation

"The score is based on a country’s performance on 12 indicators: National energy efficiency planning; Energy efficiency entities; Information provided to consumers about electricity usage; EE incentives from electricity rate structures; Incentives & mandates: Industrial and Commercial End users; Incentives & mandates: Public sector; Incentives & mandates: Utilities; Financing mechanisms for energy efficiency; Minimum energy efficiency performance standards; Energy labelling systems; Building energy codes; Transport; and Carbon Pricing and Monitoring."

Renewable energy regulation

The score is based on a country’s performance in seven indicators: Legal framework for renewable energy; Planning for renewable energy expansion; Incentives and regulatory support for renewable energy; Attributes of financial and regulatory incentives; Network connection and use; Counterparty risk; Carbon Pricing; and Monitoring.

Environment-related treaties in force

This indicator measures the total number of international treaties from a set of 29 for which a state is a participant. A state is acknowledged as a participant whenever is status for each treaty appears as Ratified, Accession, or In Force.

Quality of road network

Score on the Road Connectivity Index, which measures average speed and straightness of a driving itinerary connecting the 10 or more largest cities that together account for at least 15% of the economy’s total population. This Index, developed by the World Economic Forum, comprises two elements: (1) a measure of the average speed of a driving itinerary connecting the 10 or more largest cities in an economy accounting for at least 15% of the economy’s total population; and (2) a measure of road straightness. The itinerary was not optimized and connects the cities from the largest to the smallest. Any leg involving a ferry was excluded from the average speed calculation. As a first step to the identification of cities to include in the itinerary, pairwise distances (“as the crow flies”) were calculated, and when the distance was less than 20 kilometers, the smallest city in the pair was excluded. The road straightness corresponds to the ratio of the sum of driving distances between each city in the journey to the sum of crow-fly distances between each city in the journey. For this component, legs involving a ferry were included. The APIs of Google Directions and Open Street Map were used to compute the itinerary.

Quality of road infrastructure

Response to the survey question “In your country, what is the quality (extensiveness and condition) of road infrastructure?” [1 = extremely poor—among the worst in the world; 7 = extremely good—among the best in the world]

Railroad density

Kilometers of railroad per 1,000 square kilometers of land.

Efficiency of train services

Efficiency of train services Response to the survey question “In your country, how efficient (i.e. frequency, punctuality, speed, price) are train transport services?” [1 = extremely inefficient, among the worst in the world; 7 = extremely efficient, among the best in the world] ."

Airport connectivity

Airport connectivity For each airport, the number of available seats to each destination is weighted by the size of the destination airport (in terms of number of passengers handled). The weighted totals are then summed for all destinations, then for all airports in the country to produce a score. A log transformation is applied to the raw value before converting it to the 0 to 100 score."

Efficiency of air transport services

Efficiency of air transport services Response to the survey question “In your country, how efficient (i.e. frequency, punctuality, speed, price) are air transport services?” [1 = extremely inefficient, among the worst in the world; 7 = extremely efficient, among the best in the world] "

Liner shipping connectivity

Liner shipping connectivity Score on the Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, which assesses a country’s connectivity to global shipping networks. The index uses an open scale, with the benchmark score of 100 corresponding to the most connected country in 2004 (China), Does not apply to land-locked countries. The index is based on five components of the maritime transport sector: the number of ships, their container-carrying capacity, the maximum vessel size, the number of services and the number of companies that deploy container ships in a country’s ports.

Efficiency of seaport services

Efficiency of seaport services Response to the survey question “In your country, how efficient (i.e. frequency, punctuality, speed, price) are seaport services (ferries, boats)?” [1 = extremely inefficient, among the worst in the world; 7 = extremely efficient, among the best in the world]. Does not apply to land-locked countries. "

Electricity access

Electricity access entails a household having initial access to sufficient electricity to power a basic bundle of energy services— at a minimum, several lightbulbs, task lighting (such as a flashlight), phone.

Electricity quality

Electric power transmission and distribution losses are losses in transmission between sources of supply and points of distribution and in the distribution to consumers, including pilferage.

Exposure to unsafe drinking water

Risk-weighted percentage of population exposed to unsafe drinking water. This indicator is reported as a summary exposure value (SEV): it measures a population’s exposure to unsafe drinking water, taking into account the extent of exposure by risk level and the severity of that risk’s contribution to disease burden. The indicator ranges from 0, when no excess risk for a population exists, to 1, when the population is at the highest level of risk.

Reliability of water supply

Access to basic services / Reliability of water supply Response to the survey question “In your country, how reliable is the water supply (lack of interruptions and flow fluctuations)?” [1 = extremely unreliable; 7 = extremely reliable]

Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions

Mobile cellular telephone subs per 100 inh:The term “mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions” refers to the number of subscriptions to a public mobile-telephone service providing access to the public switched telephone network using cellular technology. It includes both the number of postpaid subscriptions and the number of active prepaid accounts (i.e. accounts that have been active during the previous three months). It includes all mobile-cellular subscriptions that offer voice communications. It excludes subscriptions via data cards or USB modems, subscriptions to public mobile data services, private trunked mobile radio, telepoint, radio paging, machine-to-machine (M2M) and telemetry services.

Mobile-broadband subscriptions

ICT use / Active mobile broadband subscription per 100 inh

Fixed-broadband internet subscriptions

ICT use / fixed-broadband subscriptions per 100 inh:The term “fixed-broadband subscriptions” refers to fixed subscriptions for high-speed access to the public Internet (a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/IP connection) at downstream speeds equal to or higher than 256 kbit/s. This includes cable modem, DSL, fiber-to-the-home/building, other fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions, satellite broadband and terrestrial fixed wireless broadband. The total is measured irrespective of the method of payment. It excludes subscriptions that have access to data communications (including the Internet) via mobile-cellular networks. It includes fixed WiMAX and any other fixed wireless technologies, and both residential subscriptions and subscriptions for organizations.

Fiber internet subscriptions

This indicator refers to the number of internet subscriptions using fiber-to-the-home or fiber-to-the-building at downstream speeds equal to or greater than 256 kb/s. This should include subscriptions where fiber goes directly to the subscriber’s premises or fiber-to-the-building subscriptions that terminate no more than two meters from an external wall of the building. Fiber to-the-cabinet and fiber-to-the-node are excluded

Internet users

ICT use / Percentage of individuals using the Internet:“Internet users” refers to the proportion of individuals who used the Internet in the last 12 months. Data are generally based on national household surveys where the percentage should reflect the total population of the country.

