Using international indices

Vision

Looks at whether or not a country has (or is in the process of creating) a national AI strategy.

AI strategy

Looks at whether or not a country has (or is in the process of creating) a national AI strategy.

Data protection and privacy laws

As more and more social and economic activities have place online, the importance of privacy and data protection is increasingly recognized. Of equal concern is the collection, use and sharing of personal information to third parties without notice or consent of consumers. 128 out of 194 countries had put in place legislation to secure the protection of data and privacy.

Cybersecurity

The Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) provides a measure of the level of cybersecurity commitment of countries. It is a composite index made up of 25 indicators that are distributed across five main pillars: Legal Measures, Technical Measures, Organizational Measures, Capacity Building Measures, and Cooperation Measures. Scores are standardized to a scale of 0 to 1.

Ethical principles

Categorizing and evaluating various AI Principles implemented by companies and national legislations

Legal framework's adaptability to digital business models

Response to the survey question “In your country, how fast is the legal framework of your country adapting to digital business models (e.g. e-commerce, sharing economy, fintech, etc.)?” [1= not fast at all; 7 = very fast]

Accountability

Captures perceptions of the extent to which a country's citizens are able to participate in selecting their government, as well as freedom of expression, freedom of association, and a free media.

Regularity quality

Government procurement of advanced technology

The Government Online Service Index (OIS) is one of the three main components of the E-Government Development Index (EGDI) constructed and published by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. The OIS assesses the quality of a government’s delivery of online services on a 0-to-1 (best) scale. The assessment is carried out by researchers, who evaluate “each country’s national website in the native language, including the national portal, e-services portal, and e-participation portal, as well as the websites of the related ministries of education, labor, social services, health, finance, and environment, as applicable.

ICT use and government efficiency

The data refer to the simple mean of the average answers to a similarly worded question regarding five different emerging technologies: In your country, to what extent does the government foster investment (public and private) in Artificial intelligence and machine learning|Robotics|App- and web-enabled markets|Big data analytics|Cloud computing? (1: not at all; 7: to a great extent)

Online services

The Government Online Service Index (OIS) is one of the three main components of the E-Government Development Index (EGDI) constructed and published by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. The OIS assesses the quality of a government’s delivery of online services on a 0-to-1 (best) scale. The assessment is carried out by researchers, who evaluate “each country’s national website in the native language, including the national portal, e-services portal, and e-participation portal, as well as the websites of the related ministries of education, labor, social services, health, finance, and environment, as applicable.

Trust in Government websites and apps

identifies the perceived effect of digital technology on the standard of public services.

Government promotion of investment in emerging technologies

The following indicator refers to the simple mean of the average answer of a similarly-worded question posited by the EOS regarding a government’s ability to foster investment in five emerging technology sectors (Artificial intelligence, Robotics, App- and web-enabled markets, Big data analytics, and Cloud computing).

Foundational IT infrastructure

Refers to the core technology systems, networks, and software applications that support their operations and enable digital transformation in the public sector. It includes essential components such as hardware, software, data management systems, and connectivity infrastructure.

Government support to AI Adoption

In your country, to what extent is the public sector promoting adoption of AI among local businesses? [1 = Not at all; 7 =To a great extent]

Public sector AI skills development

Measures steps countries have taken to support skills developmentinrelation to responsible AI within the civil service and judiciary.

Government Effectiveness

Index that reflects perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government’s commitment to such policies.

Government's responsiveness to change

Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent does the government respond effectively to change (e.g. technological changes, societal and demographic trends, security and economic challenges)?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]

Procurement Data

a governmental procurement site that supports electronic transactions.

Number of technology unicorns

A unicorn company, or unicorn startup, is a private company with a valuation over $1 billion. As of August 2021, there are more than 700 unicorns around the world. Popular former unicorns include Airbnb, Facebook and Google. Variants include a decacorn, valued at over $10 billion, and a hectocorn, valued at over $100 billions.

Market value of large technology firms

market value of public technologies companies

Value of trade in ICT services (per capita) (log transformation)

Value of trade in ICT services (per capita)

Value of trade in ICT goods (per capita) (log transformation)

Value of trade in ICT goods (per capita)

Computer software spending

Total computer software spending (% of GDP) . “Computer software spending” includes the total value of purchased or leased packaged software such as operating systems, database systems, programming tools, utilities, and applications. It excludes expenditures for internal software development and outsourced custom software development. The data are a combination of actual figures and estimates. Data are reported as a percentage of GDP.

Number of non-AI Unicorns (log transformation)

large number of countries not having a significant technological sector.

Number of AI Unicorns (log transformation)

large number of countries having a significant technological sector.

Entrepreneurial culture

Attitudes towards entrepreneurial risk (Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent do people have an appetite for entrepreneurial risk?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent] Willingness to delegate authority (Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent does senior management delegate authority to subordinates?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent] Growth of innovative companies (Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent do new companies with innovative ideas grow rapidly?”[1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent] Companies embracing disruptive ideas (Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent do companies embrace risky or disruptive business ideas?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]

Ease of Doing Business

Doing Business records all procedures officially required, or commonly done in practice, for an entrepreneur to start up and formally operate an industrial or commercial business, as well as the time and cost to complete these procedures and the paid-in minimum capital requirement . These procedures include the processes entrepreneurs undergo when obtaining all necessary approvals, licenses, and permits and completing any required notifications, verifications, or inscriptions for the company and employees with relevant authorities.

R&D Spending (log transformation)

Expenditures for research and development are current and capital expenditures (both public and private) on creative work undertaken systematically to increase knowledge—including knowledge of humanity, culture and society—and the use of knowledge for new applications. R&D covers basic research, applied research and experimental development.

Company investment in emerging technologies

Average answer to the question: In your country, to what extent do companies invest in emerging technologies (e.g. Internet of Things, advanced analytics and artificial intelligence, augmented virtual reality and wearables, advanced robotics, 3D printing)? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent].

Business administrative requirements

Administrative Requirements measure the cost and time to start a business in addition, to the insolvency of the recovery rate and the regulatory framework.

VC availability

In your country, how easy is it for entrepreneurs with innovative but risky projects to find venture capital? [1 = extremely difficult; 7 = extremely easy]

AI research papers (log transformation)

Number of papers that focus on various aspects of artificial intelligence (AI) and related fields.

Time spent dealing with government regulations

Adoption of AI for Innovation

In your country, to what extent arelocal businesses adopting AI: To develop newproductsandbusinessmodels[1=Notatall;7=Toagreatextent]

Graduates in science & engineering

Graduates in STEM

Quality of Engineering and Technology Higher Ed

Ranking of universities

Digital skills

Response to the survey question “In your country, to what extent does the active population possess sufficient digital skills (e.g. computer skills, basic coding, digital reading)?” [1 = not all; 7 = to a great extent]

Knowledge-intensive employment

Proportion of employed knowledge workers

Research papers in AI

The number of research papers published in AI indicates the scale of research being done at the highest level.

Graduates in STEM or computer science

graduates from Science, Technology and Mathematics programmes in tertiary education.

Github Activity

GitHub is a large host of source code, and commits are known as any saved changes initiated on the platform. As such, the GitHub commits indicator refers to the number of publicly available commits on the GitHub website.

Female STEM Graduates

Female share of graduates in the given field of education, tertiary is the number of female graduates expressed as a percentage of the total number of graduates in the given field of education from tertiary education.

Telecommunications infrastructure

The Survey is the only global report that assesses the e-government development status of all Member States of the United Nations. The assessment rates the e-government performance of countries relative to one another, as opposed to being an absolute measurement. It recognizes that each country should decide upon the level and extent of its e-government initiatives in keeping with its own national development priorities and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. The Survey measures e-government effectiveness in the delivery of public services and identifies patterns in e-government development and performance as well as countries and areas where the potential of Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) and e-government has not yet been fully exploited and where capacity development support might be helpful.

Availability of latest technologies

In your country, to what extent are the latest technologies available? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]

5G Infrastructure

VIAVI empowers Service Providers and IT organizations to manage the network lifecycle for complex 5G and Fiber networks with intuitive instruments, systems and technologies; and our expertise in light management and optical coatings help protect the world’s bank notes from counterfeiters, enhance the colors you see, and enable advanced technology such as 3D sensing.

Internet bandwidth

International Internet bandwidth (b/s) per internet user:This indicator refers to the usage of all international links including fiber-optic cables, radio links, and traffic processed by satellite ground stations and teleports to orbital satellites

Supercomputers

the number of supercomputers a country has within the top 500 as an indicator of the level of large-scale computing infrastructure available within the country.

Adoption of emerging technologies

The Adoption of emerging technologies indicator refers to the average answer of a similarly-worded question posited by the EOS regarding five different emerging technologies (Artificial intelligence, Robotics, App- and web-enabled markets, Big data analytics, and Cloud computing).

Cloud Providers

offer cloud computing services and infrastructure to individuals, businesses, and other entities. These providers typically operate large-scale data centers and provide various services such as virtual servers, storage, databases, networking, and software applications, among others. 

Broadband Quality

Is the transmission of high-quality data of wide bandwidth.

Adoption of key technologies: Information processing (AI, big data, VRandAR)

In your country, how common is the adoption of the following key technologies [1 = Not adopted at all; 7=Greatly adopted]: Information processing (AI, big data, VR and AR)

Data Governance

A global measure of how governments are publishing and using open data for accountability, innovation and social impact.

Statistical Capacity

The World Bank’s Statistical Capacity Indicator is a composite score assessing the capacity of a country’s statistical system. It is based on a diagnostic framework assessing the following areas: methodology; data sources; and periodicity and timeliness. Countries are scored against 25 criteria in these areas, using publicly available information and/or country input. The overall Statistical Capacity score is then being calculated as simple average of all three area scores on a scale of 0-100.

Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions

Mobile cellular telephone subs per 100 inh:The term “mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions” refers to the number of subscriptions to a public mobile‑telephone service providing access to the public switched telephone network using cellular technology. It includes both the number of postpaid subscriptions and the number of active prepaid accounts (i.e. accounts that have been active during the previous three months). It includes all mobile-cellular subscriptions that offer voice communications. It excludes subscriptions via data cards or USB modems, subscriptions to public mobile data services, private trunked mobile radio, telepoint, radio paging, machine-to-machine (M2M) and telemetry services.

Internet users (% of adult population)

ICT use / Percentage of individuals using the Internet:“Internet users” refers to the proportion of individuals who used the Internet in the last 12 months. Data are generally based on national household surveys where the percentage should reflect the total population of the country.

Open Data

making data available for public use, that promotes transparency, accountability and value creation by making government data available to all.

Households with internet access

means that the Internet is available for use of any member of the household at any time

Gender gap in internet access

This indicator refers to the share of, respectively, women and men in a country that use the Internet. Scores are calculated as the ratio of the share related to the female population over the share related to the male population.

Socioeconomic gap

Economic inequalities in accessing to the Internet

Gender gap in mobile access

It explores the key barriers preventing women’s equal mobile ownership and access to mobile internet as well as the widening smartphone ownership gender gap.

Cost of cheapest internet-enabled device (% of monthly GDP per capita)

A major component of mobile internet affordability is the affordability of internet-enabled devices. In this context, it is important to consider the affordability of the cheapest internet-enabled device (whether a smartphone or feature phone), measured as the cost relative to monthly income per capita.

Share of individuals using the Internet

All individuals who have used the Internet in the last 3 month are counted as Internet users. The Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV etc

Share of individuals with an account

The percent of population that ages 15+ and has an account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider

Secure Internet servers

The number of distinct, publicly-trusted TLS/SSL certificates found in the Netcraft Secure Server Survey

UPU postal reliability score

UPU postal reliability index considers the reliability, reach, relevance and resilience of the postal service

CRPD ratification (UN Treaty)

The Convention follows decades of work by the United Nations to change attitudes and approaches to persons with disabilities. It takes to a new height the movement from viewing persons with disabilities as “objects” of charity, medical treatment and social protection towards viewing persons with disabilities as “subjects” with rights, who are capable of claiming those rights and making decisions for their lives based on their free and informed consent as well as being active members of society.

General Law protecting the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

The Convention is intended as a human rights instrument with an explicit, social development dimension. It adopts a broad categorization of persons with disabilities and reaffirms that all persons with all types of disabilities must enjoy all human rights and fundamental freedoms. It clarifies and qualifies how all categories of rights apply to persons with disabilities and identifies areas where adaptations have to be made for persons with disabilities to effectively exercise their rights and areas where their rights have been violated, and where protection of rights must be reinforced.

Definition of ICT accessibility

ICT Accessibility Links to resources for making websites, public access terminals, telecommunication devices, and software accessible for people with disabilities.

Definition of Reasonable Accommodation

Reasonable Accommodation' means necessary and appropriate modification and adjustments not imposing a disproportionate or undue burden, where needed in a particular case, to ensure to persons with disabilities the enjoyment or exercise on an equal basis with others of all human rights and fundamental freedoms.” Additional dispositions affirming and detailing several areas of applicability of the notion of ‘Reasonable Accommodation,’

Universal Service Obligation includes Persons with Disabilities

Universal Service Obligation (USO) is a legislation adopted by most countries to equalize telecommunications services opportunities among all citizens. While historically USOs targeted rural populations, an increasing number of countries designate Persons with Disabilities as an underserved segment of the population. The main benefit of such designation is that it supports a funding mechanism (generally named as Universal Service Fund) based on recurring revenues generated by a tax on telecommunications services collected by operators. This provides a predictable source of funding, independent of annual governments budget cycles, to support services such as relay services or other ongoing accessibility services.

Merrakesh ratification

The Marrakesh Treaty was adopted on June 27, 2013 in Marrakesh, Morocco, and it forms part of the body of international copyright treaties administered by WIPO, the World Intellectual Property Organization. It has a clear humanitarian and social development dimension and its main goal is to create a set of mandatory limitations and exceptions for the benefit of the blind, visually impaired, and otherwise print disabled (VIPs).

Government agency for Persons with Disabilities

The government Agency for Persons with Disabilities works with local communities and private providers to support people who have developmental disabilities and their families in living, learning, and working in their communities; provides assistance in identifying the service needs of people with developmental disabilities; and educates the public on disability issues while focusing attention on employment for people with disabilities.

Government agency for ICTs

Governments play a key role in stimulating the introduction of ICT-enabled solutions adapted to the needs of persons with disabilities, increasing the availability of accessible ICT and promoting the affordability of assistive technologies in social, educational, economic and other domains. These benefits can be achieved through the promotion of national innovation systems that foster public-private collaboration, as well as development and diffusion of knowledge, accessible products and content as well as assistive technologies.

Process to involve DPOs in ICT accessibility policy making

The ITU-G3ict Model ICT accessibility policy report is a practical tool for national policy-makers and regulators, for creating ICT accessibility policy frameworks and promoting accessible ICTs and the empowerment of persons with disabilities. It looks at developing national policies in consultation with persons with disabilities, and includes six modules focused on different aspects of ICT accessibility:• amendments to the existing ICT legal framework• public ICT access• mobile communications• television/video programming• public procurement of accessible ICTs.

Country refers to international ICT accessibility standards

Country refers to information and communications technology (ICT) to enhance its livability, workability, and sustainability”. Cities should begin by understanding and adopting an appropriate ICT accessibility standard to help ensure their Smart Cities programs and digital services are inclusive of persons with disabilities and older persons.

ICT accessibility courses available at universities

Making reasonable accommodations in order to provide community members with disabilities an equal opportunity to participate in courses, programs, and activities. universities should ensure that the information and communication technology (ICT) that they create or provide in conducting its programs, services, and activities is accessible to people with disabilities.

Web

Web accessibility means that websites, tools, and technologies are designed and developed so that people with disabilities can use them. More specifically, people can: perceive, understand, navigate, and interact with the Web /contribute to the Web. Such as screen readers, speech recognition, video communication (for sign language communication and video relay interpretation), voice to text services (open and closed captioning, both real-time and embedded) and visual assistance.

TV & Multimedia

As far as traditional television sets and broadcasting services are concerned, these technologies continue providing visual, audio and text output through closed captioning. The introduction of digital TV is expanding the range of features and functions that can be enabled for persons with disabilities.

Mobile Telephone

Mobile phones have proved to be the ultimate technology to connect the disabled since they have features and services which cater for persons with any disability and can be used to read, write, connect to the Internet, talk and navigate independently.

E-books and digital contents

eBooks can become large-print books with only a few clicks, and most eBook readers offer fonts and line spacing that make reading easier for people who have dyslexia or other visual challenges. Because portable devices are light and easy to hold, eBooks are easier to use for some people who have physical disabilities. Digital information is inherently flexible, so it can be rendered in nearly any format our imaginations permit, such as audio, text, graphics, and movement.

Promoting the Internet among Persons with Disabilities

An accessible Internet holds enormous potential to heighten the inclusion of people with disabilities, facilitating telework, online education, participation in e-government, and formation of relationships that overcome barriers and challenges in the physical world.

Inclusive ICTs for all in education

The aim is to provide knowledge on contemporary educational approaches that draw on the principles of inclusive education and promote equal learning, participation and opportunities for all students, including students with disabilities. It is also an approach on the significance of the contribution of ICT use in the classroom as a learning tool and especially in the education of disabled students as it assures accessibility and active participation for all students.

Enabling ICTs for all in employment

The development, procurement, lease, maintenance and use of information and communication technology (ICT) are central to the operation of businesses today. To fully participate in the workforce, applicants and employees with certain types of disabilities (such as those with limited vision and hearing) must have access to and use of information and data that is comparable to the access and use by applicants and employees without these types of disabilities. For example, if an online application system is not accessible, some applicants with disabilities can never “get through the front door.

E-government and Smart Cities for all

The concepts of e-government and smart city are increasingly used to refer to one another and have started to converge. While e-government was introduced under the flag of better service delivery by focusing on internal processes and the use of information and communications technologies (ICTs) by administrations, the smart city for All Toolkit aims to fix the disparity in cities through smart technology, making cities both smart and accessible to a range of users regardless of their abilities or disabilities.

Enabling Assistive Technologies and ICTs for independent living

ICTs are utilized to both facilitate access and assist in independent living. More than any other ICT in use today, mobile devices and services have by far the greatest impact on independent living for persons with disabilities. At the basic level, feature phones provide a means of on-demand communication for the user through both SMS and voice calls. This in itself can enable independent living by ensuring that emergency services, family members, personal aides, assistive and everyday services are just a call or text away.

Procurement of accessible public goods and services for all citizens

A general term used to describe the degree of ease that something (e.g. device, service, environment) can be used and enjoyed by persons with a disability. The term implies conscious planning, design and/or effort to ensure it is barrier free to persons with a disability, and by extension, highly usable and practical for the general population as well"

Online Service Index

The Government Online Service Index (OIS) is one of the three main components of the E-Government Development Index (EGDI) constructed and published by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. The OIS assesses the quality of a government’s delivery of online services on a 0-to-1 (best) scale. The assessment is carried out by researchers, who evaluate “each country’s national website in the native language, including the national portal, e-services portal, and e-participation portal, as well as the websites of the related ministries of education, labor, social services, health, finance, and environment, as applicable.

Content Provision

National portal(s) available in more than ONE official language, Information available about payments for government services through channels other than online,Evidence of free access to services through kiosks/community centers/post offices/libraries/public spaces/free Wi-Fi, Links and references for EMPLOYMENT for youth, Information about service provision in partnership with the private sector.

E-participation

The E-Participation Index measures the use of online services to facilitate provision of information by governments to citizens (“e-information sharing”), interaction with stakeholders (“e-consultation”) and engagement in decision-making processes (“e-decision making”).

Institutional Framework

Information available on the organizational structure and/or chart of the government, Names/titles of heads of government agencies/departments/ministries available on the national portal(s),Digital ID to access online services, Legislation/law/policy/regulation on e-participation.

Service Provision

E-procurement platform for bidding processes/submission of tenders, Service provision on Income taxes,Registration for a new company or business entity,Land title registration, Pay online for government fees or fines, Apply for: Receiving an affidavit of criminal record/background clearance,Access to justice: retrieve information.

Technology

Availability of Tutorials or guidance to understand and use online services, Accessibility by citizens/businesses to own data, Responsive web design, Evidence of being updated in the past month, Advanced search options

Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

Mobile cellular telephone subs per 100 inh:The term “mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions” refers to the number of subscriptions to a public mobile-telephone service providing access to the public switched telephone network using cellular technology. It includes both the number of postpaid subscriptions and the number of active prepaid accounts (i.e. accounts that have been active during the previous three months). It includes all mobile-cellular subscriptions that offer voice communications. It excludes subscriptions via data cards or USB modems, subscriptions to public mobile data services, private trunked mobile radio, telepoint, radio paging, machine-to-machine (M2M) and telemetry services.

Percentage of Individuals using the Internet

ICT use / Percentage of individuals using the Internet:“Internet users” refers to the proportion of individuals who used the Internet in the last 12 months. Data are generally based on national household surveys where the percentage should reflect the total population of the country.

Fixed (wired) broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

Fixed wired broadband subscriptions include the total number of subscriptions to the following broadband technologies with download speeds of 256 kbit/s or greater: DSL, cable modem, fiber-to-the-home and other fixed technologies (such as broadband over power lines and leased lines). This indicator is measured in number of subscriptions per 100 inhabitants and in total number of subscriptions.

Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

ICT use / Active mobile broadband subscription per 100 inh:This indicator refers to the sum of active handset-based and computer-based mobile-broadband subscriptions to the public Internet, where users have accessed the Internet in the last three months. It covers actual subscribers, not potential subscribers, even though the latter may have broadband-enabled handsets.

Fixed telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

Percentage of Mobile data and voice high-consumption basket price

This basket refers to the cheapest mobile broadband plan (and add-on) providing at least 2 GB of monthly data using at least 3G technology140 minutes of voice, and 70 SMS messages.

Percentage of Fixed-broadband Internet basket price

Fixed-broadband (wired) Internet traffic is traffic generated by fixed-broadband subscribers and measured at the end-user access point. Such traffic should be measured by tallying up download and upload traffic; this should exclude wholesale traffic, walled garden, Internet Protocol television (IPTV) and cable TV traffic. The indicator is calculated by dividing fixed-broadband Internet traffic by total fixed-broadband subscriptions.

Adult Literacy (%)

Adult literacy rate” is defined as the percentage of the population aged 15 years and over who can read, write, and understand a short, simple statement on his/her everyday life.

Gross Enrollment Ratio

The total number of students enrolled at the primary, secondary and tertiary level, regardless of age, as a percentage of the school-age population.

Expected years of schooling

The term “mean years of schooling” is the average number of completed years of education of a country’s population, excluding years spent repeating individual grades.

Mean years of schooling

The term “mean years of schooling” is the average number of completed years of education of a country’s population, excluding years spent repeating individual grades.

E-government Iteracy

Measures the level of e-government literacy within a country by assessing key features on government portals.

Stage One (%)

E-information: Enabling participation by providing citizens with public information and access to information without or upon demand.

Stage Two (%)

E-decision-making: Empowering citizens through co-design of policy option and co-production of service components and delivery modalities.

Stage Three (%)

E-consultation: Engaging citizens in contributions to and deliberation on public policies and services.

Cybercrime substantive law

Substantive law refers to all categories of public and private law, including the law of contracts, real property, torts, wills, and criminal law that essentially creates, defines, and regulates rights.

Cybersecurity regulations

Regulation is rule based and meant to carry out a specific piece of legislation. Regulations are enforced usually by a regulatory agency formed or mandated to carry out the purpose or provisions of a legislation. Cybersecurity regulation designates the principles, to be abided by various stakeholders, emanating from and being part of the implementation of laws dealing with data protection, breach notification, cybersecurity certification/standardization requirements, implementation of cybersecurity measures, cybersecurity audit requirements, privacy protection, child online protection, digital signatures and e-transactions, and the liability of Internet service providers.

Containment or curbing of spam

National CERT/CIRT/ CSIRT

CIRT-CSIRT-CERT: computer incident response teams, staffed concrete organizational entities that are assigned the responsibility for coordinating and supporting the response to computer security events or incidents on national or government level.

National framework for implementation of cybersecurity standards

Adopted a national framework (or frameworks) for the implementation of internationally recognized cybersecurity standards within the public sector (government agencies) and within the critical infrastructure (even if operated by the private sector). These standards include, but are not limited to, those developed by the following agencies: ISO, ITU, IETF, IEEE, ATIS, OASIS, 3GPP, 3GPP2, IAB, ISOC, ISG, ISI, ETSI, ISF, RFC, ISA, IEC, NERC, NIST, FIPS, PCI DSS, etc.

Sectorial CERT/CIRT/ CSIRT

A sectoral CIRT/CSIRT/CERT is an entity that responds to computer security or cybersecurity incidents which affect a specific sector. Sectoral CERTs are usually established for critical sectors such as healthcare, public utilities, academia, emergency services and the financial sector. The sectoral CERT provides its services to constituents from a single sector only.

Technical mechanisms and capabilities to address spam

Cloud for cybersecurity purposes in the public sector

Child Online Protection

This indicator measures the existence of a national agency dedicated to Child Online Protection, the availability of a national telephone number to report issues associated with children online, any technical mechanisms and capabilities deployed to help protect children online, and any activity by government or non-government institutions to provide knowledge and support to stakeholders on how to protect children online telephone number, email address, web forms and other, where the interested parties can report incidents or concerns related to Child Online Protection (COP).

National Cybersecurity Strategy

The development of policy to promote cybersecurity as one of national top priorities. A national cybersecurity strategy should define the maintaining of resilient and reliable national critical information infrastructures including the security and the safety of citizens; protect the material and intellectual assets of citizens, organizations and the nation; respond, prevent cyber-attacks against critical infrastructures; and minimize damage and recovery time from cyber-attacks.

Responsible Agency

A responsible agency for implementing the national cybersecurity strategy/policy can include permanent committees, official working groups, advisory councils, or cross-disciplinary centers. Such a body may also be directly responsible for the national CIRT. The responsible agency may exist within the government and may have the authority to compel other agencies and national bodies to implement policies and adopt standards.

Cybersecurity metrics

Existence of any officially recognized national or sector‑specific benchmarking exercises or referential used to measure cybersecurity development, risk-assessment strategies, cybersecurity audits, and other tools and activities for a rating or evaluating resulting performance for future improvements. For example, based on ISO/IEC 27004, which is concerned with measurements relating to information security management.

Child Online Protection

Refers to legal, technical, and policy measures implemented by countries to safeguard children from online risks and cyber threats.

Public cybersecurity awareness campaigns

Public awareness includes efforts to promote campaigns to reach as many citizens as possible as well as making use of NGOs, institutions, organizations, ISPs, libraries, local trade organizations, community centers, community colleges and adult education programs, schools and parent-teacher organizations to get the message across about safe cyber-behavior online. This includes actions such as setting up portals and websites to promote awareness, disseminating support materials and other relevant activities.

Training for Cybersecurity Professionals

The existence of sector-specific professional training programs for raising awareness for the general public (i.e., national cybersecurity awareness day, week, or month), promoting cybersecurity education for the workforce of different profiles (technical, social sciences, etc.) and promoting certification of professionals in either the public or the private sector. It also includes cybersecurity training for law enforcement officers, judicial and other legal actors designate professional and technical training that can be recurring for police officers, enforcement agents, judges, solicitors, barristers, attorneys, lawyers, paralegals and other persons of the legal and law enforcement profession. This indicator also includes the existence of a government-approved (or endorsed) framework (or frameworks) for the certification and accreditation of professionals by internationally recognized cybersecurity standards. These certifications, accreditations, and standards include, but are not limited to, the following: Cloud Security knowledge (Cloud Security Alliance), CISSP, SSCP, CSSLP CBK, Cybersecurity Forensic Analyst (ISC²), and other.

Educational programs/academic curricula in cybersecurity

Existence and the promotion of national education courses and programs to train the younger generation in cybersecurity-related skills and professions in schools, colleges, universities and other learning institutes. Cybersecurity-related professions include, but are not limited to, cryptanalysts, digital forensics experts, incident responders, security architects and penetration testers.

Educational programs/academic curricula in cybersecurity

Existence and the promotion of national education courses and programs to train the younger generation in cybersecurity-related skills and professions in schools, colleges, universities and other learning institutes. Cybersecurity-related professions include, but are not limited to, cryptanalysts, digital forensics experts, incident responders, security architects and penetration testers.

Research and development programs

This indicator measures the investment into national cybersecurity research and development programs at institutions that could be private, public, academic, non-governmental, or international. It also considers the presence of a nationally recognized institutional body overseeing the program. Cybersecurity research programs include but are not limited to, malware analysis, cryptography research, and research into system vulnerabilities and security models and concepts. Cybersecurity development programs refer to the development of hardware or software solutions that include but are not limited to firewalls, intrusion prevention systems, honey pots, and hardware security modules. The presence of an overarching national body to increase coordination among the various institutions and the sharing of resources is required.

Government incentive mechanisms

This indicator looks at any incentive efforts by the government to encourage capacity building in the field of cybersecurity, whether through tax breaks, grants, funding, loans, disposal of facilities, and other economic and financial motivators, including dedicated and nationally recognized institutional body overseeing cybersecurity capacity-building activities. Incentives increase the demand for cybersecurity-related services and products, which improves defenses against cyber threats.

National cybersecurity industry

A favorable economic, political, and social environment supporting cybersecurity development incentivizes the growth of a private sector around cybersecurity. The existence of public awareness campaigns, workforce development, capacity building, and government incentives drive a market for cybersecurity products and services. The existence of a home-grown cybersecurity industry is a testament to such a favorable environment and drives the growth of cybersecurity start-ups and associated cyber-insurance markets.

Bilateral cybersecurity agreements

Bilateral agreements (one-to-one agreements) refer to any officially recognized national or sector‑specific partnerships for sharing cybersecurity information or assets across borders by the government with one other foreign government and regional entity (i.e., the cooperation or exchange of information, expertise, technology and other resources). The indicator also measures whether information sharing of threat intelligence. Capacity building refers to the sharing of professional tools, advanced envelopment of experts, and others.

Cybersecurity multilateral agreements

Multilateral agreements (one to multiparty agreements) refers to any officially recognized national or sector-specific programs for sharing cybersecurity information or assets across borders by the government with multiple foreign governments or international organizations (i.e. the cooperation or exchange of information, expertise, technology and other resources).

Government participation in international cybersecurity mechanisms

It may also include ratification of international agreements regarding cybersecurity, such as African Union Convention on Cyber Security and Personal Data Protection, Budapest Convention on Cybercrime and others.

Partnerships with the private sector (PPPs)

Public‑private partnerships (PPP) refer to ventures between the public and private sector. This performance indicator measures the number of officially recognized national or sector‑specific PPPs for sharing cybersecurity information and assets (people, processes, tools) between the public and private sector (i.e. official partnerships for the cooperation or exchange of information, expertise, technology and/or resources), whether nationally or internationally

Inter agency cooperation

This performance indicator refers to any official partnerships between the various government agencies within the nation state (does not refer to international partnerships). This can designate partnerships for information- or asset-sharing between ministries, departments, programs and other public sector institutions.