Inflation

Inflation is normalized in a U-shaped function to capture the detrimental effects of high inflation and deflation. Countries with inflation rates between 0.5% and 4% receive the highest possible score of 100. Outside this range, scores decrease linearly as the distance between the optimal value and the actual value increases. Because of the special conversion applied to this indicator, the ranking for this indicator is based on progress scores rather than raw values

Debt dynamics

Index measuring the change in public debt, weighted by a country’s credit rating and debt level in relation to its GDP This indicator is a category-based min-max normalization of the debt change. The debt change is the difference between the 2017 and 2018 of the debt-to-GDP ratio expected values. To transform the debt change value into a 0 to 100 score, each country was assigned to a specific category that determined the value boundaries. Categories are based on three criteria: general credit rating, government debt-to-GDP level for the year 2017, and country classification (1 if country is considered advanced, 0 otherwise, according to IMF’s classification). The general credit rating for each country is computed as the average of Fitch, Standard and Poor’s (S&P) and Moody’s credit ratings. Based on these criteria, 12 cases were identified: (1) if a country’s average rating is rated as “investment grade 1” and its debt-to-GDP level is less than 60%, its debt change is normalized 100;(2) if a country’s average rating is rated as “investment grade 1” and its debt-to-GDP level is less than 110%, its debt change is normalized to a score between 90 and 100; (3) if a country’s average rating is graded as “investment grade 1” and its debt-to-GDP level is greater than 110%, its debt change is normalized to a score between 80 and 90; (4) if the average credit rating is rated as “investment grade 2” and the debt level is lower than 110%, its debt change is normalized to a score between 70 and 80; (5) if the average credit rating is “investment grade 2” and the debt level is greater than 110%, its debt change is normalized to a score between 60 and 70; (6) if the average credit rating is “speculative”, the debt level is less than 110% and the country classification is “advanced”, its debt change is normalized to a score between 50 and 60; (7) if the average credit rating is “speculative”, the debt level is greater than 110% and the country classification is “advanced”, its debt change is normalized to a score between 40 and 50; (8) if the average credit rating is “speculative”, the debt level is less than 60% and the country classification is “developing”, its debt change is normalized to a score between 40 and 50; (9) if the average credit rating is “speculative”, the debt level is greater than 60% and the country classification is “developing”, its debt change is normalized to a score between 30 and 40; (10) if the average credit rating is “default”, the debt change is normalized to a score between 0 and 30; (11) if a country does not receive a credit rating from any rating agency and its debt level is below 60%, its debt change is normalized to a score between 40 and 50; and (12) if a country does not receive a credit rating from a rating agency and its debt is above 60% of GDP, its debt change is normalized to a score between 30 and 40. To determine the final value of the debt dynamics indicator within the assigned boundaries, we’ve calculated the normalized debt change, which ranges from a minimum observed value of 0 and the maximum observed value of 20. As part of the normalization process, we assigned a score equivalent to the minimum value of each bracket if the debt change was 20% or higher; assigned the maximum value of the bracket if the debt change was 0% or lower; and assigned a score between the two values if the debt change was between 0% and 20%.

Healthy life expectancy

Average number of years that a person of each gender can expect to live in full health, calculated by taking into account years lived in less than full health due to disease and/or injury.

Mean years of schooling

Average number of completed years of education of a country’s population aged 25 years and older, excluding years spent repeating individual grades.

Extent of staff training

Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent do companies invest in training and employee development?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]

Quality of vocational training

Response to the survey question “In your country, how do you assess the quality of vocational training?” [1 = extremely poor among the worst in the world; 7 = excellent among the best in the world]

Skillset of graduates

Average score of the following two Executive Opinion Survey questions: “In your country, to what extent do graduating students from secondary education possess the skills needed by businesses?” and “In your country, to what extent do graduating students from university possess the skills needed by businesses?” In each case, the answer ranges from 1 (not at all) to 7 (to a great extent).

Digital skills among active population

Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent does the active population possess sufficient digital skills (e.g. computer skills, basic coding, digital reading)?” [1 = not all; 7 = to a great extent]

Ease of finding skilled employees

Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent can companies find people with the skills required to fill their vacancies?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent].

School life expectancy

This indicator assumes that the probability of a person being enrolled in school at any particular future age is equal to the current enrolment ratio at that age. More details about the methodology can be found at http://uis.unesco.org/en/glossary.

Critical thinking in teaching

Response to the survey question “In your country, how do you assess the style of teaching?” [1 = frontal, teacher based, and focused on memorizing; 7 = encourages creative and critical individual thinking]

Pupil-to-teacher ratio in primary education

Pupil-to-teacher ratio in primary education

Distortive effect of taxes and subsidies on competition

Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent do fiscal measures (subsidies, tax breaks, etc.) distort competition?” [1 = distort competition to a great extent; 7 = do not distort competition at all]

Extent of market dominance

Response to the survey question “In your country, how do you characterize corporate activity?” [1 = dominated by a few business groups; 7 = spread among many firms].

Competition in services

Average of the scores of the three components of the following Executive Opinion Survey question: “In your country, how competitive is the provision of the following services: professional services (legal services, accounting, engineering, etc.); retail services; and network sector (telecommunications, utilities, postal, transport, etc.)?” In each case, the answer ranges from 1 (not at all competitive) to 7 (extremely competitive).

Prevalence of non-tariff barriers

Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent do non-tariff barriers (e.g. health and product standards, technical and labelling requirements, etc.) limit the ability of imported goods to compete in the domestic market?” [1 = strongly limit; 7 = do not limit at all]

Trade tariffs

The weighted mean applied tariff is the average of effectively applied rates weighted by the product import shares corresponding to each partner country. Applied tariffs are considered to be the tariff rates applied by a customs administration on imported goods. They are the rates published by national customs authorities for duty administration purposes.

Complexity of tariffs

Tariff complexity is assessed on four criteria: tariff dispersion, the prevalence of tariff peaks, the prevalence of specific tariffs and the number of distinct tariffs. This index is calculated as the simple average of the normalized score of these four criteria.

Border clearance efficiency

Assesses the effectiveness and efficiency of the clearance process by customs and other border control agencies in the eight major trading partners of each country. The scale ranges from 1 (worst) to 5 (best).

Service trade openness

"Score on the Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI), which assesses the overall openness of the service sector of a country. The scale ranges from 0 (completely open) to 100 (completely closed). The STRI measures openness for five major services sectors (financial services, telecommunications, retail distribution, transportation and professional services) and three modes of supply (cross-border supply of services, supply of services through commercial presence or FDI and temporary presence of natural persons). "

Redundancy costs

Measures the cost of advance notice requirements and severance payments due when terminating a redundant worker, expressed in weeks of salary The average value of notice requirements and severance payments applicable to a worker with 1 year of tenure, 5 years of tenure, and 10 years of tenure is considered.

Hiring and firing practices

Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent do regulations allow for the flexible hiring and firing of workers?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent] |

Cooperation in labor-employer relations

Response to the survey question “In your country, how do you characterize labor-employer relations?” [1 = generally confrontational; 7 = generally cooperative]

Flexibility of wage determination

Wage and salaried workers (employees) are those workers who hold the type of jobs defined as “paid employment jobs,” where the incumbents hold explicit (written or oral) or implicit employment contracts that give them a basic remuneration that is not directly dependent upon the revenue of the unit for which they work.

Active labor policies

Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent do labor market policies help unemployed people to reskill and find new employment (including skills matching, retraining, etc.)?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]

Workers’ rights

Dimensions of labor protection include civil rights, the right to bargain collectively, the right to strike, the right to associate freely, and access to due process rights. The indicator does not consider firing regulations. Among countries rated as “D5” we distinguish between countries where workers have “non-access to rights” (Greece, Hong Kong SAR, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) and countries experiencing “breakdown of institution” (Afghanistan, Libya) or murders (Guatemala). We assign a score of 10 to the former case and 3 to the latter.

Ease of hiring foreign labor

Response to the survey question “In your country, how restrictive are regulations related to the hiring of foreign labor?” [1 = highly restrictive; 7 = not restrictive at all]

Internal labor mobility

Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent do people move to other parts of the country for= professional reasons?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent] . This indicator does not apply to economies identified as city states: Bahrain, Brunei Darussalam, Hong Kong SAR, Kuwait, Malta, Qatar and Singapore.