Best practice

Operational stability for businesses

Index that measures the likelihood and severity of political, legal, operational or security risks affecting business operations. Scores are annualized, standardized and aggregated for end Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4.

Government effectiveness

Index that reflects perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government’s commitment to such policies.

Regulatory quality

Index that reflects perceptions of the ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development.

Rule of law

Index that reflects perceptions of the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, property rights, the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence.

Cost of redundancy dismissal

Sum of notice period and severance pay for redundancy dismissal (salary in weeks, averages for workers with 1, 5, and 10 years of tenure, with a minimum threshold of 8 weeks) Redundancy costs measure the cost of advance notice requirements and severance payments due when terminating a redundant worker, expressed in weeks of salary.

Ease of starting a business

Doing Business records all procedures officially required, or commonly done in practice, for an entrepreneur to start up and formally operate an industrial or commercial business, as well as the time and cost to complete these procedures and the paid-in minimum capital requirement.

Ease of doing insolvency

The ranking of economies on the ease of resolving insolvency is determined by sorting their scores. These scores are the simple average of the scores for the recovery rate and the strength of insolvency framework index. The recovery rate is recorded as cents on the dollar recovered by secured creditors through reorganization, liquidation, or debt enforcement (foreclosure or receivership) proceedings.

Policies for doing business

The extent to which governments ensure a stable policy environment for doing business.

Entrepreneurship policies and culture

Average perception scores (five-year average) of experts on entrepreneurial policies and entrepreneurial culture. Experts in different fields assess conditions for entrepreneurship in their country via statements (1= completely false; 10 =completely true).

Policy stability for doing business

Average answer to the survey question: In your country, to what extent does the government ensure a stable policy environment for doing business? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent].

Expenditure on education

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers), expressed as a percentage of GDP.

Government funding per secondary student

Total general (local, regional and central, current and capital) initial government funding of education per student, which includes transfers paid (such as scholarships to students), but excludes transfers received, in this case international transfers to government for education (when foreign donors provide education sector budget support or other support integrated in the government budget). This is then expressed as a share of GDP per capita, in US$.

School life expectancy

Total number of years of schooling that a child of a certain age can expect to receive in the future, assuming that the probability of his or her being enrolled in school at any particular age is equal to the current enrolment ratio for that age.

PISA scales in reading, math and science

PISA is the OECD’s (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) Program for International Student Assessment. PISA measures 15-year-olds’ ability to use their reading, mathematics and science knowledge and skills. Results from PISA indicate the quality and equity of learning outcomes attained around the world.

Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

The number of pupils enrolled in secondary school divided by the number of secondary school teachers (regardless of their teaching assignment).A high pupil-teacher ratio suggests that each teacher has to be responsible for a large number of pupils. In other words, the higher the pupil/ teacher ratio, the lower the relative access of pupils to teachers.

Tertiary enrolment

The ratio of total tertiary enrolment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the tertiary level of education. Tertiary education, whether or not at an advanced research qualification, normally requires, as a minimum condition of admission, the successful completion of education at the secondary level.

Graduates in Science and engineering

The share of all tertiary-level graduates in natural sciences, mathematics, statistics, information and technology, manufacturing, engineering, and construction as a percentage of all tertiary-level graduates.

Tertiary inbound mobility

The number of students from abroad studying in a given country as a percentage of the total tertiary-level enrolment in that country.

Gross expenditure on R&D (GERD)

Total domestic intramural expenditure on R&D during a given period as a percentage of GDP. “Intramural R&D expenditure” is all expenditure for R&D performed within a statistical unit or sector of the economy during a specific period, whatever the source of funds

Global RnD companies, average expenditure, top 3

Average expenditure on R&D of the top three global companies. If a country has fewer than three global companies listed, the figure is either the average of the sum of the two companies listed or the total for a single listed company. A score of 0 is given to countries with no listed companies.

QS university ranking average score of top 3 universities

Average score of the top three universities per country. If fewer than three universities are listed in the QS ranking of the global top 1000 universities, the sum of the scores of the listed universities is divided by three, thus implying a score of zero for the non-listed universities.

Researchers FTE

Researchers per million population, FTE. Researchers in R&D are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods, or systems and in the management of the projects concerned. Postgraduate PhD students (ISCED97 level 6) engaged in R&D are included.

ICT access

The ICT access index, previously part of the ITU ICT Development Index, is a composite index that weights five ICT indicators (20% each): (1) Fixed telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; (2) Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; (3) International Internet bandwidth (bit/s) per Internet user; (4) Percentage of households with a computer; and (5) Percentage of households with Internet access.

ICT use

The ICT use index, previously part of the ITU ICT Development Index, is a composite index that weights three ICT indicators (33% each): (1) Percentage of individuals using the Internet; (2) Fixed (wired)-broadband Internet subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; (3) Active mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants.

Government online service

The Online Services Index component of the E-Government Development Index is a composite indicator measuring the use of ICTs by governments in delivering public services at the national level.

online e-participation

The E-Participation Index (EPI) is derived as a supplementary index to the United Nations E-Government Survey. It extends the dimension of the Survey by focusing on the government use of online services in providing information to its citizens or “e-information sharing”, interacting with stakeholders or “e-consultation” and engaging in decision-making processes or “e-decision-making.”

Electricity output

Electricity output

Logistics performance

Logistics performance: A multidimensional assessment of logistics performance, the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) ranks 160 countries combining data on six core performance components into a single aggregate measure—including customs performance, infrastructure quality, and timeliness of shipments. The LPI’s six components are: (1) the efficiency of customs and border management clearance (“Customs”); (2) the quality of trade and transport infrastructure (“Infrastructure”); (3) the ease of arranging competitively priced shipments (“International shipments”); (4) the competence and quality of logistics services (“Services Quality”); (5) the ability to track and trace consignments (“Tracking and tracing”); and (6) the frequency with which shipments reach consignees within scheduled or expected delivery times (“Timeliness”). The LPI consists therefore of both qualitative and quantitative measures and helps build profiles of logistics friendliness for these countries.

Gross capital formation

Gross capital formation is expressed as a ratio of total investment in current local currency to GDP in current local currency. Investment or gross capital formation is measured by the total value of the gross fixed capital formation and changes in inventories and acquisitions less disposals of valuables for a unit or sector, on the basis of the System of National Accounts (SNA) of 1993.

GDP per unit of energy use

Purchasing power parity gross domestic product (PPP$ GDP) per kilogram of oil equivalent of energy use. Total primary energy supply (TPES) is made up of production + imports - exports - international marine bunkers - international aviation bunkers +/– stock changes.

Environmental performance

These indicators provide a gauge at a national scale of how close countries are to established environmental policy targets. The EPI offers a scorecard that highlights leaders and laggards in environmental performance and provides practical guidance for countries that aspire to move toward a sustainable future.

ISO 14001 environmental certificates

ISO 14001:2015 specifies the requirements for an environmental management system that an organization can use to enhance its environmental performance. ISO 14001 is intended for use by an organization seeking to manage its environmental responsibilities in a systematic manner that contributes to the environmental pillar of sustainability. ISO 14001 helps an organization achieve the intended outcomes of its environmental management system, which provide value for the environment, the organization itself, and interested parties.

Low-carbon energy use, %

The low-carbon intensive energy share is calculated based on its share of a country’s total primary energy consumption (expressed in petajoules). Primary energy is the energy available in raw, unprocessed natural resources that serve as inputs into the energy system. It measures total energy consumed before any significant efficiency losses due to converting it to secondary energy (a transportable form) or final energy (delivered to the consumer). The full energy mix is considered, comprising high-carbon intensive fossil fuel sources; oil, coal, and natural gas; as well as low-carbon intensive sources; hydro, nuclear, wind, biomass, solar, geothermal, etc.

Ease of getting credit

These scores are the score for the sum of the strength of the legal rights index (range 0–12) and the depth of credit information index (range 0–8). Doing Business measures the legal rights of borrowers and lenders with respect to secured transactions through one set of indicators and the reporting of credit information through another. The first set of indicators measures whether certain features that facilitate lending exist within the applicable collateral and bankruptcy laws. The second set measures the coverage, scope, and accessibility of credit information available through credit reporting service providers such as credit bureaus or credit registries. Although Doing Business compiles data on getting credit for public registry coverage (% of adults) and for private bureau coverage (% of adults), these indicators are not included in the ranking.

Domestic credit to private sector

Domestic credit to private sector” refers to financial resources provided to the private sector by financial corporations, such as through loans, purchases of nonequity securities, and trade credits and other accounts receivable that establish a claim for repayment. For some countries, these claims include credit to public enterprises. The financial corporations include monetary authorities and deposit money banks, as well as other financial corporations where data are available (including corporations that do not accept transferable deposits but do incur such liabilities as time and savings deposits).

Microfinance institutions gross loan portfolio

Combined gross loan balances of microfinance institutions (current US$) in a country as a percentage of its GDP (current US$).

Finance for startups and scaleups

Average perception scores (five-year average) of experts on finance for starting and growing firms. Experts in different fields assess conditions for entrepreneurship in their country via statements (1=completely false; 10 = completely true).

Loans from microfinance institutions, % GDP

Outstanding loans from all microfinance institutions in a country as a percentage of its GDP

Ease of protecting minority investors

This ranking is the sum of the scores for the extent of conflict of interest regulation index and the extent of shareholder governance index. The extent of conflict of interest regulation index measures the protection of shareholders against directors’ misuse of corporate assets for personal gain by distinguishing three dimensions of regulation that address conflicts of interest: transparency of related-party transactions (extent of disclosure index), shareholders ‘ability to sue and hold directors liable for self-dealing (extent of director liability index), and access to evidence and allocation of legal expenses in shareholder litigation(ease of shareholder suits index).

Market capitalization

Market capitalization (also known as “market value”) is the share price times the number of shares outstanding (including their several classes) for listed domestic companies. Investment funds, unit trusts, and companies whose only business goal is to hold shares of other listed companies are excluded.

Venture capital investors, deals

Thomson Reuters Eikon data on private equity deals, per deal, with information on the location of investment, investment company, investor firms, funds, and crowdfunding, among other details.

Venture capital recipients, deals

Venture capital received, value, % GDP

Refinitiv data on private equity deals, per deal, with information on the location of the firm investing in a venture capital (VC) deal, among other details. The data represent the three-year average of 2019–21 deals invested in and are reported per billion PPP$ GDP.

Applied tariff rate, weighted average

"Weighted mean applied tariff” is the average of effectively applied rates weighted by the product import shares corresponding to each partner country. Data are classified using the Harmonized System of trade at the six- or eight-digit level. Tariff line data were matched to Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) revision 3 codes to define commodity groups and import weights. To the extent possible, specific rates have been converted to their ad valorem equivalent rates and have been included in the calculation of weighted mean tariffs. Effectively applied tariff rates at the six- and eight-digit product level are averaged for products in each commodity group. When the effectively applied rate is unavailable, the most favored nation rate is used instead.

Domestic industry diversification

Average answer to the survey question: In your country, how intense is competition in the local markets? [1 = not intense at all; 7 = extremely intense

Domestic market scale

The domestic market size is measured by gross domestic product (GDP) based on the purchasing-power-parity (PPP) valuation of country GDP, in current international dollars (billions).

Knowledge-intensive employment

Sum of people in categories 1 to 3 as a percentage of total people employed, according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO). Categories included in ISCO-08 are: 1 Managers, 2 Professionals, and 3 Technicians and associate professionals.

Firms offering formal training

The percentage of firms offering formal training programs for their permanent, full-time employees in the sample of firms in the World Bank’s Enterprise Survey in each country.

GERD performed by business enterprise

Gross expenditure on R&D performed by business enterprise as a percentage of GDP

GERD financed by business enterprise

Gross expenditure on R&D financed by business enterprise as a percentage of total gross expenditure on R&D.

Females employed with advanced degrees

The percentage of females employed with advanced degrees out of total employed. The employed comprise all persons of working age who, during a specified brief period, were in one of the following categories: (1) paid employment (whether at work or with a job but not at work); or (2) self-employment (whether at work or with an enterprise but not at work).

University/industry research collaboration

Average answer to the survey question: In your country, to what extent do businesses and universities collaborate on research and development (R&D) [1 = do not collaborate at all; 7 = collaborate extensively]

State of cluster development

Average answer to the survey question on the role of clusters in the economy: In your country, how widespread are well-developed and deep clusters (geographic concentrations of firms, suppliers, producers of related products and services, and specialized institutions in a particular field)? [1 = non-existent; 7 = widespread in many fields]

GERD financed by abroad

Percentage of gross expenditure on R&D financed by abroad (billions, national currency)—that is, with foreign financing as a percentage of GDP (billions, national currency).

Joint venture/strategic alliance deals

Thomson Reuters data on joint ventures/strategic alliances deals, per deal, with details on the country of origin of partner firms, among others. The series corresponds to a query on joint venture/strategic alliance deals from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019, for a total of 10,535 deals announced in 2019, with firms headquartered in 122 GII participating economies. Each participating nation of each company in a deal (n countries per deal) gets, per deal,a score equivalent to 1/n (with the effect that all country scores add up to 10,535). The data are reported per billion PPP$ GDP.

Patent families filed in two offices

A “patent family” is a set of interrelated patent applications filed in one or more countries or jurisdictions to protect the same invention. Patent families containing applications filed in at least two different offices is a subset of patent families where protection of the same invention is sought in at least two different countries.

Innovation linkage

Public Research–Industry co-publications, %

Public–private co-authored research publications as a percentage of all research publications. Research publications are limited to the following four main fields of science: Biomedical and health sciences, Life and earth sciences, Mathematics and computer science, and Physical sciences and engineering. The definition of the "private sector" includes all for profit business enterprises, covering all manufacturing and services sectors. This includes research institutes and other corporate R&D laboratories that are fully funded or owned by for profit business enterprises. Organizations in the private education sector and private healthcare sector organizations (including hospitals and clinics) are not classified as private sector.

Intellectual property payments

Value according to the Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification EBOPS 2010—that is, code SH charges for the use of intellectual property not included elsewhere as a percentage of total trade. “Total trade” is defined as the sum of total imports code G goods and code SOX commercial services (excluding government goods and services not included elsewhere) plus total exports of code G goods and code SOX commercial services (excluding government goods and services not included elsewhere), divided by 2. According to the sixth edition of the International Monetary Fund’s Balance of Payments Manual, the item “Goods” covers general merchandise, net exports of goods under merchanting, and non-monetary gold.

High tech imports

High-technology imports as a percentage of total trade. High-technology exports and imports contain technical products with a high intensity of R&D, defined by the Eurostat classification, which is based on Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) Revision 4 and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) definition. Commodities belong to the following sectors: aerospace; computers & office machines; electronics; telecommunications; pharmacy; scientific instruments; electrical machinery; chemistry; non-electrical machinery; and armament.

ICT services imports

Telecommunications, computer and information services as a percentage of total trade according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)’s Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification EBOPS 2010, coded SI: Telecommunications, computer and information services.

Foreign direct investment net inflows

Foreign direct investment is the average of the most recent three years of net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock)in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments. This series shows net inflows (new investment inflows less disinvestment) in the reporting economy from foreign investors, and is divided by GDP.

Research talent in business enterprise

Full-time equivalent (FTE) researchers in the business enterprise sector” refers to researchers as professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods, and systems, as well as in the management of these projects, broken down by the sectors in which they are employed (business enterprise, government, higher education, and private non-profit organizations).

Patent applications by origin

A resident patent application refers to an application filed with an IP office for or on behalf of the first-named applicant’s country of residence. For example, an application filed with the Japan Patent Office (JPO) by a resident of Japan is considered a resident application for Japan.

PCT applications by origin

A PCT application refers to an international patent applications filed through the WIPO-administered Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT). The PCT system makes it possible to seek patent protection for an invention simultaneously in a number of countries by filing a single international patent application. The origin of PCT applications is defined by the residence of the first-named applicant.

Utility models by origin

Terms and conditions for granting a utility model are slightly different from those for normal patents and include a shorter term of protection and less stringent patentability requirements. A utility model is sometimes referred to in certain countries as “petty patents”, “short-term patents”, or “innovation patents”. A resident UM application refers to an application filed with an IP office for or on behalf of the first-Named applicant’s country of residence.

Scientific and technical publications

Articles are counted on a count basis (rather than a fractional basis)—that is, for articles with collaborating institutions from multiple countries/economies, each country/economy receives credit on the basis of its participating institutions. The data are reported per billion PPP$ GDP.

Citable documents H index

The H-index expresses the journal’s number of articles (H) that have received at least H citations. It quantifies both journal scientific productivity and scientific impact. The H-index is tabulated from the number of citations received in subsequent years by articles published in a given year, divided by the number of articles published that year.

Labor productivity growth

Growth rate of real GDP per person employed (constant 1990 PPP$), average of three last available years. Growth of gross domestic product (GDP) per person engaged provides a measure of labor productivity (defined as output per unit of labor input). GDP per person employed is GDP divided by total employment in the economy. PPP$ GDP is Constant 1990 in U.S. dollars, expressed in 1990 GK PPP, Millions. While this is a relatively robust measure, it does not correct for part-time jobs as it merely counts people who are employed. Hence, GDP per person employed is somewhat underestimated in countries with a higher share of part-time workers, which are mostly OECD countries.

New business density

Number of newly registered corporations per 1,000 working-age (15–64 years old). The units of measurement are private, formal sector companies with limited liability.

Total computer software spending

Computer software spending includes the total value of purchased or leased packaged software such as operating systems, database systems, programming tools, utilities, and applications. It excludes expenditures for internal software development and outsourced custom software development.

High-tech manufacturing

High-tech and medium-high-tech output as a percentage of total manufactures output, on the basis of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) classification of Technology Intensity Definition.

Unicorn valuation

Total valuation of all unicorns in a country as a percentage of GDP. A unicorn company is a private company with a valuation over $1 billion. Unicorn companies as of April 7, 2023, with 1,207 unicorns worldwide.

ISO 9001 quality/bn PPP$ GDP

ISO 9001:2015 specifies requirements for a quality management system when an organization needs to demonstrate its ability to consistently provide products and services that meet customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements, and aims to enhance customer satisfaction through the effective application of the system, including processes for improving the system and assuring conformity to customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements.

IP receipts

Value according to the Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification EBOPS 2010—that is, code SH charges for the use of intellectual property not included elsewhere as a percentage of total trade. Receipts are between residents and non-residents for the use of proprietary rights (such as patents, trademarks, copyrights, industrial processes, and designs including trade secrets, franchises), and for licenses to reproduce or distribute (or both) intellectual property embodied in produced originals or prototypes (such as copyrights on books and manuscripts, computer software, cinematographic works, and sound recordings) and related rights (such as for live performances and television, cable, or satellite broadcast).

High Tech exports

High-technology exports minus re-exports (% of total trade):High-technology exports and imports contain technical products with a high intensity of R&D, defined by the Eurostat classification, which is based on Standard International Trade Classification (SITC).

ICT services export

Telecommunications, computer and information services (% of total trade) according to the Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification EBOPS 2010,

FDI outflows

Foreign direct investment” refers to the average of the most recent three years of direct investment equity flows in an economy. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, and other capital. Direct investment is a category of cross-border investment associated with a resident in one economy having control or a significant degree of influence on the management of an enterprise that is resident in another economy.

Production and export complexity

Trademark application class count by origin

A “trademark” is a sign used by the owner of certain products or provider of certain services to distinguish them from the products or services of other companies. A trademark can consist of words and/or combinations of words, such as slogans, Names, logos, figures and images, letters, numbers, sounds, and moving images, or a combination thereof.

Industrial design by origin

Sum of Global Brand Values, top 5,000 as a percentage of GDP. Brand Finance calculates brand value using the Royalty Relief methodology, which determines the value a company would be willing to pay to license its brand as if it did not own it. The methodology is compliant with industry standards set in ISO 10668. ISO This approach involves estimating the future revenue attributable to a brand and calculating a royalty rate that would be charged for the use of the brand.

ICTs and business model creation

An “industrial design” is a set of exclusive rights granted by law to applicants for protecting the Ornamental or aesthetic aspect of their products. An industrial design is valid for a limited period of time and within a limited territory. A resident industrial design application refers to an application filed with the IP office for or on behalf of the applicant’s country of residence.

ICTs and organizational model creation

Average answer to the question: In your country, to what extent do ICTs enable new organizational models (e.g., virtual teams, remote working, telecommuting)

Global brand value, top 5,000

Intangible asset intensity, top 15, %

The data cover a global list of firms for which intangible asset value and total firm value are observed. Only the top 15 firms of each economy are considered, ranked by intangible assets in absolute terms (in USD). Countries with fewer than 15 firms are not considered. For each firm, the intangible asset value is divided by the firm’s total value before computing the arithmetic mean across the top 15 firms for each economy

Cultural and creative services exports

World Trade Organization

National feature films produced

A film with a running time of 60 minutes or longer. It includes works of fiction, animation, and documentaries. It is intended for commercial exhibition in cinemas. Feature films produced exclusively for television broadcasting, as well as newsreels and advertising films, are excluded.

Entertainment and media market

The Global Entertainment & Media Outlook (the Outlook) is a comprehensive source of global analyses and five-year forecasts of consumer and advertising spending across 53 territories for 14 entertainment and media segments.

Printing publications and other media output

Printing, and reproduction of recorded media output (ISIC Revision 4 Division 18, group 181 with class 1811 and 1812 and group 182 with class 1820) as a percentage of total manufacturing output.

Creative goods exports

Total value of creative goods exports (current US$) over total trade.

Generic TLD

A generic top-level domain (gTLD) is one of the categories of top-level domains (TLDs) maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for use on the Internet. Generic TLDs can be unrestricted (.com, .info, .net, and.org) or restricted—that is, used on the basis of fulfilling eligibility criteria (.biz, .Name, and .pro). Of these, the statistic covers the five generic domains .biz, .info, .org,.net, and .com.

Country code TLD

A country-code top-level domain (ccTLD) is one of the categories of top-level domains (TLDs) maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for use on the Internet. Country-code TLDs are two-letter domains especially designated for a particular economy, country, or autonomous territory"

Wikipedia yearly edits

Data extracted from Wikimedia Foundation’s internal data sources. Data reflects economies with more than 100,000 edit counts in 2019; The data exclude both contributions to the extent that is identifiable in the data sources. Data are reported per million population 15–69 years old.

Mobile apps creation

Global downloads of mobile apps, by origin of the headquarters of the developer/firm, scaled by PPP$ GDP (billions). Global downloads are compiled by App Annie Intelligence, public data sources, and the company’s proprietary forecast model based on data from Google play store and iOS App store in each country between January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2019.

GitHub commits/mn pop. 15–69

GitHub is the world’s largest host of source code, and a commit is the term used for a change on this platform. One or more commits can be saved (or pushed) to projects (or repositories). Thus, “GitHub commit pushes received” refers to the number of batched changes received by publicly-available projects on GitHub within a specific economy.

Top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69

The sum of Generic top-level domains (TLDs) and country-code TLDs as a proportion of thousand population, 15-69 years old. A top-level domain (TLD) encompasses various categories maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for internet use. Generic TLDs cover five generic domains (.biz, .info, .org, .net, and .com), excluding sponsored domains such as .name or .pro, and all new generic TLDs. Country-code TLDs are assigned to specific economies, countries, or territories and represent total domain registrations within each country-code TLD, with exceptions for ccTLDs licensed for global commercial use.

net enrollment rate in primary education

Measures the actual school participation of official school age population for primary education

net enrollment rate in lower secondary education

Measures the actual school participation of official school age population for lower secondary education

net enrollment rate in upper secondary education

Measures the actual school participation of official school age population for upper secondary education

years of compulsory education in primary and secondary

Number of years of primary and secondary education to which children are legally entitled.

completion rate in upper secondary education

Percentage of a cohort of children or young people aged 3-5 years above the intended age for the last grade of upper secondary education who have completed that grade.

gross intake ratio to the last grade of lower secondary education

Total number of new entrants into the last grade of lower secondary general education as a percentage of the population at the intended entrance age to the last grade of lower secondary general education.

assessment of 15-year-old students in math, science and reading

The OECD Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) assesses the extent to which 15-year-old students near the end of their compulsory education have acquired key knowledge and skills that are essential for full participation in modern societies.

learning-adjusted years of schooling

Compares years of schooling across countries, while adjusting by the amount of learning that takes place during those years.

government expenditure on primary education (% gdp)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on primary education (current, capital and transfers), expressed as a percentage of GDP.

government expenditure on secondary education (% gdp)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on secondary education (current, capital and transfers), expressed as a percentage of GDP.

government funding per primary student (% gdp per capita)

Total initial funding from government (central, regional, local) for primary education per student enrolled at that level in a given year.

government funding per secondary student (% gdp per capita)

Total initial funding from government (central, regional, local) for secondary education per student enrolled at that level in a given year. The results are expressed as a percentage of GDP per capita.

pupil-trained teacher ratio in primary education

Average number of pupils per trained teacher in primary education based on headcounts of both pupils and teachers in a given academic year.

pupil-trained teacher ratio in secondary education

Average number of pupils per trained teacher in secondary education based on headcounts of both pupils and teachers in a given academic year.

schools with access to computers in primary education (%)

Measures the use of computers to support course delivery or independent teaching and learning needs in primary education.

schools with access to computers in secondary education (%)

Measures the use of computers to support course delivery or independent teaching and learning needs in secondary education

gross enrollment ratio in early childhood education

Total enrolment in early childhood education regardless of age expressed as a percentage of the population of the official age.

proportion of children who are developmentally on track

Measures the proportion of children aged 24-59 months who have achieved the minimum number of milestones expected, defined as follows: (i) health - gross motor development, fine motor development and self-care; (ii) learning expressive language - literacy, numeracy, pre-writing and executive functioning; and (iii) psychosocial well-being - emotional skills, social skills, internalizing behavior and externalizing behavior.

proportion of children with stimulating home learning environments

Evaluates learning environment to ensure that it promotes and does not harm children's development.

pupil-trained teacher ratio in pre-primary education

Average number of pupils per trained teacher in pre-primary education based on headcounts of both pupils and teachers in a given academic year.

completion rate in upper secondary education, gender parity

Percentage of a cohort of children or young people aged 3-5 years above the intended age for the last grade of upper secondary education who have completed that grade. The gender parity index represents the ratio of the variable value for one group (females) to that of the other (males).

completion rate in upper secondary education, wealth parity

Percentage of a cohort of children or young people aged 3-5 years above the intended age for the last grade of upper secondary education who have completed that grade.

completion rate in upper secondary education, location parity

Percentage of a cohort of children or young people aged 3-5 years above the intended age for the last grade of upper secondary education who have completed that grade.

firms offering formal training (%)

The percentage of firms offering formal training programs for their permanent, full-time employees.

Labor force with short-cycle tertiary education (%)

Measures the labor force participation rate for persons who attained a short-cycle tertiary education level.

participation rate in formal and non-formal education and training

Percentage of youth and adults (15-24 years and 25-64 years) participating in formal or non-formal education or training in the last 12 months as a percentage of the population of the same age bracket.

government expenditure on vocational education (%)

Government expenditure on secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational education, expressed as a percentage of total government expenditure on all sectors.

Share of students enrolled in post-secondary vocational programs

Total number of students enrolled in vocational programs in post-secondary non-tertiary education, expressed as a percentage of the total number of students enrolled in all programs (vocational and general) at that level.

share of students enrolled in post-secondary vocational programmes

Total number of students enrolled in vocational programmes in post-secondary non-tertiary education, expressed as a percentage of the total number of students enrolled in all programmes (vocational and general) at that level.

extent of staff training

In your country, to what extent do companies invest in training and employee development? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent].

quality of vocational training

In your country, how do you assess the quality of vocational training? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent].

ratio of high-skill tvet occupations earnings to average wage

The earnings of employees relate to the gross remuneration in cash and in kind paid to employees, as a rule at regular intervals, for time worked or work done together with remuneration for time not worked, such as annual vacation, other type of paid leave or holidays. High-skill TVET occupations comprise technicians and associate professionals according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO 08,3).

ratio of medium-skill tvet occupations earnings to average wage

The earnings of employees relate to the gross remuneration in cash and in kind paid to employees, as a rule at regular intervals, for time worked or work done together with remuneration for time not worked, such as annual vacation, other type of paid leave or holidays. Medium-skill TVET occupations comprise clerical support workers (ISCO-08,4), craft and related trade workers (ISCO-08,7) and plant and machine operators and assemblers (ISCO-08,8) according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations.

firms constrained with inadequately educated workforce (%)

To what degree is an inadequately educated workforce an obstacle to the current operations of this establishment?

employment educational mismatch (%)

The variable is calculated by summing the number of workers who are under-educated with the number of workers who are over-educated. The sum is divided by the total number of workers.

proportion of skilled production workers

Skilled workers comprise workers in highly skilled production jobs, professionals whose tasks require extensive theoretical and technical knowledge, and workers in semi-skilled production jobs, technicians whose tasks require some level of mechanical or technical knowledge.

unemployment rate with vocational education

The unemployed comprise all persons of working age who were: a) without work during the reference period, i.e. were not in paid employment or self-employment; b) currently available for work, i.e. were available for paid employment or self-employment during the reference period; and c) seeking work, i.e. had taken specific steps in a specified recent period to seek paid employment or self-employment.

share of tvet occupations

Measures the share of workers in TVET occupations among all workers. TVET occupations are categorized according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO).

manufacturing employment (%)

Conveys the share of employment in manufacturing. Employment in manufacturing is defined based on the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC).

enrollment in vocational education, gender parity

Percentage of young people aged 15-24 years participating in technical or vocational education either in formal or non-formal (e.g. work-based or other settings) education, on a given date or during a specified period.

vulnerable employment rate

The employed comprise all persons of working age who, during a specified brief period, were in one of the following categories: a) paid employment (whether at work or with a job but not at work); or b) self-employment (whether at work or with an enterprise but not at work).

government expenditure per tertiary student

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure per student in tertiary education, expressed in purchasing power parity (PPP) dollars at constant prices. Expenditure on education refers to expenditure on core educational goods and services, such as teaching staff, school buildings, or schoolbooks and teaching materials and peripheral educational goods and services such as ancillary services, general administration and other activities.

teaching staff compensation (% tertiary expenditure)

Teacher compensation expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional) of the tertiary level of education.

enrollment in bachelor's or equivalent level (%)

This variable is calculated by dividing the number of individuals officially registered in tertiary education ISCED 6 programs regardless of age by the number of individuals aged between 18-24 years.

enrollment in master's, doctoral or equivalent (%)

This variable is calculated by dividing the number of individuals officially registered in tertiary education ISCED 7 and 8 programs regardless of age by the number of individuals aged between 22-40 years.

pupil-teacher ratio in tertiary education

Average number of pupils per teacher in tertiary education in a given academic year

researchers in higher education (%)

Researchers refers to all professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge (who conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models, techniques instrumentation, software or operational methods) broken down by the sectors they are employed in (business enterprise, government, higher education and private non-profit organizations).

teachers in tertiary education, gender parity

Measures the level of gender representation in the teaching profession rather than the effectiveness and quality of teaching.

inbound mobility rate

Number of students from abroad studying in a given country, expressed as a percentage of total tertiary enrolment in that country.

academic freedom

The Academic Freedom Index is designed to provide an aggregated measure of the following 5 dimensions: freedom to research and teach, freedom of academic exchange and dissemination, institutional autonomy, campus integrity and freedom of academic and cultural expression. The variable ranges from 0 (low) to 1 (high).

gross attendance ratio for tertiary education, gender parity

Number of students attending a given level of education at any time during the reference academic year, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education. For the tertiary level, the population used is the 5-year age group starting from the official secondary school graduation age.

gross attendance ratio for tertiary education, wealth parity

Number of students attending a given level of education at any time during the reference academic year, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

gross attendance ratio for tertiary education, location parity

Number of students attending a given level of education at any time during the reference academic year, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Educational attainment rate, bachelor’s or equivalent

Distribution of the population aged 25 years and above according to the highest level of education attained or completed. This variable is usually presented for age groups of at least 25 years and older in order to ensure that the majority of the population has completed their education.

educational attainment rate, master's or equivalent

Distribution of the population aged 25 years and above according to the highest level of education attained or completed. This variable is usually presented for age groups of at least 25 years and older in order to ensure that the majority of the population has completed their education.

educational attainment rate, doctoral or equivalent

Distribution of the population aged 25 years and above according to the highest level of education attained or completed. This variable is usually presented for age groups of at least 25 years and older in order to ensure that the majority of the population has completed their education.