Reliance on professional management

Response to the survey question “In your country, who holds senior management positions in companies?” [1 = usually relatives or friends without regard to merit; 7 = mostly professional managers chosen for merit and qualifications]

Pay and productivity

Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent is pay related to employee productivity?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]

Female participation in labor force

Illustrates the ratio of the percentage of women aged 15–64 participating in the labor force as wage and salaried workers to the percentage of men aged 15–64 participating in the labor force as wage and salaried workers. Wage and salaried workers (employees) are those workers who hold the type of jobs defined as “paid employment jobs,” where the incumbents hold explicit (written or oral) or implicit employment contracts that give them a basic remuneration that is not directly dependent upon the revenue of the unit for which they work.

Labor tax rate

Labor tax and contributions are the amount of taxes (at any level—federal, state or local) and mandatory contributions on labor paid by the business, expressed as a percentage of commercial profits This measure includes government-mandated contributions paid by the employer to a required private pension fund or workers’ insurance fund. More details about this indicator can be found at This measure includes government-mandated contributions paid by the employer to a required private pension fund or workers’ insurance fund.

Domestic credit to private sector

The total value of financial resources provided to the private sector, expressed as a percentage of GDP This indicator is computed as the sum of loans, purchases of non-equity securities, trade credits and other accounts receivable that establish a claim for repayment provided by financial corporations to firms and households.

Financing of SMEs

Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent can small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) access finance they need for their business operations through the financial sector?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]

Venture capital availability

Response to the survey question “In your country, how easy is it for start-up entrepreneurs with innovative but risky projects to obtain equity funding?” [1 = extremely difficult; 7 = extremely easy]

Market capitalization

Calculated as the share price of all listed domestic companies multiplied by the number of their outstanding shares. Investment funds, unit trusts and companies whose only business goal is to hold shares of other listed companies are excluded. Data are endof-year values

Insurance premiums

Computed as the sum of life and non-life insurance premium volume divided by GDP. The premium volume is the insurer’s direct premiums earned (if property/casualty) or received (if life/ health) during the previous calendar year.

Soundness of banks

Response to the survey question “In your country, how do you assess the soundness of banks?” [1 = extremely low—banks may require recapitalization; 7 = extremely high—banks are generally healthy with sound balance sheets]

Non-performing loans

The ratio of the value of non-performing loans divided by the total value of the loan portfolio of all banks operating in a country. Defaulting loans are payments of interest and principal past due by 90 days or more. The loan amount recorded as nonperforming includes the gross value of the loan as recorded on the balance sheet, not just the amount that is overdue.

Credit gap

Computed as the difference between the latest “Domestic credit to private sector (as a percentage of GDP)” and its trend. Following the methodology from Bank of International Settlements, the trend value is calculated by applying a Hodrick– Prescott filter to the 15-year time series of the “Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP)” indicator. More details about the methodology can be found at https://www.bis.org/publ/ qtrpdf/r_qt1403g.htm. Because of the special conversion applied to this indicator, the ranking for this indicator is based on progress scores rather than raw values.

Banks’ regulatory capital ratio

This indicator measures the capital adequacy of deposit takers. It is a ratio of total banks’ regulatory capital (shareholders’ equity, disclosed and undisclosed reserves, revaluation reserves, general provisions and other instruments) to total banks’ assets, weighted according to the risk of these assets. A log transformation is applied to the raw score before it is normalized to a 0-to-100 scale.

Gross domestic product

Gross domestic product (GDP) valued at purchasing power parity in billions of international dollars (constant 2011 prices)

Imports of goods and services

This indicator illustrates the value of all goods and other market services received from the rest of the world, as a percentage of the country’s GDP. Imports include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal and government services. They exclude compensation of employees and investment income (formerly called “factor services”) and transfer payments.

Cost of starting a business

Cost is recorded as a percentage of the economy’s income per capita. It includes all official fees and fees for legal or professional services if such services are required by law or commonly used in practice. Fees for purchasing and legalizing company books are included if these transactions are required by law. Although VAT registration can be counted as a separate procedure, VAT is not part of the incorporation cost.

Time to start a business

Time is recorded in calendar days. The measure captures the median duration that incorporation lawyers or notaries indicate is necessary in practice to complete a procedure with minimum follow-up with government agencies and no unofficial payments. It is assumed that the minimum time required for each procedure is one day, except for procedures that can be fully completed online, for which the minimum time required is recorded as half a day.

Insolvency recovery rate

The calculation takes into account the outcome—whether the business emerges from the proceedings as a going concern or the assets are sold piecemeal. Then the costs of the proceedings are deducted (1 cent for each percentage point of the value of the debtor’s estate). Finally, the value lost as a result of the time the money remains tied up in insolvency proceedings is taken into account. More details about the methodology can be found at http://www.doingbusiness.org/Methodology/Resolving-Insolvency.

Insolvency regulatory framework

The index is calculated as the sum of the scores on the commencement of proceedings index, management of debtor’s assets index, reorganization proceedings index and creditor participation index. More details about the methodology can be found at http://www.doingbusiness.org/Methodology/ResolvingInsolvency

Attitudes toward entrepreneurial risk

Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent do people have an appetite for entrepreneurial risk?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]

Willingness to delegate authority

Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent does senior management delegate authority to subordinates?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]

Growth of innovative companies

Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent do new companies with innovative ideas grow rapidly?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]

Companies embracing disruptive ideas

Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent do companies embrace risky or disruptive business ideas?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]

Diversity of workforce

Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent do companies have a diverse workforce (e.g. in terms of ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, gender)?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]

State of cluster development

Response to the survey question “In your country, how widespread are well-developed and deep clusters (geographic concentrations of firms, suppliers, producers of related products and services, and specialized institutions in a particular field)?” [1 = non-existent; 7 = widespread in many fields]

International co-inventions

Computed as the sum of the patent family applications with at least one co-inventor located abroad, filed in at least two of the major five (IP5) offices in the World: the European Patent Office (EPO), the Japan Patent Office (JPO), the Korean Intellectual Property Office (KIPO), the State Intellectual Property Office of the People’s Republic of China (SIPO), and the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). Data is extracted from the PATSTAT database by earliest filing date and inventor country, using fractional counts, and expressed in applications per million population. A log transformation is applied to the raw score before it is normalized to a 0 to 100 scale.

Multistakeholder collaboration

Average score of the following three Executive Opinion Survey questions: “In your country, to what extent do people collaborate and share ideas within a company?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]; “In your country, to what extent do companies collaborate in sharing ideas and innovating?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]; “In your country, to what extent do business and universities collaborate on research and development (R&D)?” [1 = do not collaborate at all; 7 = collaborate extensively]

Scientific publications

The Index measures the number of published papers cited in other papers at least h times. The H-index reflects both the number of publications and the number of citations per publication. Only articles, reviews and conference papers are considered. The document universe is defined by those tracked by Scopus, an abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature: scientific journals, books and conference proceedings. A log transformation is applied to the raw score before it is normalized to a 0 to 100 scale.

Patent applications

Computed as the sum of the patent family applications filed in at least two of the major five (IP5) offices in the World: the European Patent Office (EPO), the Japan Patent Office (JPO), the Korean Intellectual Property Office (KIPO), the State Intellectual Property Office of the People’s Republic of China (SIPO), and the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). Data is extracted from the PATSTAT database by earliest filing date and inventor country, using fractional counts and expressed in applications per million population. A log transformation is applied to the raw score before it is normalized to a 0-to-100 scale.

R&D expenditures

Expenditures for research and development are current and capital expenditures (both public and private) on creative work undertaken systematically to increase knowledge—including knowledge of humanity, culture and society—and the use of knowledge for new applications. R&D covers basic research, applied research and experimental development.

Research institutions prominence index

The score is computed as the sum of the inverse ranks of all research institutions in a country included in the SCImago Institutions Rankings (SIR). It comprises private and public universities, governmental agencies, corporate entities and health institutes. A log transformation is applied to the raw score before it is normalized to a 0 to 100 scale. More details about the SIR methodology can be found at https://www.scimagoir.com/ methodology.php.

Buyer sophistication

Response to the survey question “In your country, on what basis do buyers make purchasing decisions?” [1 = based solely on the lowest price; 7 = based on sophisticated performance attributes]

Trademark applications

Number of international trademark applications issued directly or through the Madrid System by country of origin per million population. The residence of the first-named applicant is used to determine the origin of an application. When there are multiple applicants, only the first one is considered. This indicator is based on the concept of “equivalent count”. That is, an application filed at a regional IP office is counted multiple times according to the number of its members. A log transformation is applied to the raw score before it is normalized to a 0 to 100 scale

Operational stability for businesses

Index that measures the likelihood and severity of political, legal, operational or security risks affecting business operations. Scores are annualized, standardized and aggregated for end Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4.

Government effectiveness

Index that reflects perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government’s commitment to such policies.

Regulatory quality

Index that reflects perceptions of the ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development.

Rule of law

Index that reflects perceptions of the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, property rights, the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence.

Cost of redundancy dismissal

Sum of notice period and severance pay for redundancy dismissal (salary in weeks, averages for workers with 1, 5, and 10 years of tenure, with a minimum threshold of 8 weeks) Redundancy costs measure the cost of advance notice requirements and severance payments due when terminating a redundant worker, expressed in weeks of salary.

Ease of starting a business

Doing Business records all procedures officially required, or commonly done in practice, for an entrepreneur to start up and formally operate an industrial or commercial business, as well as the time and cost to complete these procedures and the paid-in minimum capital requirement.

Ease of doing insolvency

The ranking of economies on the ease of resolving insolvency is determined by sorting their scores. These scores are the simple average of the scores for the recovery rate and the strength of insolvency framework index. The recovery rate is recorded as cents on the dollar recovered by secured creditors through reorganization, liquidation, or debt enforcement (foreclosure or receivership) proceedings.

Policies for doing business

The extent to which governments ensure a stable policy environment for doing business.

Entrepreneurship policies and culture

Average perception scores (five-year average) of experts on entrepreneurial policies and entrepreneurial culture. Experts in different fields assess conditions for entrepreneurship in their country via statements (1= completely false; 10 =completely true).

Policy stability for doing business

Average answer to the survey question: In your country, to what extent does the government ensure a stable policy environment for doing business? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent].

Expenditure on education

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers), expressed as a percentage of GDP.

Government funding per secondary student

Total general (local, regional and central, current and capital) initial government funding of education per student, which includes transfers paid (such as scholarships to students), but excludes transfers received, in this case international transfers to government for education (when foreign donors provide education sector budget support or other support integrated in the government budget). This is then expressed as a share of GDP per capita, in US$.

School life expectancy

Total number of years of schooling that a child of a certain age can expect to receive in the future, assuming that the probability of his or her being enrolled in school at any particular age is equal to the current enrolment ratio for that age.

PISA scales in reading, math and science

PISA is the OECD’s (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) Program for International Student Assessment. PISA measures 15-year-olds’ ability to use their reading, mathematics and science knowledge and skills. Results from PISA indicate the quality and equity of learning outcomes attained around the world.

Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

The number of pupils enrolled in secondary school divided by the number of secondary school teachers (regardless of their teaching assignment).A high pupil-teacher ratio suggests that each teacher has to be responsible for a large number of pupils. In other words, the higher the pupil/ teacher ratio, the lower the relative access of pupils to teachers.

Tertiary enrolment

The ratio of total tertiary enrolment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the tertiary level of education. Tertiary education, whether or not at an advanced research qualification, normally requires, as a minimum condition of admission, the successful completion of education at the secondary level.

Graduates in Science and engineering

The share of all tertiary-level graduates in natural sciences, mathematics, statistics, information and technology, manufacturing, engineering, and construction as a percentage of all tertiary-level graduates.

Tertiary inbound mobility

The number of students from abroad studying in a given country as a percentage of the total tertiary-level enrolment in that country.

Gross expenditure on R&D (GERD)

Total domestic intramural expenditure on R&D during a given period as a percentage of GDP. “Intramural R&D expenditure” is all expenditure for R&D performed within a statistical unit or sector of the economy during a specific period, whatever the source of funds

Global RnD companies, average expenditure, top 3

Average expenditure on R&D of the top three global companies. If a country has fewer than three global companies listed, the figure is either the average of the sum of the two companies listed or the total for a single listed company. A score of 0 is given to countries with no listed companies.

QS university ranking average score of top 3 universities

Average score of the top three universities per country. If fewer than three universities are listed in the QS ranking of the global top 1000 universities, the sum of the scores of the listed universities is divided by three, thus implying a score of zero for the non-listed universities.

Researchers FTE

Researchers per million population, FTE. Researchers in R&D are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods, or systems and in the management of the projects concerned. Postgraduate PhD students (ISCED97 level 6) engaged in R&D are included.

ICT access

The ICT access index, previously part of the ITU ICT Development Index, is a composite index that weights five ICT indicators (20% each): (1) Fixed telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; (2) Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; (3) International Internet bandwidth (bit/s) per Internet user; (4) Percentage of households with a computer; and (5) Percentage of households with Internet access.

ICT use

The ICT use index, previously part of the ITU ICT Development Index, is a composite index that weights three ICT indicators (33% each): (1) Percentage of individuals using the Internet; (2) Fixed (wired)-broadband Internet subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; (3) Active mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants.

Government online service

The Online Services Index component of the E-Government Development Index is a composite indicator measuring the use of ICTs by governments in delivering public services at the national level.

online e-participation

The E-Participation Index (EPI) is derived as a supplementary index to the United Nations E-Government Survey. It extends the dimension of the Survey by focusing on the government use of online services in providing information to its citizens or “e-information sharing”, interacting with stakeholders or “e-consultation” and engaging in decision-making processes or “e-decision-making.”

Electricity output

Electricity output

Logistics performance

Logistics performance: A multidimensional assessment of logistics performance, the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) ranks 160 countries combining data on six core performance components into a single aggregate measure—including customs performance, infrastructure quality, and timeliness of shipments. The LPI’s six components are: (1) the efficiency of customs and border management clearance (“Customs”); (2) the quality of trade and transport infrastructure (“Infrastructure”); (3) the ease of arranging competitively priced shipments (“International shipments”); (4) the competence and quality of logistics services (“Services Quality”); (5) the ability to track and trace consignments (“Tracking and tracing”); and (6) the frequency with which shipments reach consignees within scheduled or expected delivery times (“Timeliness”). The LPI consists therefore of both qualitative and quantitative measures and helps build profiles of logistics friendliness for these countries.