Labor force participation rate with advanced education

The labor force participation rate with an advanced level of education (ISCED 5, 6, 7 and 8) is the labor force with an advanced level education as a percent of the working age population with an advanced level of education.

unemployment rate with advanced education

The percentage of the labor force with an advanced level of education (ISCED 5, 6, 7 and 8) who are unemployed.

university-industry collaboration in r&d

Based on response to the survey question: In your country, to what extent do business and universities collaborate on research and development (R&D)? [1 =do not collaborate at all; 7 = collaborate extensively].

citable documents per r&d personnel in higher education

Citable documents refers to the number of citable documents published by a journal in the three previous years (selected year documents are excluded). Exclusively articles, reviews and conference papers are considered.

gerd (% gdp)

Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) as a percentage of GDP is the total intramural expenditure on R&D performed in the national territory during a specific reference period expressed as a percentage of GDP of the national territory.

gerd per researcher

Total intramural expenditure on R&D performed during a specific reference period per researcher, expressed in purchasing power parity (PPP) dollars at constant prices.

researchers per thousand labor force

Researchers refers to the number of professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge (who conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models, techniques instrumentation, software or operational methods) during a given year expressed as a proportion of a labor force of 1,000 people.

tertiary graduates from stem programs (%)

Refers to the percentage of students who have successfully graduated from tertiary education in information and communication technologies, natural sciences, mathematics and statistics or engineering, manufacturing and construction programs in a given academic year.

gerd performed by business enterprises (%)

GERD performed by business enterprises as a percentage of GDP is the total intramural expenditure on R&D performed during a specific reference period corresponding to business enterprise, independent of the source of funds, as a percentage of GDP.

gerd financed by business enterprises (%)

Refers to the total intramural expenditure on R&D performed during a specific reference period financed by business enterprise as a percentage of total gross expenditure on R&D.

researchers in business enterprises (%)

Researchers refers to professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge (who conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models, techniques instrumentation, software or operational methods) employed by business enterprises.

firms that spend on r&d (%)

The percentage of firms that spent on formal research and development activities during the last fiscal year out of all firms in the manufacturing and services sectors. This corresponds to formal (registered) firms classified with ISIC codes 15-37, 45, 50-52, 55, 60-64 and 72 (ISIC Rev.3.1) companies.

high-skilled employment (%)

The employed comprise all persons of working age who, during a specified brief period, were in one of the following categories: a) paid employment (whether at work or with a job but not at work); or b) self-employment (whether at work or with an enterprise but not at work). The working-age population is defined as all persons aged 15 and older.

intellectual property payments (% total trade)

Charges for the use of intellectual property (credit) are payments between non-residents and residents for the authorized use of proprietary rights (such as patents, trademarks, copyrights, industrial processes and designs including trade secrets and franchises) and for the use, through licensing agreements, of produced originals or prototypes (such as copyrights on books and manuscripts, computer software, cinematographic works and sound recordings) and related rights (such as for live performances and television, cable, or satellite broadcast).

state of cluster development

Based on response to the survey question: In your country, how widespread are well-developed and deep clusters (geographic concentrations of firms, suppliers, producers of related products and services and specialized institutions in a particular field)? [1 = non-existent; 7 = widespread in many fields].

average documents per researcher

Average published documents per researcher.

citations per document

Average number of citations per document published in a specific year.

patent applications (per 100 billion gdp)

This variable measures the total count of resident patent applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), by priority date and inventor nationality, using fractional count if an application is filed by multiple inventors per 100 billion PPP$ GDP constant.

intellectual property receipts (% total trade)

Charges for the use of intellectual property not included elsewhere receipts (% of total trade) according to the Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification EBOPS 2010. Receipts are between residents and non-residents for the use of proprietary rights (such as patents, trademarks, copyrights, industrial processes and designs including trade secrets, franchises), and for licenses to reproduce or distribute (or both) intellectual property embodied in produced originals or prototypes (such as copyrights on books and manuscripts, computer software, cinematographic works and sound recordings) and related rights (such as for live performances and television, cable, or satellite broadcast).

industrial design applications (per 100 billion gdp)

Refers to the number of designs contained in industrial design applications filed at a given national or regional office per 100 billion PPP$ GDP constant. Data refer to industrial design application design counts – the number of designs contained in applications – and include designs contained in resident industrial design applications filed at both the national office and the regional office, where applicable.

pct applications (per 100 billion gdp)

This variable measures the total count of applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), by priority date and inventor nationality, using fractional count if an application is filed by multiple inventors per 100 billion PPP$ GDP constant.

firms producing new goods and services (%)

Refers to the percentage of firms that introduced new or significantly improved products or services over the last three years.

trademark applications (per 100 billion gdp)

Trademark applications filed are applications to register a trademark with a national or regional Intellectual Property (IP) offices and designations received by relevant offices through the Madrid System. A trademark is a sign which identifies certain goods or services as those produced or provided by a specific person or enterprise. It provides protection to the owner by ensuring the exclusive right to use it to identify goods or services, or to authorize another to use it in return for payment.

cultural goods exports (% exports)

The value of exported cultural goods expressed as percentage of the value of all exported goods. Cultural goods refer to consumer goods that convey ideas, symbols and ways of life, i.e. books, magazines, multimedia products, software, recordings, films, videos, audio-visual programs, crafts and fashion.

printing and publishing output (% manufactured output)

Measures gross output of printing and publishing as percentage of gross output of total manufacturing industries.

research institutions prominence

Measures the prominence and standing of private and public research institutions. The score is computed as the sum of the inverse ranks of all research institutions in a country included in the Scimago Institutions Rankings (SIR).

growth of innovative companies

Based on response to the survey question: In your country, to what extent do new companies with innovative ideas grow rapidly? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent].

iso 9001 quality certificates (% gdp)

ISO 9001 is defined as the international standard that specifies requirements for a quality management system (QMS). It can be used by any organization, large or small, regardless of its field of activity. GDP data are expressed in billion 2017 US purchasing power parity (PPP) dollars.

iso 14001 environmental certificates (% gdp)

ISO 14001 is defined as the international standard that specifies the requirements for an environmental management system that an organization can use to enhance its environmental performance. It can be used by any organization, large or small, regardless of its field of activity. GDP data are expressed in billion 2017 US purchasing power parity (PPP) dollars.

gerd financed from abroad (%)

Total intramural expenditure on R&D performed during a specific reference period, financed by ‘the rest of the world’ as a percentage of total gross expenditure on R&D.

joint ventures per strategic alliance deals (per billion gdp)

Number of deals, fractional counting (per billion PPP$ GDP). It is from Thomson Reuters data on joint ventures/strategic alliance deals, per deal, with details on the country of origin of partner firms, among others.

computer software spending (% gdp)

Computer software spending includes the total value of purchased or leased packaged software such as operating systems, database systems, programming tools, utilities and applications.

new business density per thousand population

The number of newly registered firms with limited liability per 1,000 working-age people (ages 15-64) per calendar year.

firms with new product/service (%)

Percentage of firms that introduced new or significantly improved products or services over the last three years that were also new for the firms’ main product and services market.

3g/4g mobile network coverage (% population)

Percentage of the population covered by at least an LTE/WiMAX mobile network refers to the percentage of inhabitants that live within range of LTE/LTE-Advanced; mobile WiMAX/WirelessMAN or other more advanced mobile-cellular networks; irrespective of whether or not they are subscribers.

secure internet servers per 1 million population

Secure servers are servers using encryption technology in Internet transactions. The number of secure Internet servers, from the Netcraft Secure Server Survey, indicates how many companies conduct encrypted transactions over the Internet.

investment in telecommunication services (% gdp)

Measures investment made by entities providing telecommunication networks and/or services in the country and includes expenditure on initial installations and additions to existing installations where the usage is expected to be over an extended period of time.

mobile upload and download speeds

Measures the equal-weighted average of the variables ‘average mobile upload speed’ and ‘average mobile download speed’.

fixed-broadband upload and download speeds

Measures the equal-weighted average of the variables ‘average fixed- broadband upload speed' and 'average fixed broadband download speed'.

fixed-broadband subscriptions by speed per hundred people

It is derived from data on the number of subscriptions with a maximum speed below 2 Mbit/s (‘slow’ data are speed tier), between 2 and 10 Mbit/s (‘medium’ speed tier) and equal to or above 10 Mbit/s (‘fast’ speed tier).

fixed broadband basket (% gni per capita)

Fixed broadband price basket (5GB) refers to the cheapest plan providing at least 5GB of monthly high-speed data (equal to or above 256 Kbit/s) over a 30-day (or four weeks) period of time from the operator with the largest market share in each economy. The variable is reported as a percentage of GNI per capita.

mobile broadband basket (% gni per capita)

Based on a monthly data usage of a minimum of 1.5 GB. For plans that limit the monthly amount of data transferred by including data volume caps below 1.5 GB, the cost for the additional bytes is added to the basket.

internet and telephony competition

Measures the level of competition in 17 categories of ICT services, including fixed wireless broadband, Internet services, international fixed long distance calls and international gateways.

active mobile-broadband subscriptions per hundred inhabitants

Active mobile-broadband subscriptions refers to the sum of active handset-based and computer-based (USB/dongles mobile-broadband subscriptions to the public Internet. It covers actual subscribers, not potential subscribers, even though the latter may have broadband-enabled handsets.

international internet bandwidth per user

International Internet bandwidth refers to the total used capacity of international Internet bandwidth in Kbits per second (Kbits/s). It is measured as the sum of the used capacity of all Internet exchanges (locations where Internet traffic is exchanged) offering international bandwidth.

households with internet access at home (%)

This variable includes both; estimates and survey data corresponding to the proportion of households with Internet.

individuals with standard ict skills (%)

This variable refers to ICT skills, defined as having undertaken certain computer-related activities in the last three months.

tertiary graduates from ict programs (%)

A graduate is defined as a 'person who, during the reference school or academic year, has successfully completed an education program’.

ict employment (%)

Employment refers to all persons of working age who, during a specified brief period, were in the following categories: a) paid employment (whether at work or with a job but not at work); or b) self-employment (whether at work or with an enterprise but not at work).

government online services

This index assesses e-government development at the national level, based on data collected from an independent survey questionnaire that assesses the national online presence of all 193 United Nations Member States.

fixed broadband internet traffic per subscription

The fixed (wired)- broadband Internet traffic (exabytes) refers to traffic generated by fixed-broadband subscribers measured at the end-user access point. It should be measured adding up download and upload traffic.

mobile broadband internet traffic per subscription

Mobile-broadband Internet traffic (exabytes) refers to broadband traffic volumes originated from 3G networks or other more advanced mobile-networks; including 3G upgrades; and evolutions or equivalent standards in terms of data transmission speeds.

internet users (%)

Internet users refers to the percent of total population who use the Internet. This includes those using the Internet from any device (including mobile phones) in the last 12 months. This variable can include both; estimates and survey data corresponding to the proportion of individuals using the Internet, based on results from national household surveys.

ict pct patent applications (per 100 billion gdp)

Refers to the number of applications for information and communication technology-related patents filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) per 100 billion PPP$ GDP constant.

e-participation

A country’s E-participation Index (EPI) reflects its e-participation mechanisms that are deployed by the government as compared to all other countries. The purpose of this measure is not to prescribe any specific practice, but rather to offer insight into how different countries are using online tools in promoting interaction between the government and its people, as well as among the people, for the benefit of all.

internet activities by individuals (%)

The variable is computed by calculating the average of the following activities: Internet banking, reading or downloading newspapers, magazines or electronic books in a digital format, getting information about goods or services, getting information from general government organizations, interacting with general government organizations, purchasing or ordering goods or services, seeking health information (on injury, disease, nutrition, etc.), using services related to travel or travel-related accommodation and doing a formal online course.

trade in digitally deliverable services (% total trade)

Digitally-deliverable services are an aggregation of insurance and pension services, financial services, charges for the use of intellectual property, telecommunications, computer and information services, other business services and audiovisual and related services.

gross fixed capital formation (% gdp)

Gross fixed capital formation (formerly gross domestic fixed investment) includes land improvements (fences, ditches, drains and so on); plant, machinery and equipment purchases; and the construction of roads, railways and the like, including schools, offices, hospitals, private residential dwellings and commercial and industrial buildings. According to the 1993 SNA, net acquisitions of valuables are also considered capital formation. The variable is reported as a percentage of GDP.

logistics performance

The international Logistics Performance Index (LPI) is a summary indicator of logistics sector performance, combining data on six core performance components into a single aggregate measure.

transport productive capacity

The Productive Capacities Index provide a quantitative measure of the productive resources, entrepreneurial capabilities and production linkages of a given economy.

building quality control

The Building Quality Control Index is based on six indices—the quality of building regulations, quality control before, during, and after construction, liability and insurance regimes and professional certifications indices. Index scores range between 0 and 100.

ease of starting a business

Measures the paid-in minimum capital requirement, number of procedures, time and cost for a small- to medium-sized limited liability company to start up and formally operate in an economy’s largest business city. These procedures include the processes entrepreneurs undergo when obtaining all necessary approvals, licenses, permits and completing any required notifications, verifications or inscriptions for the company and employees with relevant authorities.

insolvency recovery rate

The recovery rate is recorded as cents on the dollar recovered by secured creditors through judicial reorganization, liquidation or debt enforcement (foreclosure or receivership) proceedings. The calculation takes into account the outcome: whether the business emerges from the proceedings as a going concern or the assets are sold piecemeal.