Gross capital formation

Gross capital formation is expressed as a ratio of total investment in current local currency to GDP in current local currency. Investment or gross capital formation is measured by the total value of the gross fixed capital formation and changes in inventories and acquisitions less disposals of valuables for a unit or sector, on the basis of the System of National Accounts (SNA) of 1993.

GDP per unit of energy use

Purchasing power parity gross domestic product (PPP$ GDP) per kilogram of oil equivalent of energy use. Total primary energy supply (TPES) is made up of production + imports - exports - international marine bunkers - international aviation bunkers +/– stock changes.

Environmental performance

These indicators provide a gauge at a national scale of how close countries are to established environmental policy targets. The EPI offers a scorecard that highlights leaders and laggards in environmental performance and provides practical guidance for countries that aspire to move toward a sustainable future.

ISO 14001 environmental certificates

ISO 14001:2015 specifies the requirements for an environmental management system that an organization can use to enhance its environmental performance. ISO 14001 is intended for use by an organization seeking to manage its environmental responsibilities in a systematic manner that contributes to the environmental pillar of sustainability. ISO 14001 helps an organization achieve the intended outcomes of its environmental management system, which provide value for the environment, the organization itself, and interested parties.

Low-carbon energy use, %

The low-carbon intensive energy share is calculated based on its share of a country’s total primary energy consumption (expressed in petajoules). Primary energy is the energy available in raw, unprocessed natural resources that serve as inputs into the energy system. It measures total energy consumed before any significant efficiency losses due to converting it to secondary energy (a transportable form) or final energy (delivered to the consumer). The full energy mix is considered, comprising high-carbon intensive fossil fuel sources; oil, coal, and natural gas; as well as low-carbon intensive sources; hydro, nuclear, wind, biomass, solar, geothermal, etc.

Ease of getting credit

These scores are the score for the sum of the strength of the legal rights index (range 0–12) and the depth of credit information index (range 0–8). Doing Business measures the legal rights of borrowers and lenders with respect to secured transactions through one set of indicators and the reporting of credit information through another. The first set of indicators measures whether certain features that facilitate lending exist within the applicable collateral and bankruptcy laws. The second set measures the coverage, scope, and accessibility of credit information available through credit reporting service providers such as credit bureaus or credit registries. Although Doing Business compiles data on getting credit for public registry coverage (% of adults) and for private bureau coverage (% of adults), these indicators are not included in the ranking.

Domestic credit to private sector

Domestic credit to private sector” refers to financial resources provided to the private sector by financial corporations, such as through loans, purchases of nonequity securities, and trade credits and other accounts receivable that establish a claim for repayment. For some countries, these claims include credit to public enterprises. The financial corporations include monetary authorities and deposit money banks, as well as other financial corporations where data are available (including corporations that do not accept transferable deposits but do incur such liabilities as time and savings deposits).

Microfinance institutions gross loan portfolio

Combined gross loan balances of microfinance institutions (current US$) in a country as a percentage of its GDP (current US$).

Finance for startups and scaleups

Average perception scores (five-year average) of experts on finance for starting and growing firms. Experts in different fields assess conditions for entrepreneurship in their country via statements (1=completely false; 10 = completely true).

Loans from microfinance institutions, % GDP

Outstanding loans from all microfinance institutions in a country as a percentage of its GDP

Ease of protecting minority investors

This ranking is the sum of the scores for the extent of conflict of interest regulation index and the extent of shareholder governance index. The extent of conflict of interest regulation index measures the protection of shareholders against directors’ misuse of corporate assets for personal gain by distinguishing three dimensions of regulation that address conflicts of interest: transparency of related-party transactions (extent of disclosure index), shareholders ‘ability to sue and hold directors liable for self-dealing (extent of director liability index), and access to evidence and allocation of legal expenses in shareholder litigation(ease of shareholder suits index).

Market capitalization

Market capitalization (also known as “market value”) is the share price times the number of shares outstanding (including their several classes) for listed domestic companies. Investment funds, unit trusts, and companies whose only business goal is to hold shares of other listed companies are excluded.

Venture capital investors, deals

Thomson Reuters Eikon data on private equity deals, per deal, with information on the location of investment, investment company, investor firms, funds, and crowdfunding, among other details.

Venture capital recipients, deals

Venture capital received, value, % GDP

Refinitiv data on private equity deals, per deal, with information on the location of the firm investing in a venture capital (VC) deal, among other details. The data represent the three-year average of 2019–21 deals invested in and are reported per billion PPP$ GDP.

Applied tariff rate, weighted average

"Weighted mean applied tariff” is the average of effectively applied rates weighted by the product import shares corresponding to each partner country. Data are classified using the Harmonized System of trade at the six- or eight-digit level. Tariff line data were matched to Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) revision 3 codes to define commodity groups and import weights. To the extent possible, specific rates have been converted to their ad valorem equivalent rates and have been included in the calculation of weighted mean tariffs. Effectively applied tariff rates at the six- and eight-digit product level are averaged for products in each commodity group. When the effectively applied rate is unavailable, the most favored nation rate is used instead.

Domestic industry diversification

Average answer to the survey question: In your country, how intense is competition in the local markets? [1 = not intense at all; 7 = extremely intense

Domestic market scale

The domestic market size is measured by gross domestic product (GDP) based on the purchasing-power-parity (PPP) valuation of country GDP, in current international dollars (billions).

Knowledge-intensive employment

Sum of people in categories 1 to 3 as a percentage of total people employed, according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO). Categories included in ISCO-08 are: 1 Managers, 2 Professionals, and 3 Technicians and associate professionals.

Firms offering formal training

The percentage of firms offering formal training programs for their permanent, full-time employees in the sample of firms in the World Bank’s Enterprise Survey in each country.

GERD performed by business enterprise

Gross expenditure on R&D performed by business enterprise as a percentage of GDP

GERD financed by business enterprise

Gross expenditure on R&D financed by business enterprise as a percentage of total gross expenditure on R&D.

Females employed with advanced degrees

The percentage of females employed with advanced degrees out of total employed. The employed comprise all persons of working age who, during a specified brief period, were in one of the following categories: (1) paid employment (whether at work or with a job but not at work); or (2) self-employment (whether at work or with an enterprise but not at work).

University/industry research collaboration

Average answer to the survey question: In your country, to what extent do businesses and universities collaborate on research and development (R&D) [1 = do not collaborate at all; 7 = collaborate extensively]

State of cluster development

Average answer to the survey question on the role of clusters in the economy: In your country, how widespread are well-developed and deep clusters (geographic concentrations of firms, suppliers, producers of related products and services, and specialized institutions in a particular field)? [1 = non-existent; 7 = widespread in many fields]

GERD financed by abroad

Percentage of gross expenditure on R&D financed by abroad (billions, national currency)—that is, with foreign financing as a percentage of GDP (billions, national currency).

Joint venture/strategic alliance deals

Thomson Reuters data on joint ventures/strategic alliances deals, per deal, with details on the country of origin of partner firms, among others. The series corresponds to a query on joint venture/strategic alliance deals from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019, for a total of 10,535 deals announced in 2019, with firms headquartered in 122 GII participating economies. Each participating nation of each company in a deal (n countries per deal) gets, per deal,a score equivalent to 1/n (with the effect that all country scores add up to 10,535). The data are reported per billion PPP$ GDP.