entrepreneurial employee activity rate

Entrepreneurial employee activity refers to employees who, in the past three years, were actively involved in and had a leading role in at least one of these phases (i.e., ‘idea development for a new activity’ and/or ‘preparation and implementation of a new activity’). The prevalence of entrepreneurial employee activity can be defined as the number of entrepreneurial employees, as a percentage of the adult population (between 18-64 years of age).

extent of corporate transparency

The Extent of Corporate Transparency Index measures the level of information that companies must share regarding their board members, senior executives, annual meetings and audits.

trade (% gdp)

Trade is the sum of exports and imports of goods and services measured as a share of gross domestic product.

high-technology trade (% total trade)

High-technology exports and imports minus re-exports and re-imports expressed as a percentage of total trade.

product concentration

The Product Concentration Index shows to which degree exports (of goods) of individual economies are concentrated on a few products rather than being distributed in a more homogeneous manner among several products.

market concentration

Measures the dispersion of trade value across an exporter's partners. A country with exports that are concentrated in a very few markets will have an Index value close to one. Similarly, a country with a perfectly diversified trade portfolio will have an Index close to zero.

chinn-ito financial openness

The Index measures the extent of openness in capital account transactions. Capital ‘openness’ (KAOPEN) is based on the binary dummy variables that codify the tabulation of restrictions on cross-border financial transactions reported in the IMF’s Annual Report.

foreign direct investment, net inflows (% gdp)

Foreign direct investment is the net inflow of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor.

debt dynamics

This variable measures the change in public debt-to-GDP ratio, weighted by a country’s credit rating and debt level in relation to its GDP.

domestic credit to private sector (% gdp)

Domestic credit to private sector refers to financial resources provided to the private sector by financial corporations, such as through loans, purchases of nonequity securities and trade credits and other accounts receivable, that establish a claim for repayment. For some countries these claims include credit to public enterprises.

msme financing gap (% gdp)

MSME finance gap is estimated as the difference between current supply and potential demand which can potentially be addressed by financial institutions.

tax and contribution rate (% profit)

The total tax rate measures the amount of taxes and mandatory contributions borne by a business in the second year of operation, expressed as a share of commercial profit. The total amount of taxes borne is the sum of all the different taxes and contributions payable after accounting for allowable deductions and exemptions.

bank non-performing loans (%)

Nonperforming loans to total gross loans ratio is calculated by using the value of nonperforming loans (NPLs) as the numerator and the total value of the loan portfolio (including NPLs, and before the deduction of specific loan- loss provisions) as the denominator.

medium- and high-tech activities value added

This variable is defined as the proportion of medium and high technology (MHT) manufacturing value added from the total value added of all manufacturing industries.

industry and services value added (% gdp)

Industry (including construction) corresponds to ISIC divisions 05-43 and includes manufacturing (ISIC divisions 10-33).

labor underutilization rate

The composite measure of labor underutilization represents the share of the extended labor force that are in unemployment, time-related underemployment or the potential labor force.

output per worker

Labour productivity represents the total volume of output (measured in terms of GDP) produced per unit of labour (measured in terms of the number of employed persons) during a given time reference period.

peace and stability

Political stability and absence of violence measures perceptions of the likelihood that the government will be destabilized or overthrown by unconstitutional or violent means, including politically-motivated violence and terrorism.

voice and accountability

Voice and accountability captures perceptions of the extent to which a country's citizens are able to participate in selecting their government, as well as freedom of expression, freedom of association and a free media.

rule of law

Rule of Law captures perceptions of the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, property rights, the police and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence.

control of corruption

Control of corruption captures perceptions of the extent to which public power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as 'capture' of the state by elites and private interests.

government effectiveness

Government effectiveness captures perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation and the credibility of the government's commitment to such policies.

female-to-male ratio in parliament

The percentage of women in parliament is based on the number of seats held by women members in single or lower chambers of national parliaments, expressed as a percentage of all occupied seats.

female-to-male labor force participation

This is the ratio of female labor force participation rate to that of males.

female-to-male ratio in internet usage

Internet users refers to the percent of total population who use the Internet.

social protection coverage (% population)

This indicator conveys the share of the population effectively covered by a social protection system, including social protection floors.

adult literacy rate

Percentage of the number of literate persons aged 15 years out of the total number of persons in the same age group, excluding persons with unknown literacy status.

youth not in employment, education or training (%)

The share of youth not in education, employment or training (also known as ‘the NEET rate’) conveys the number of young persons not in education, employment or training as a percentage of the total youth population.

poverty headcount ratio (% population)

National poverty headcount ratio is the percentage of the population living below the national poverty line(s). National estimates are based on population-weighted subgroup estimates from household surveys.

gdp per capita

GDP at purchaser's prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the country plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products.

universal health coverage

Coverage of essential health services is defined as the average coverage of essential services based on tracer interventions that include reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health, infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases and service capacity and access, among the general and the most disadvantaged population.

healthy life expectancy (years)

Average number of years that a person can expect to live in ‘full health’ by taking into account years lived in less than full health due to disease and/or injury.

under-five mortality rate

The probability of a child born in a specific year or period dying before reaching the age of five, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of that period.

renewable energy consumption (%)

The share of renewable energy in total final energy consumption.

ecological footprint per capita

It refers to the ecological footprint of consumption and is a measure of how much area of biologically productive land and water an individual, population or activity requires to produce all the resources it consumes and to absorb the waste it generates, using prevailing technology and resource management practices.

natural hazard exposure

It represents the load that the community has to deal with when exposed to a hazard event.

Percentage of households with internet access

Percentage of households with internet access:The Internet is a worldwide public computer network. It provides access to a number of communication services, including the World Wide Web, and carries e-mail, news, entertainment and data files, irrespective of the device used (not assumed to be only a computer; it may also be a mobile telephone, tablet, PDA, games machine, digital television, etc.). Access can be via a fixed or mobile network. Household with Internet access means that the Internet is available for use by all members of the household at any time.

Percentage of individuals using the Internet

ICT use / Percentage of individuals using the Internet:The term “individuals using the Internet” refers to people who used the Internet from any location and for any purpose, irrespective of the device and network used, in the previous three months. Usage can be via a computer (i.e. desktop computer, laptop computer, tablet or similar handheld computer), mobile phone, games machine, digital television, etc.). Access can be via a fixed or mobile network.

Active mobile broadband subscription per 100 inh

ICT use / Active mobile broadband subscription per 100 inh

Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network (%)

Percentage of the population covered by at least a 3G mobile network refers to the percentage of inhabitants that are within range of at least a 3G mobile-cellular signal, irrespective of whether or not they are subscribers. This is calculated by dividing the number of inhabitants that are covered by at least a 3G mobile-cellular signal by the total population and multiplying by 100.

Population covered by at least a 4G/LTE mobile network (%)

Percentage of the population covered by at least a 4G/LTE mobile network refers to the percentage of inhabitants that live within range of LTE/LTE-Advanced, mobile WiMAX/WirelessMAN or other more advanced mobile-cellular networks, irrespective of whether or not they are subscribers. This is calculated by dividing the number of inhabitants that are covered by the previously mentioned mobile-cellular technologies by the total population and multiplying by 100. It excludes people covered only by HSPA, UMTS, EV-DO and previous 3G technologies, and also excludes fixed WiMAX coverage.

Mobile broadband Internet traffic per subscription (GB)

Mobile broadband Internet traffic per mobile-broadband subscription (GB). Mobile-broadband Internet traffic (within the country) refers to broadband traffic volumes originated within the country from 3G networks or other more advanced mobile-networks, including 3G upgrades, evolutions or equivalent standards in terms of data transmission speeds. Traffic should be collected and aggregated at the country level for all 3G or more advanced mobile networks within the country. Download and upload traffic should be added up and reported together. Traffic should be measured at the end-user access point. Wholesale and walled-garden traffic should be excluded. The indicator is calculated by dividing mobile-broadband Internet traffic (within the country) by active mobile-broadband subscriptions.

Fixed broadband Internet traffic per subscription (GB)

Fixed broadband Internet traffic per fixed broadband subscription (GB). Fixed (wired)- broadband Internet traffic refers to traffic generated by fixed-broadband subscribers measured at the end-user access point. It should be measured by adding up download and upload traffic. This should exclude wholesale traffic, walled garden, IPTV and cable TV traffic. The indicator is calculated by dividing fixed-broadband Internet traffic by total fixed broadband subscriptions.

Mobile data and voice high-consumption basket price (% GNI p.c.)

Mobile-broadband data and voice high-consumption basket price as a percentage of GNI per capita (p.c.). The basket refers to the cheapest mobile broadband plan (and add-on) providing at least 2 GB of monthly data using at least 3G technology, 140 minutes of voice and 70 SMSs. See ITU ICT price statistics website for detailed data collection rules.

Fixed-broadband internet basket price (% GNI p.c.)

Entry-level fixed-broadband basket price as percentage of GNI per capita. The basket is composed of the cheapest plan providing at least 5GB of monthly high-speed data (256Kbit/s or higher) from the operator with the largest market share in each economy. See ITU ICT price statistics website for detailed data collection rules.

Individuals owning a mobile phone (%)

Proportion of individuals who own a mobile phone. An individual owns a mobile cellular phone if he/she has a mobile cellular phone device with at least one active SIM card for personal use. It includes mobile cellular phones supplied by employers that can be used for personal reasons (to make personal calls, access the Internet, etc.) and those who have a mobile phone for personal use that is not registered under his/her name. It excludes individuals who have only active SIM card(s) and not a mobile phone device.

mobile tariffs

The sub-index relates to the cost of three separate basket profiles that are distinguished in part by usage allowance (100MB, 500 MB, and 1 GB per month, respectively). Tariffs are given as a percentage of monthly GDP per capita.

handset prices

The Handset prices indicator relates to the cheapest smartphone or feature phone that allows user access to the Internet.

FTTh/Building internet subscriptions

Fibre-to-the-home/building Internet subscriptions refers to the number of Internet subscriptions using fibre-to-the-home or fibre-to-the-building; at downstream speeds equal to; or greater than; 256 kbit/s

4G mobile network coverage

4G mobile network coverage:This indicator measures the percentage of inhabitants out of the total population who are within range of an advanced mobile cellular signal, such as LTE/LTE-Advanced and mobile WiMAX/Wireless MAN networks, irrespective of whether they are subscribers.

fixed broadband subs

ICT use / fixed-broadband subscriptions per 100 inh:The term “fixed-broadband subscriptions” refers to fixed subscriptions for high-speed access to the public Internet (a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/IP connection) at downstream speeds equal to or higher than 256 kbit/s. This includes cable modem, DSL, fibre-to-the-home/building, other fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions, satellite broadband and terrestrial fixed wireless broadband. The total is measured irrespective of the method of payment. It excludes subscriptions that have access to data communications (including the Internet) via mobile-cellular networks. It includes fixed WiMAX and any other fixed wireless technologies, and both residential subscriptions and subscriptions for organizations.

International internet bandwidth

International Internet bandwidth refers to the total used capacity of international Internet bandwidth in megabits per second (Mbit/s).

Internet access in schools

The Internet access in schools indicator refers to the share of primary schools with access to the Internet via fixed narrowband, fixed broadband, or mobile networks.

Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network

The following indicator refers to the percentage of inhabitants within range of at least a 3G mobile-cellular signal, irrespective of whether or not they are subscribers.

SMS sent by population 15-69

SMS sent refers to the total number of mobile short-message service (SMS) messages initiated to and from national and international destinations.

digital participation and content creation

DKEI digital participation and content creation subindex This indicator is a sub-index comprised of three variables: GitHub commits, Wikipedia edits, and top-level domain registrations. The sub-index has been constructed by Ojanperä et al. (2019) as a measure of digital capacities and skills in a country. They use it to estimate a Digital Knowledge Economy Index, whereby they complement the World Bank’s Knowledge Economy Index by adding the sub-index as a fifth dimension.

mobile app development

Number of active mobile applications developed per person. This indicator is included in the Mobile Connectivity Index published by the GSM Association. It is one of four indicators that make up the Local Relevance sub-index that, in turn, is part of the Content & Services pillar. The original data is sourced from AppFigures (https://appfigures.com/).

Intellectual property receipts

Charges for the use of intellectual property not included elsewhere, receipts (% of total trade) This indicator is based on receipts related to four subitems of charges for the use of intellectual property not included elsewhere: franchises and trademarks licensing fees, licenses for the use of outcomes of research and development, licenses to reproduce and/or distribute computer software, and licenses to reproduce and/or distribute audiovisual and related products. The data refers to the three-year average as a percentage of total trade. The product category follows the Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification (EBOPS 2010), which is based on the sixth edition of the IMF Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (BPM6).

AI scientific publications

The AI scientific publications indicator measures the total number of AI publications in Elsevier per economy. Any paper with a field of study categorized as “artificial intelligence” and “machine learning” according to the Microsoft Academic Graph (MAG) taxonomy is measured.

GitHub commits

GitHub is the world’s largest host of source code, and a commit is the term used for a saved change on this platform. One or more commits can be saved (or pushed) to projects (or repositories).

Internet domain registrations

The Internet domain registrations indicator measures the production of Internet content. It refers to two types of top-level domains: generic top-level domains and countrycode top-level domain.

Mobile application development

Global downloads of mobile apps, by origin of the headquarters of the developer/firm, scaled by PPP$ GDP (billions).

Wikipedia edits

All data extracts from internal sources provided by The Wikimedia Foundation. A country with edit counts in 2020 greater than 100,000 use data from that year.

availability of latest technologies

In your country, to what extent are the latest technologies available? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent] | 2016-17 weighted average

company investment in emerging technology

Average answer to the question: In your country, to what extent do companies invest in emerging technologies (e.g. Internet of Things, advanced analytics and artificial intelligence, augmented virtual reality and wearables, advanced robotics, 3D printing)? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]. The World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey (EOS) is conducted on an annual basis to gather information from business leaders on topics for which hard data sources are scarce or nonexistent.

Gov procurement of advanced tech products

The Government Online Service Index (OIS) is one of the three main components of the E-Government Development Index (EGDI) constructed and published by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. The OIS assesses the quality of a government’s delivery of online services on a 0-to-1 (best) scale. The assessment is carried out by researchers, who evaluate “each country’s national website in the native language, including the national portal, e-services portal, and e-participation portal, as well as the websites of the related ministries of education, labor, social services, health, finance, and environment, as applicable.

ICT PCT patent applications

Number of applications for information and communication technology–related patents filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) (per million population) This indicator refers to the count of applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) in the technology domain of information and communication technologies by priority date and inventor nationality. The count is divided by million population. The classification for ICT-related patents is based on the International Patent Classification (IPC), as described in Inaba and Squicciarini (2017).

Computer software spending

Computer software spending refers to the total value of purchased or leased packaged software, including operating systems, database systems, programming tools, utilities, and applications.

Robot density

Robot density refers to the estimated number of multipurpose industrial robots per 10,000 persons employed in the manufacturing industry.

Adoption of emerging technologies

“In your country, to what extent are companies adopting Artificial intelligence?” (1: not at all; 7: to a great extent - on par with the most technologically advanced economies)

Investment in emerging technologies

In your country, to what extent do companies invest in emerging technologies (e.g., Internet of Things, advanced analytics and artificial intelligence, augmented virtual reality and wearables, advanced robotics, 3D printing)?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]

Internet users

ICT use / Percentage of individuals using the Internet:“Internet users” refers to the proportion of individuals who used the Internet in the last 12 months. Data are generally based on national household surveys where the percentage should reflect the total population of the country.

Active mobile broadband subs

ICT use / Active mobile broadband subscription per 100 inh:This indicator refers to the sum of active handset-based and computer-based mobile-broadband subscriptions to the public Internet, where users have accessed the Internet in the last three months. It covers actual subscribers, not potential subscribers, even though the latter may have broadband-enabled handsets.

Use of virtual social network

The Use of virtual social networks indicator refers to the penetration of active social media users expressed as a percentage of the total population.

Tertiary enrollment

Tertiary enrollment refers to the ratio of total education enrollment, regardless of age, by the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the expected level of tertiary education.

Adult literacy rate

The Adult literacy rate indicator defines the percentage of the population aged 15 years and over who can read, write, and understand short, simple statements about their everyday life.

ICT skills in the education system

Average answer to the question: In your country, to what extent is the workforce proficient in the following skills? Technology skills [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent]

Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country

Mobile-broadband Internet traffic (within the country) refers to broadband traffic volumes originated within the country from 3G networks or other more advanced mobile-networks; including 3G upgrades; evolutions or equivalent standards in terms of data transmission speeds.

AI talent concentration

A LinkedIn member is considered AI talent if they have explicitly added AI skills to their profile and/or they are occupied in an AI job. The counts of AI talent are used to calculate talent concentration metrics.

Firms with websites

The data for the Firms with website indicator consists of enterprise surveys conducted by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the World Bank.

Internet shopping

Used the Internet to buy something online in the past year (%) . This indicator refers to the percentage of respondents aged at least 15 years old who have used the Internet in the past year to buy something online. The data stem from a triennial survey that is carried out in more than 140 economies.

Professionals

Sum of people in categories 1 to 3 as a percentage of total people employed, according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO). Categories included in ISCO-08 are: 1 Managers; 2 Professionals; 3 Technicians and Associate Professionals.

Technicians and associate professionals

This indicator refers to the number of technicians and associate professionals as a share of the total workforce. The employment by occupation is based on the International Standard Classification of Occupation (ISCO) Revision 2008 (data based on ISCO Rev. 1988 is used for those countries where ISCO Rev. 2008 is not available). It includes physical and engineering science associate professionals, life science and health associate professionals, teaching associate professionals, and other associate professionals (finance and sales, social work, artistic, entertainment and sports, religious associate professionals, police inspectors and detectives, administrative, customs, and tax and related government associate professionals).

Extent of staff training

Average answer to the question: In your country, to what extent do companies invest in training and employee development? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent] The World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey (EOS) is conducted on an annual basis to gather information from business leaders on topics for which hard data sources are scarce or nonexistent. It is part of the effort to supplement The Global Competitiveness Report in assessing issues that drive national competitiveness

R&D expenditure by businesses

Gross domestic expenditure on R&D performed by business enterprise (% of GDP) This indicator refers to business enterprise expenditure on research and development (R&D) as a percentage of GDP. This includes both private enterprises and public enterprises. R&D expenditure is defined as all current expenditure plus gross fixed capital expenditure for R&D performed by businesses, whatever the source of funds

Annual investment in telecommunication services

The Annual investment in telecommunication services indicator refers to the investments made within the financial year by entities that provide telecommunication networks and/or services (including fixed mobile and Internet services and the transmission of TV signals).

GERD financed by business enterprise

The following indicator refers to the Gross expenditure on R&D (GERD) financed by a business enterprise as a percentage of total gross R&D expenditure.

GERD performed by business enterprise

The indicator measures the gross expenditure on R&D performed by a business enterprise as a percentage of GDP.

Number of venture capital deals invested in AI

Refers to the occurrences of deals associated with venture capital investments specifically targeting artificial intelligence startups. This metric is expressed per billion PPP$ GDP and focuses on private companies that either develop AI systems or deliver products that significantly rely on AI technologies.

Public cloud computing market scale

A public cloud is the digital infrastructure and computing resources managed by a service provider. These resources, which include virtual machines, storage, and associated services, are available for purchase through flexible business models such as pay-as-you-go and subscriptions. The public cloud market encompasses companies that provide these resources and services to individuals, businesses, and organizations.

Gov online services

In your country, to what extent do government purchasing decisions foster innovation? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]

Publication and use of open data

The Open Data Barometer indicator refers to the fourth edition of the Open Data Barometer index that provides a measure of how governments publish and use open data based on readiness (35%), implementation (35%), and impact (30%)

ICT use and government efficiency

The data refer to the simple mean of the average answers to a similarly worded question regarding five different emerging technologies: In your country, to what extent does the government foster investment (public and private) in Artificial intelligence and machine learning|Robotics|App- and web-enabled markets|Big data analytics|Cloud computing? (1: not at all; 7: to a great extent)

R&D expenditure by government and higher education

The following indicator refers to the combined expenditure by governments and higher education institutions on research and development (R&D) as a percentage of GDP.

Government online services

The OIS assesses the quality of a government’s delivery of online services on a 0-to-1 (best) scale.

Government promotion of investment in emerging technologies

“In your country, to what extent does the government foster investment (public and private) in artificial intelligence and machine learning?” (1: not at all; 7: to a great extent)

Data Capabilities

Refers to a country’s ability to effectively create, manage, and utilize data. This includes aspects such as access, skills, infrastructure, institutions, and intermediaries. It evaluates the training level of the civil service in data practices, the presence of open data initiatives, support for data reuse, and the strength of data activities at sub-national levels.

Rule of law

The rule of law indicator ‘reflects perceptions of the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, property rights, the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence’. Scores are standardized to a scale from -2.5 (worst) to 2.5 (best).

Software piracy rate

This measure covers piracy of all packaged software that runs on personal computers (PCs), including desktops, laptops, and ultra-portables, including netbooks. This includes operating systems; systems software such as databases and security packages; business applications; and consumer applications such as games, personal finance, and reference software. The study does not include software that runs on servers or mainframes, or Software loaded onto tablets or smart phones.

Secure Internet servers

Secure Internet server s are servers that use encryption technology in Internet transactions.

Cybersecurity

The Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) measures the level of cybersecurity commitments made by individual countries.

Online trust and safety

The Trust & Safety sub-index is one of three components that make up the Readiness pillar of the Inclusive Internet Index . The sub-index measures Internet safety and cultural acceptance of the Internet based on the weighted average of six indicators: Privacy regulations, Trust in online privacy, Trust in Government websites and apps, Trust in Non-government websites and apps, Trust in information from social media, and e-Commerce safety. Scores are standardized to a scale of 0-100.

Online access to financial account

The Online access to financial account indicator refers to the percentage of people who have a financial institution account that report using a mobile phone or the Internet to access their financial institution account within the past 12 months.

Internet shopping

The Internet shipping indicator refers to the percentage of respondents aged 15 years and older who have used the Internet in the past year to purchase goods and services online.

Regulation quality

The regulatory quality indicator captures perceptions of the ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development. Scores are standardized to a scale from -2.5 (worst) to 2.5 (best).

Ease of doing business

Doing Business records all procedures officially required, or commonly done in practice, for an entrepreneur to start up and formally operate an industrial or commercial business, as well as the time and cost to complete these procedures and the paid-in minimum capital requirement. These procedures include the processes entrepreneurs undergo when obtaining all necessary approvals, licenses, and permits and completing any required notifications, verifications, or inscriptions for the company and employees with relevant authorities.

Legal framework adaptability to digital business models

Average answer to survey questions concerning the extent to which the legal framework is adapting to five types of emerging technology? The World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey (EOS) is conducted on an annual basis to gather information from business leaders on topics for which hard data sources are scarce or nonexistent. The data refer to the simple mean of the average answers to a similarly worded question regarding five different emerging technologies: In your country, how adequately is the legal framework adapting to Artificial intelligence|Robotics|Appand web-enabled markets|Big data analytics|Cloud computing? (1: not at all; 7: to a great extent - the legal framework is up-to-date)

e-commerce legislation

The E-commerce legislation indicator refers to a country’s adoption of e-commerce legislation. The Global Cyberlaw Tracker provides information on whether a country has adopted legislation or has a draft law pending adoption within four areas: electronic transactions, consumer protection, privacy and data protection, and cybercrime.

Social safety net protection

Average answer to the question: What does the legal framework to protect Internet users’ privacy and their data stipulate? This indicator refers to responses on privacy protection given by multiple country experts on a 0-to-4 scale. The responses have been aggregated and, taking disagreement and measurement error into account, a probability distribution has been computed over country-year scores on a standardized interval scale. The point estimates are the median values of these distributions for each country year. The scale of a measurement model variable is similar to a normal (“Z”) score (e.g. typically between -5 and 5, with 0 approximately representing the mean for all country years in the sample), though it does not necessarily follow normal distribution. Only estimates based on at least four ratings are included in the data.

ICT regulatory environment

The ICT regulatory environment indicator is based on the ICT Regulatory Tracker composite index that provides a measure of the existence and features of ICT legal and regulatory frameworks

Legal framework's adaptability to emerging technologies

The Legal framework’s adaptability to emerging technologies indicator refers to the simple mean of the average answer of a similarly-worded question posited by the EOS regarding five different emerging technologies (Artificial intelligence, Robotics, App- and web-enabled markets, Big data analytics, and Cloud computing)

Privacy protection by law content

The Privacy protection by law content indicator refers to responses on privacy protection given by multiple country experts on a 0-4 scale. With disagreement and measurement error taken into account.

Regulation quality

The regulatory quality indicator captures the perception of a government’s ability to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development.

Regulation of emerging technologies

“In your country, how adequately is the legal framework adapting to artificial intelligence, robotics, app- and webenabled markets, big data analytics, and cloud computing? (1: not at all; 7: to a great extent - the legal framework is up-to-date)

e-participation

The E-Participation Index assesses on a 0-to-1 (best) scale the quality, relevance, and usefulness of government websites.

Availability of local online content

Average answer to the question: In your country, to what extent are Internet content and services tailored to the local population (e.g. in the local language, meeting local demand)? (1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent]

Gender gap in internet use

The Gender gap in Internet use indicator refers to the share of women and men in a country that use the Internet.

Rural gap in use of digital payment

The following indicator refers to the share of the rural population against a country’s total population that made or received digital payments within the past 12 months.

Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments

The following indicator refers to the share of the poorest 40% and the richest 60% income groups in a country that made or received digital payment within the past 12 months.

Medium and high tech industry

Proportion of medium and high-tech industry value added in total value added (%) . This indicator refers to the ratio between the value added of medium and high-tech industry and the total value added of manufacturing, expressed as a percentage.

PCT patent application

A PCT application refers to an international patent application filed through the WIPO-administered Patent Cooperation Treaty.

Labor productivity per employee

The Conference Board provides two calculations of its estimates on output, labor, and labor productivity: an original version based on official GDP data and an adjusted version based on GDP growth and levels that take into account rapidly falling ICT prices. “Labor productivity per employee” is based on the estimates of the adjusted version.

Growth rate of GDP per person engaged

The following indicator refers to the growth rate of real GDP per person employed averaged over the three most recent and available years (2018, 2019, 2020). Growth of GDP per person engaged provides a measure of labor productivity (defined as output per unit of labor input). GDP per person employed is expressed as a percentage of total employment in the economy.

High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing

High-technology and medium-high-technology output as a percentage of total manufacturing output.

High-tech exports

High-technology exports as a percentage of total trade.

ICT services exports

Telecommunications, computer and information services exports as a percentage of total trade according to the Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification.

Prevalence of gig economy

Average answer to the question: In your country, to what extent is the online gig economy prevalent? [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent]

Domestic market size

The domestic market size is measured by GDP based on the PPP valuation of country GDP, in current international dollars (billions).

Happiness

Happiness refers to the national average response to the following survey question included in the Gallup World Poll: “Please imagine a ladder, with steps numbered from 0 at the bottom to 10 at the top.

Freedom to make life choices

Freedom to make life choices refers to the national average response to the following survey question included in the Gallup World Poll: “Are you satisfied or dissatisfied with your freedom to choose what you do with your life?”

Income inequality

The Gini index is a measure of income inequality within an individual economy. At a technical level, it is based ona Lorenz curve that “plots the cumulative percentages of total income received against the cumulative number of recipients.

Healthy life expectancy at birth

The Healthy life expectancy at birth indicator expresses the “average number of years that a person can expect to live in ‘full health’ by taking into account years lived in less than full health due to disease and/or injury.”

Access to basic services

Population with access to basic sanitation services and basic drinking water services (%). This indicator refers to the average of the percentage of the population using at least basic sanitation services and the percentage of the population using at least basic drinking water services. Basic sanitation services relate to “improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households”, while the definition for basic drinking water services is “drinking water from an improved source, provided collection time is not more than 30 minutes for a round trip”. The measure is based on SDG indicator “1.4.1 Proportion of population living in households with access to basic services”, which is one of the official indicators for “SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere” .

Pollution

Annual mean levels of fine particulate matter in cities, urban population (micrograms per cubic meter) . Pollution refers to air pollution in urban areas, as measured by annual mean concentrations of fine particulate matter that are less than 2.5 microns in diameters. The data on PM2.5 concentrations come from fixed-site, population-oriented monitors in metropolitan areas. The country-level mean is a population-weighted average for the urban population. The indicator is one of the official measures for “SDG 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.

Road safety

Road traffic death rate (per 100,000 population). Road safety refers to the estimated number of deaths that are due to road traffic injuries per 100,000 population. The indicator is one of the official measures for “SDG 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages” .

Reading proficiency in schools

Minimum proficiency in reading, lower primary education (%) This indicator relates to the proportion of students in grades 2 or 3 that have at least minimum proficiency in reading. The level of minimum proficiency is measured through learning assessments and United Nations (2018) provides further details on what minimum proficiency levels are associated with different learning assessments. The indicator is one of the official measures for “SDG 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all” and, specifically, for “Target 4.1: By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes”.

Math proficiency in schools

Minimum proficiency in mathematics, lower primary education (%) This indicator relates to the proportion of students in grades 2 or 3 that have at least minimum proficiency in mathematics. The level of minimum proficiency is measured through learning assessments and United Nations (2018) provides further details on what minimum proficiency levels are associated with different learning assessments. The indicator is one of the official measures for “SDG 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all” and, specifically, for “Target 4.1: By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes”.

Use of clean fuels and technology

Proportion of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology (%) . This indicator is defined as “the number of people using clean fuels and technologies for cooking, heating and lighting divided by total population”, expressed as a percentage. By “clean” is meant meeting specific emission rate targets and fuel recommendations as set out in World Health Organization (2014). The indicator is one of the official measures for “SDG 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all

SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities

Two indicators capture the safety and sustainability of cities: urban pollution and household.

SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being

The following indicator refers to the Universal health coverage (UHC) service coverage index and is one of the official indicators related to SDG 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.

SDG 4: Quality Education

PISA measures 15-year-olds’ ability to use their reading, mathematics and science knowledge skills.

SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy

The Affordable and Clean Energy indicator refers to the energy intensity level of primary energy and is an official indicator related to SDG 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.

Females employed with advanced degrees

This indicator refers to the percentage of females employed with advanced degrees out of the total employed population.

SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity

Women, Business and the Law tracks progress toward legal equality between men and women in 190 economies. Data are collected with standardized questionnaires to ensure comparability across economies.

Population & vital statistics

The number of people living in a given area at a certain time, the number of babies born every year per inhabitant, and the number of people who died every year per inhabitant.

Education facilities

The number of educational institutions in a country, rooms where classes are held in educational institutions in a country, professional personnel directly involved in teaching students, and the amount of money spent on education in a country in any currency.

Education outcomes

The number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, is expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Health facilities

The number of hospitals, primary care centers, health clinics in a country, hospital beds for the care of admitted patients, the number of employed people whose primary intent is to enhance health, and the amount of money spent on health in a country in any currency.