Patent families filed in two offices

A “patent family” is a set of interrelated patent applications filed in one or more countries or jurisdictions to protect the same invention. Patent families containing applications filed in at least two different offices is a subset of patent families where protection of the same invention is sought in at least two different countries.

Innovation linkage

Public Research–Industry co-publications, %

Public–private co-authored research publications as a percentage of all research publications. Research publications are limited to the following four main fields of science: Biomedical and health sciences, Life and earth sciences, Mathematics and computer science, and Physical sciences and engineering. The definition of the "private sector" includes all for profit business enterprises, covering all manufacturing and services sectors. This includes research institutes and other corporate R&D laboratories that are fully funded or owned by for profit business enterprises. Organizations in the private education sector and private healthcare sector organizations (including hospitals and clinics) are not classified as private sector.

Intellectual property payments

Value according to the Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification EBOPS 2010—that is, code SH charges for the use of intellectual property not included elsewhere as a percentage of total trade. “Total trade” is defined as the sum of total imports code G goods and code SOX commercial services (excluding government goods and services not included elsewhere) plus total exports of code G goods and code SOX commercial services (excluding government goods and services not included elsewhere), divided by 2. According to the sixth edition of the International Monetary Fund’s Balance of Payments Manual, the item “Goods” covers general merchandise, net exports of goods under merchanting, and non-monetary gold.

High tech imports

High-technology imports as a percentage of total trade. High-technology exports and imports contain technical products with a high intensity of R&D, defined by the Eurostat classification, which is based on Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) Revision 4 and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) definition. Commodities belong to the following sectors: aerospace; computers & office machines; electronics; telecommunications; pharmacy; scientific instruments; electrical machinery; chemistry; non-electrical machinery; and armament.

ICT services imports

Telecommunications, computer and information services as a percentage of total trade according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)’s Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification EBOPS 2010, coded SI: Telecommunications, computer and information services.

Foreign direct investment net inflows

Foreign direct investment is the average of the most recent three years of net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock)in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments. This series shows net inflows (new investment inflows less disinvestment) in the reporting economy from foreign investors, and is divided by GDP.

Research talent in business enterprise

Full-time equivalent (FTE) researchers in the business enterprise sector” refers to researchers as professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods, and systems, as well as in the management of these projects, broken down by the sectors in which they are employed (business enterprise, government, higher education, and private non-profit organizations).

Patent applications by origin

A resident patent application refers to an application filed with an IP office for or on behalf of the first-named applicant’s country of residence. For example, an application filed with the Japan Patent Office (JPO) by a resident of Japan is considered a resident application for Japan.

PCT applications by origin

A PCT application refers to an international patent applications filed through the WIPO-administered Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT). The PCT system makes it possible to seek patent protection for an invention simultaneously in a number of countries by filing a single international patent application. The origin of PCT applications is defined by the residence of the first-named applicant.

Utility models by origin

Terms and conditions for granting a utility model are slightly different from those for normal patents and include a shorter term of protection and less stringent patentability requirements. A utility model is sometimes referred to in certain countries as “petty patents”, “short-term patents”, or “innovation patents”. A resident UM application refers to an application filed with an IP office for or on behalf of the first-Named applicant’s country of residence.

Scientific and technical publications

Articles are counted on a count basis (rather than a fractional basis)—that is, for articles with collaborating institutions from multiple countries/economies, each country/economy receives credit on the basis of its participating institutions. The data are reported per billion PPP$ GDP.

Citable documents H index

The H-index expresses the journal’s number of articles (H) that have received at least H citations. It quantifies both journal scientific productivity and scientific impact. The H-index is tabulated from the number of citations received in subsequent years by articles published in a given year, divided by the number of articles published that year.

Labor productivity growth

Growth rate of real GDP per person employed (constant 1990 PPP$), average of three last available years. Growth of gross domestic product (GDP) per person engaged provides a measure of labor productivity (defined as output per unit of labor input). GDP per person employed is GDP divided by total employment in the economy. PPP$ GDP is Constant 1990 in U.S. dollars, expressed in 1990 GK PPP, Millions. While this is a relatively robust measure, it does not correct for part-time jobs as it merely counts people who are employed. Hence, GDP per person employed is somewhat underestimated in countries with a higher share of part-time workers, which are mostly OECD countries.

New business density

Number of newly registered corporations per 1,000 working-age (15–64 years old). The units of measurement are private, formal sector companies with limited liability.

Total computer software spending

Computer software spending includes the total value of purchased or leased packaged software such as operating systems, database systems, programming tools, utilities, and applications. It excludes expenditures for internal software development and outsourced custom software development.

High-tech manufacturing

High-tech and medium-high-tech output as a percentage of total manufactures output, on the basis of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) classification of Technology Intensity Definition.

Unicorn valuation

Total valuation of all unicorns in a country as a percentage of GDP. A unicorn company is a private company with a valuation over $1 billion. Unicorn companies as of April 7, 2023, with 1,207 unicorns worldwide.

ISO 9001 quality/bn PPP$ GDP

ISO 9001:2015 specifies requirements for a quality management system when an organization needs to demonstrate its ability to consistently provide products and services that meet customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements, and aims to enhance customer satisfaction through the effective application of the system, including processes for improving the system and assuring conformity to customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements.

IP receipts

Value according to the Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification EBOPS 2010—that is, code SH charges for the use of intellectual property not included elsewhere as a percentage of total trade. Receipts are between residents and non-residents for the use of proprietary rights (such as patents, trademarks, copyrights, industrial processes, and designs including trade secrets, franchises), and for licenses to reproduce or distribute (or both) intellectual property embodied in produced originals or prototypes (such as copyrights on books and manuscripts, computer software, cinematographic works, and sound recordings) and related rights (such as for live performances and television, cable, or satellite broadcast).

High Tech exports

High-technology exports minus re-exports (% of total trade):High-technology exports and imports contain technical products with a high intensity of R&D, defined by the Eurostat classification, which is based on Standard International Trade Classification (SITC).

ICT services export

Telecommunications, computer and information services (% of total trade) according to the Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification EBOPS 2010,

FDI outflows

Foreign direct investment” refers to the average of the most recent three years of direct investment equity flows in an economy. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, and other capital. Direct investment is a category of cross-border investment associated with a resident in one economy having control or a significant degree of influence on the management of an enterprise that is resident in another economy.

Production and export complexity

Trademark application class count by origin

A “trademark” is a sign used by the owner of certain products or provider of certain services to distinguish them from the products or services of other companies. A trademark can consist of words and/or combinations of words, such as slogans, Names, logos, figures and images, letters, numbers, sounds, and moving images, or a combination thereof.

Industrial design by origin

Sum of Global Brand Values, top 5,000 as a percentage of GDP. Brand Finance calculates brand value using the Royalty Relief methodology, which determines the value a company would be willing to pay to license its brand as if it did not own it. The methodology is compliant with industry standards set in ISO 10668. ISO This approach involves estimating the future revenue attributable to a brand and calculating a royalty rate that would be charged for the use of the brand.

ICTs and business model creation

An “industrial design” is a set of exclusive rights granted by law to applicants for protecting the Ornamental or aesthetic aspect of their products. An industrial design is valid for a limited period of time and within a limited territory. A resident industrial design application refers to an application filed with the IP office for or on behalf of the applicant’s country of residence.

ICTs and organizational model creation

Average answer to the question: In your country, to what extent do ICTs enable new organizational models (e.g., virtual teams, remote working, telecommuting)

Global brand value, top 5,000

Intangible asset intensity, top 15, %

The data cover a global list of firms for which intangible asset value and total firm value are observed. Only the top 15 firms of each economy are considered, ranked by intangible assets in absolute terms (in USD). Countries with fewer than 15 firms are not considered. For each firm, the intangible asset value is divided by the firm’s total value before computing the arithmetic mean across the top 15 firms for each economy

Cultural and creative services exports

World Trade Organization

National feature films produced

A film with a running time of 60 minutes or longer. It includes works of fiction, animation, and documentaries. It is intended for commercial exhibition in cinemas. Feature films produced exclusively for television broadcasting, as well as newsreels and advertising films, are excluded.

Entertainment and media market

The Global Entertainment & Media Outlook (the Outlook) is a comprehensive source of global analyses and five-year forecasts of consumer and advertising spending across 53 territories for 14 entertainment and media segments.

Printing publications and other media output

Printing, and reproduction of recorded media output (ISIC Revision 4 Division 18, group 181 with class 1811 and 1812 and group 182 with class 1820) as a percentage of total manufacturing output.

Creative goods exports

Total value of creative goods exports (current US$) over total trade.

Generic TLD

A generic top-level domain (gTLD) is one of the categories of top-level domains (TLDs) maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for use on the Internet. Generic TLDs can be unrestricted (.com, .info, .net, and.org) or restricted—that is, used on the basis of fulfilling eligibility criteria (.biz, .Name, and .pro). Of these, the statistic covers the five generic domains .biz, .info, .org,.net, and .com.

Country code TLD

A country-code top-level domain (ccTLD) is one of the categories of top-level domains (TLDs) maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for use on the Internet. Country-code TLDs are two-letter domains especially designated for a particular economy, country, or autonomous territory"

Wikipedia yearly edits

Data extracted from Wikimedia Foundation’s internal data sources. Data reflects economies with more than 100,000 edit counts in 2019; The data exclude both contributions to the extent that is identifiable in the data sources. Data are reported per million population 15–69 years old.

Mobile apps creation

Global downloads of mobile apps, by origin of the headquarters of the developer/firm, scaled by PPP$ GDP (billions). Global downloads are compiled by App Annie Intelligence, public data sources, and the company’s proprietary forecast model based on data from Google play store and iOS App store in each country between January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2019.

GitHub commits/mn pop. 15–69

GitHub is the world’s largest host of source code, and a commit is the term used for a change on this platform. One or more commits can be saved (or pushed) to projects (or repositories). Thus, “GitHub commit pushes received” refers to the number of batched changes received by publicly-available projects on GitHub within a specific economy.

Top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69

The sum of Generic top-level domains (TLDs) and country-code TLDs as a proportion of thousand population, 15-69 years old. A top-level domain (TLD) encompasses various categories maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for internet use. Generic TLDs cover five generic domains (.biz, .info, .org, .net, and .com), excluding sponsored domains such as .name or .pro, and all new generic TLDs. Country-code TLDs are assigned to specific economies, countries, or territories and represent total domain registrations within each country-code TLD, with exceptions for ccTLDs licensed for global commercial use.

Gross Domestic Product (billions USD)

GDP at purchaser's prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.

Exports (millions USD)

Exports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services provided to the rest of the world. They include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude compensation of employees and investment income (formerly called factor services) and transfer payments.

Imports (millions USD)

Imports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services received from the rest of the world. They include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude compensation of employees and investment income (formerly called factor services) and transfer payments.

Exports-Non Oil (millions USD)

Nonoil export can be defined as those visible and invisible export which do not form part of oil export but contributes to the growth of the total export

Imports-Non Oil (millions USD)

Nonoil import can be defined as those visible and invisible import which do not form part of oil import but contributes to the growth of the total import

Workers Remittances-Inflows (millions USD)

Consist of all current transfers in cash or in kind received by resident households to or from nonresident households. Personal transfers thus include all current transfers between resident and nonresident individuals.

Workers Remittances-Outflows (millions USD)

Consist of all current transfers in cash or in kind made by resident households to nonresident households. Personal transfers thus include all current transfers between resident and nonresident individuals

Foreign Direct Investment-Inflows (hundred USD)

Foreign direct investment refers to direct investment equity flows in the reporting economy. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, and other capital. Direct investment is a category of cross-border investment associated with a resident in one economy having control or a significant degree of influence on the management of an enterprise that is resident in another economy. Ownership of 10 percent or more of the ordinary shares of voting stock is the criterion for determining the existence of a direct investment relationship. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Foreign Direct Investment-Outflows (hundred USD)

Foreign direct investment refers to direct investment equity flows in an economy. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, and other capital. Direct investment is a category of cross-border investment associated with a resident in one economy having control or a significant degree of influence on the management of an enterprise that is resident in another economy.

Probability of Survival to Age 5

Indicator measures the percentage of children who survive to their fifth birthday.

Expected Years of School

Indicator corresponds to the number of years of school a child born today can expect to achieve by age 18, given the prevailing pattern of enrollment rates in the country.

Harmonized Test Score

Indicator provides a standardized measurement of learning outcomes by measuring test scores from major international student achievement testing programs.

Fraction of children under 5 not stunted

Indicator refers to the percentage of children who are under the age of 5 and who do not suffer from stunting, a condition where a child is too short for their age.

Adult survival rates

Indicator measures the probability that a 15-year-old will survive to age 60.

Property rights

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent are property rights, including financial assets, protected?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent]

Impact of rules on FDI

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how restrictive are rules and regulations on foreign direct investment (FDI)?” [1 = Extremely restrictive; 7 = Not restrictive at all]

Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how efficient are the legal and judicial systems for companies in settling disputes?” [1 = Extremely inefficient; 7 = Extremely efficient]

Efficiency of legal framework in challenging actions

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how easy is it for private businesses and citizens to challenge government actions through the legal system?” [1 = Extremely difficult; 7 = Extremely easy]

Burden of government regulation

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how easy is it for companies to comply with government regulation and administrative requirements (e.g. permits, reporting, legislation)?” [1 = Extremely complex; 7 = Extremely easy

Government ensuring policy stability

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent does the government ensure a stable policy environment for doing business?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent]

Ease of complying to tax system

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent are taxes easy to comply with?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent]

SME access to finance

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent can small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) access the finance they need for their business operations through the financial sector?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent]

Corruption Perceptions Index

On a scale of 0 to 100, the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) ranks 180 countries and territories by their perceived levels of public-sector corruption, according to experts and business people.

Country Credit Rating

Scoring the creditworthiness of a country between 100 (riskless) and 0 (likely to default), assigned according to Trading Economics’ methodology and based on Standard & Poor, Moody’s and DBRS sovereign debt credit rating.

De-jure financial globalization

Composite index that measures “de jure” financial globalization by considering investment restriction, capital accounts openness and international investment agreements

De-jure trade globalization

Composite index that measures “de jure” trade globalization by considering trade regulations, trade taxes, tariffs and trade agreements

Business costs of crime and violence

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent do the following impose costs on businesses: Incidence of crime and violence?” [1 = To a great extent – imposes huge costs; 7 = Not at all – imposes no costs]

Reliability of police services

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent can police services be relied on to efficiently enforce law and order?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent]

Safety walking alone at night

Legatum Prosperity Index 2021 score based on percentage of people who responded “Yes” to the Gallup question: Do you feel safe walking alone at night in the city or area where you live? |

Homicide rate

Number of homicide cases per 100,000 population

Global Terrorism Index

A composite measure of the impact of terrorism, on a scale of 0–10

Organized violence, deaths

A measure of deaths from state-based armed conflict, non-state conflict and one-sided violence

Confidence in local police

Legatum Prosperity Index score based on percentage of people who responded “Yes” to the Gallup question: “Do you have confidence in the local police force?

Physician density

This indicator measures the number of physicians in the country per 1,000 population

Use of basic sanitation

The percentage of people using at least basic sanitation services – that is, improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households.

Use of basic drinking water

People using at least basic drinking water services as a percentage of total population

Hospital beds density

Number of hospital beds per 10,000 population

Accessibility of healthcare services

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent do all members of the population have sufficient access to the following safety nets and services: Physical healthcare?” [1 = Not at all – service is difficult to access or only available to some people; 7 = To a great extent – service is easy to access to everyone]

Communicable disease incidence

The incidence rate represents the number of people with a condition within a given period – the affected population – in relation to the total population within which these cases have arisen (in the same period) – the target population.

Mean years of schooling

Average number of years of education received by people ages 25 and older

Secondary education enrolment rate

Gross secondary education enrolment rate

Extent of staff training

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent do companies invest in training and employee development?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent]

Education system’s ability to meet needs

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how well does the education system meet the needs of a competitive economy?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent]

Hiring and firing practices

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent do regulations allow flexible hiring and firing of workers?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent]

Ease of finding skilled employees in local labour market

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent can companies find people with the skills required to fill their vacancies in the local labour market?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent]

Flexible working arrangements

Response to the survey question: In your country, to what extent do companies offer flexible working arrangements such as remote and part-time work?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent]

Labour productivity in transport, storage and communications

Sector output (gross value added) divided by employed population in constant 2020 PPP $

Social protection basic coverage

Proportion of population covered by at least one social protection benefit

Social protection spending

Government expenditure on social security and welfare as a percentage of GDP

Equal workforce opportunities

Average score across the four components of the following Executive Opinion Survey questions: “In your country, to what extent do companies give equal workforce opportunities to: a. Women; b. Those from a typically disadvantaged religious, ethnic or racial background; c. Those with disabilities; d. Those who identify as LGBTI?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent]

Workers’ rights

The ITUC Global Rights Index measures countries on a scale from 1–5+ based on the degree of respect for workers’ rights, with 1 being the best rating and 5+ the worst rating.

Labour force with intermediate education

Intermediate education comprises upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education according to the International Standard Classification of Education 2011

Labour force with advanced education

Advanced education comprises short-cycle tertiary education, a bachelor’s degree or equivalent education level, a master’s degree or equivalent education level, or doctoral degree or equivalent education level according to the International Standard Classification of Education 2011

Quality of secondary education

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how well does secondary non-vocational education meet the needs of a competitive economy?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2022–2023 weighted average

Quality of tertiary education

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how well do parts of the education system meet the needs of a competitive economy: Tertiary education?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] |

Labour force participation

Labour force participation rate is the proportion of the population aged 15 and older that is economically active: that is, all people who supply labour for the production of goods and services during a specified period.

Female labour force participation

Labour force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: it covers all people who supply labour for the production of goods and services during a specified period. The ratio of female to male labour force participation rate is calculated by dividing the female labour force participation rate by the male labour force participation rate and multiplying by 100.

Social protection basic coverage

This indicator conveys the share of the population effectively covered by a social protection system, including social protection floors. It also provides the coverage rates of the main components of social protection: child and maternity benefits, support for people without a job, people with disabilities, victims of work injuries and older people.

Social protection spending

This indicator refers to all non-repayable payments by general government, whether capital or current, requited or not. General government expenditure on social security and welfare includes: sickness and disability, old age, survivors, family and children, unemployment, housing, social exclusion, R&D on social protection, social protection n.e.c.

Individuals using the internet

Internet users refers to people using the internet from any device (including mobile phones) in the past 12 months.

Broadband internet subscribers

This refers to total fixed (wired) broadband internet subscriptions (that is, subscriptions to high-speed access to the public internet – a TCP/IP connection – at downstream speeds equal to or greater than 256 kb/s)

Mobile broadband subscribers

Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants.

3G mobile network coverage

Percentage of total population covered by at least a 3G mobile network signal

Use of digital platform for providing financial services

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent are digital platforms* used to provide the following service: Financial?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent]

Use of digital platforms for providing transportation and shipping

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent are digital platforms* used to provide the following service: Transportation and shipping?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent]

Use of digital platform for providing hotels, restaurants and leisure activities services

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent are digital platforms* used to provide the following service: Hotels, restaurants and leisure activities?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent]

Power losses

Electric power transmission and distribution losses as a percentage of domestic supply.

Use of digital payments

Share of population 15 or older who made or received a digital payment

T&T government expenditure

Travel and tourism government expenditure as a percentage of total government budget

Comprehensiveness of T&T data

Number of data available (0 = no data, 120 = all selected indicators are available)

Timeliness of T&T data

Number of latest data available (0 = no data, 22.5 = data reported for all the periods considered)

Country Brand Strategy rating

This indicator evaluates the accuracy of a National Tourism Organization’s (NTO) Country Brand Strategy

Visa requirements

Visa requirements for entry in the destination country for a tourism visit of a limited duration from worldwide source markets (100 = no visa required for visitors from all source markets, 0 = traditional visa required for visitors from every source market)

Number of bilateral air service agreements

Number of bilateral air service agreements

Number of regional trade agreements in force

This indicator assesses the level of openness of a country to foreign goods and services as measured by the sum of the number of Regional Trade Agreements (RTA) and the number of Economic Integration Agreements (EIA) in force

Degree of financial openness

This indicator is represented by the Chinn-Ito Index, which measures a country’s degree of capital account openness |

Reputation for hospitality

The Travelsat Reputation Index for locals’ hospitality quantifies the sentiment polarity in online discussions about the friendliness and hospitality of local residents towards visitors, across various platforms such as media, blogs and social networks. It generates a score reflecting the overall positivity or negativity in these conversations, influenced by a wide range of factors including sustainability, economic, environmental and sociopolitical issues that can affect the perceived hospitality of a destination’s community.

Passport mobility score

Score for visa-free access for a country’s passport to travel destinations as measured by the Henley Passport Index

Ticket taxes, airport charges

Index of relative cost of access (ticket taxes and airport charges) to international air transport services (0 = highest cost, 100 = lowest cost)

Hotel price index

Average room rates calculated for midscale to upper-upscale hotels for a calendar year ($)

Purchasing power parity

Ratio of purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factor to the official exchange rate

Fuel price levels

Retail gasoline (petrol) prices expressed as US dollars per litre

Short-term rental price

Average daily rate for active properties on Airbnb and similar platforms