Health outcomes

The number of people who have been immunized against certain diseases per any number of inhabitants, and the number of existing cases (new and old) from certain diseases at the end of a specific year.

Reproductive health

The number of maternal deaths during a given period per live birth during the same period, the number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per live births in a given year or another period, and the quotient between the number of deaths in children under 5 year of age in a given year and the number of live births in that year.

Food security & nutrition

A percentage estimate of the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normally active and healthy life.

Gender statistics

The proportion of women subject to any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life

Crime & justice

The total count of unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury per unit of population, the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area, and the number of persons held in prison per unit of population.

Poverty & income

The share of population living in households with income or consumption expenditure below a stated national or international poverty line, and the number or percentage of households divided into 10 income groups.

National accounts

The sum of the gross values added of all resident producers at basic prices, plus all taxes fewer subsidies on products.

Labor

The percentage distribution of those employed by their industry or occupation as well as the percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Price indexes

A measure of the change in the cost of purchasing a given “basket” of consumer goods and services, whereas a cost of living index is defined as measuring the change in the cost of maintaining a given standard of living, or level of utility.

Government finance

Government revenue is reported at the end of the fiscal year and government expenditures are reported at the end of the fiscal year.

Money & banking

The money supply is the total amount of money in circulation in a country and the interest rates that are available for various lending instruments.

International trade

Exports of goods and services – merchandise trade comprise goods leaving the statistical territory of a country.

Balance of payments

The number of transactions (other than those in financial items) that involve economic values and occur between resident and non-residents entities.

Agriculture & Land Use

The established land area under either public or private ownership that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives, presented in physical units.

Resource use

The volume of fish brought ashore, the amount of forest area or trees cut in physical units or value as well as the value of raw materials extracted from the earth presented in physical units or value.

Energy

Total energy consumed by end-users, such as households, industry, and agriculture.

Pollution

The amount of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone, and chloro-fluorocarbons occurring naturally and resulting from human (production and consumption) activities, and contributing to the greenhouse effect (global warming), presented in physical units.

Built environment

Percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources and the percentage of the population having access to and using improved sanitation facilities. It includes also the number or percentage of households by a total number of rooms or bedrooms, the number or percentage of households that have access to electricity, and the number or percentage of households by construction material type for roofs, floors, walls, etc.

Education outcomes

The number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, is expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Health facilities

The number of hospitals, primary care centers, health clinics in a country, hospital beds for the care of admitted patients, the number of employed people whose primary intent is to enhance health, and the amount of money spent on health in a country in any currency.

Health outcomes

The number of people who have been immunized against certain diseases per any number of inhabitants, and the number of existing cases (new and old) from certain diseases at the end of a specific year.

Reproductive health

The number of maternal deaths during a given period per live birth during the same period, the number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per live births in a given year or another period, and the quotient between the number of deaths in children under 5 year of age in a given year and the number of live births in that year.

Food security & nutrition

A percentage estimate of the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normally active and healthy life.

Gender statistics

The proportion of women subject to any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life

Crime & justice

The total count of unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury per unit of population, the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area, and the number of persons held in prison per unit of population.

Poverty & income

The share of population living in households with income or consumption expenditure below a stated national or international poverty line, and the number or percentage of households divided into 10 income groups.

National accounts

The sum of the gross values added of all resident producers at basic prices, plus all taxes fewer subsidies on products.

Labor

The percentage distribution of those employed by their industry or occupation as well as the percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Price indexes

A measure of the change in the cost of purchasing a given “basket” of consumer goods and services, whereas a cost of living index is defined as measuring the change in the cost of maintaining a given standard of living, or level of utility.

Government finance

Government revenue is reported at the end of the fiscal year and government expenditures are reported at the end of the fiscal year.

Money & banking

The money supply is the total amount of money in circulation in a country and the interest rates that are available for various lending instruments.

Population & vital statistics

The number of people living in a given area at a certain time, the number of babies born every year per inhabitant, and the number of people who died every year per inhabitant.

Education facilities

The number of educational institutions in a country, rooms where classes are held in educational institutions in a country, professional personnel directly involved in teaching students, and the amount of money spent on education in a country in any currency.

International trade

Exports of goods and services – merchandise trade comprise goods leaving the statistical territory of a country.

Balance of payments

The number of transactions (other than those in financial items) that involve economic values and occur between resident and non-residents entities.

Agriculture & Land Use

The established land area under either public or private ownership that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives, presented in physical units.

Resource use

The volume of fish brought ashore, the amount of forest area or trees cut in physical units or value as well as the value of raw materials extracted from the earth presented in physical units or value.

Energy

Total energy consumed by end-users, such as households, industry, and agriculture.

Pollution

The amount of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone, and chloro-fluorocarbons occurring naturally and resulting from human (production and consumption) activities, and contributing to the greenhouse effect (global warming), presented in physical units.

Built environment

Percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources and the percentage of the population having access to and using improved sanitation facilities. It includes also the number or percentage of households by a total number of rooms or bedrooms, the number or percentage of households that have access to electricity, and the number or percentage of households by construction material type for roofs, floors, walls, etc.

Education outcomes

The number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, is expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Health facilities

The number of hospitals, primary care centers, health clinics in a country, hospital beds for the care of admitted patients, the number of employed people whose primary intent is to enhance health, and the amount of money spent on health in a country in any currency.

Health outcomes

The number of people who have been immunized against certain diseases per any number of inhabitants, and the number of existing cases (new and old) from certain diseases at the end of a specific year.

Reproductive health

The number of maternal deaths during a given period per live birth during the same period, the number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per live births in a given year or another period, and the quotient between the number of deaths in children under 5 year of age in a given year and the number of live births in that year.

Food security & nutrition

A percentage estimate of the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normally active and healthy life.

Gender statistics

The proportion of women subject to any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life

Crime & justice

The total count of unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury per unit of population, the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area, and the number of persons held in prison per unit of population.

Poverty & income

The share of population living in households with income or consumption expenditure below a stated national or international poverty line, and the number or percentage of households divided into 10 income groups.

National accounts

The sum of the gross values added of all resident producers at basic prices, plus all taxes fewer subsidies on products.

Labor

The percentage distribution of those employed by their industry or occupation as well as the percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Price indexes

A measure of the change in the cost of purchasing a given “basket” of consumer goods and services, whereas a cost of living index is defined as measuring the change in the cost of maintaining a given standard of living, or level of utility.

Government finance

Government revenue is reported at the end of the fiscal year and government expenditures are reported at the end of the fiscal year.

Money & banking

The money supply is the total amount of money in circulation in a country and the interest rates that are available for various lending instruments.

Population & vital statistics

The number of people living in a given area at a certain time, the number of babies born every year per inhabitant, and the number of people who died every year per inhabitant.

Education facilities

The number of educational institutions in a country, rooms where classes are held in educational institutions in a country, professional personnel directly involved in teaching students, and the amount of money spent on education in a country in any currency.

International trade

Exports of goods and services – merchandise trade comprise goods leaving the statistical territory of a country.

Balance of payments

The number of transactions (other than those in financial items) that involve economic values and occur between resident and non-residents entities.

Agriculture & Land Use

The established land area under either public or private ownership that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives, presented in physical units.

Resource use

The volume of fish brought ashore, the amount of forest area or trees cut in physical units or value as well as the value of raw materials extracted from the earth presented in physical units or value.

Energy

Total energy consumed by end-users, such as households, industry, and agriculture.

Pollution

The amount of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone, and chloro-fluorocarbons occurring naturally and resulting from human (production and consumption) activities, and contributing to the greenhouse effect (global warming), presented in physical units.

Built environment

Percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources and the percentage of the population having access to and using improved sanitation facilities. It includes also the number or percentage of households by a total number of rooms or bedrooms, the number or percentage of households that have access to electricity, and the number or percentage of households by construction material type for roofs, floors, walls, etc.

Education outcomes

The number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, is expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Health facilities

The number of hospitals, primary care centers, health clinics in a country, hospital beds for the care of admitted patients, the number of employed people whose primary intent is to enhance health, and the amount of money spent on health in a country in any currency.

Health outcomes

The number of people who have been immunized against certain diseases per any number of inhabitants, and the number of existing cases (new and old) from certain diseases at the end of a specific year.

Reproductive health

The number of maternal deaths during a given period per live birth during the same period, the number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per live births in a given year or another period, and the quotient between the number of deaths in children under 5 year of age in a given year and the number of live births in that year.

Food security & nutrition

A percentage estimate of the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normally active and healthy life.

Gender statistics

The proportion of women subject to any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life

Crime & justice

The total count of unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury per unit of population, the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area, and the number of persons held in prison per unit of population.

Poverty & income

The share of population living in households with income or consumption expenditure below a stated national or international poverty line, and the number or percentage of households divided into 10 income groups.

National accounts

The sum of the gross values added of all resident producers at basic prices, plus all taxes fewer subsidies on products.

Labor

The percentage distribution of those employed by their industry or occupation as well as the percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Price indexes

A measure of the change in the cost of purchasing a given “basket” of consumer goods and services, whereas a cost of living index is defined as measuring the change in the cost of maintaining a given standard of living, or level of utility.

Government finance

Government revenue is reported at the end of the fiscal year and government expenditures are reported at the end of the fiscal year.

Population & vital statistics

The number of people living in a given area at a certain time, the number of babies born every year per inhabitant, and the number of people who died every year per inhabitant.

Education facilities

The number of educational institutions in a country, rooms where classes are held in educational institutions in a country, professional personnel directly involved in teaching students, and the amount of money spent on education in a country in any currency.

Agriculture & Land Use

The established land area under either public or private ownership that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives, presented in physical units.

Resource use

The volume of fish brought ashore, the amount of forest area or trees cut in physical units or value as well as the value of raw materials extracted from the earth presented in physical units or value.

Pollution

The amount of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone, and chloro-fluorocarbons occurring naturally and resulting from human (production and consumption) activities, and contributing to the greenhouse effect (global warming), presented in physical units.

Built environment

Percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources and the percentage of the population having access to and using improved sanitation facilities. It includes also the number or percentage of households by a total number of rooms or bedrooms, the number or percentage of households that have access to electricity, and the number or percentage of households by construction material type for roofs, floors, walls, etc.

Education outcomes

The number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, is expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Health facilities

The number of hospitals, primary care centers, health clinics in a country, hospital beds for the care of admitted patients, the number of employed people whose primary intent is to enhance health, and the amount of money spent on health in a country in any currency.

Health outcomes

The number of people who have been immunized against certain diseases per any number of inhabitants, and the number of existing cases (new and old) from certain diseases at the end of a specific year.

Reproductive health

The number of maternal deaths during a given period per live birth during the same period, the number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per live births in a given year or another period, and the quotient between the number of deaths in children under 5 year of age in a given year and the number of live births in that year.

Gender statistics

The proportion of women subject to any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life

Crime & justice

The total count of unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury per unit of population, the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area, and the number of persons held in prison per unit of population.

Poverty & income

The share of population living in households with income or consumption expenditure below a stated national or international poverty line, and the number or percentage of households divided into 10 income groups.

Labor

The percentage distribution of those employed by their industry or occupation as well as the percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Population & vital statistics

The number of people living in a given area at a certain time, the number of babies born every year per inhabitant, and the number of people who died every year per inhabitant.

Education facilities

The number of educational institutions in a country, rooms where classes are held in educational institutions in a country, professional personnel directly involved in teaching students, and the amount of money spent on education in a country in any currency.

Agriculture & Land Use

The established land area under either public or private ownership that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives, presented in physical units.

Built environment

Percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources and the percentage of the population having access to and using improved sanitation facilities. It includes also the number or percentage of households by a total number of rooms or bedrooms, the number or percentage of households that have access to electricity, and the number or percentage of households by construction material type for roofs, floors, walls, etc.

Population & vital statistics

The number of people living in a given area at a certain time, the number of babies born every year per inhabitant, and the number of people who died every year per inhabitant.

Education facilities

The number of educational institutions in a country, rooms where classes are held in educational institutions in a country, professional personnel directly involved in teaching students, and the amount of money spent on education in a country in any currency.

Education outcomes

The number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, is expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Health facilities

The number of hospitals, primary care centers, health clinics in a country, hospital beds for the care of admitted patients, the number of employed people whose primary intent is to enhance health, and the amount of money spent on health in a country in any currency.

Health outcomes

The number of people who have been immunized against certain diseases per any number of inhabitants, and the number of existing cases (new and old) from certain diseases at the end of a specific year.

Reproductive health

The number of maternal deaths during a given period per live birth during the same period, the number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per live births in a given year or another period, and the quotient between the number of deaths in children under 5 year of age in a given year and the number of live births in that year.

Food security & nutrition

A percentage estimate of the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normally active and healthy life.

Gender statistics

The proportion of women subject to any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life

Crime & justice

The total count of unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury per unit of population, the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area, and the number of persons held in prison per unit of population.

Poverty & income

The share of population living in households with income or consumption expenditure below a stated national or international poverty line, and the number or percentage of households divided into 10 income groups.

National accounts

The sum of the gross values added of all resident producers at basic prices, plus all taxes fewer subsidies on products.

Labor

The percentage distribution of those employed by their industry or occupation as well as the percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Price indexes

A measure of the change in the cost of purchasing a given “basket” of consumer goods and services, whereas a cost of living index is defined as measuring the change in the cost of maintaining a given standard of living, or level of utility.

Government finance

Government revenue is reported at the end of the fiscal year and government expenditures are reported at the end of the fiscal year.

Money & banking

The money supply is the total amount of money in circulation in a country and the interest rates that are available for various lending instruments.

International trade

Exports of goods and services – merchandise trade comprise goods leaving the statistical territory of a country.

Balance of payments

The number of transactions (other than those in financial items) that involve economic values and occur between resident and non-residents entities.

Agriculture & Land Use

The established land area under either public or private ownership that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives, presented in physical units.

Resource use

The volume of fish brought ashore, the amount of forest area or trees cut in physical units or value as well as the value of raw materials extracted from the earth presented in physical units or value.

Energy

Total energy consumed by end-users, such as households, industry, and agriculture.

Pollution

The amount of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone, and chloro-fluorocarbons occurring naturally and resulting from human (production and consumption) activities, and contributing to the greenhouse effect (global warming), presented in physical units.

Built environment

Percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources and the percentage of the population having access to and using improved sanitation facilities. It includes also the number or percentage of households by a total number of rooms or bedrooms, the number or percentage of households that have access to electricity, and the number or percentage of households by construction material type for roofs, floors, walls, etc.

Population & vital statistics

The number of people living in a given area at a certain time, the number of babies born every year per inhabitant, and the number of people who died every year per inhabitant.

Education facilities

The number of educational institutions in a country, rooms where classes are held in educational institutions in a country, professional personnel directly involved in teaching students, and the amount of money spent on education in a country in any currency.

Education outcomes

The number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, is expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Health facilities

The number of hospitals, primary care centers, health clinics in a country, hospital beds for the care of admitted patients, the number of employed people whose primary intent is to enhance health, and the amount of money spent on health in a country in any currency.

Health outcomes

The number of people who have been immunized against certain diseases per any number of inhabitants, and the number of existing cases (new and old) from certain diseases at the end of a specific year.

Reproductive health

The number of maternal deaths during a given period per live birth during the same period, the number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per live births in a given year or another period, and the quotient between the number of deaths in children under 5 year of age in a given year and the number of live births in that year.

Food security & nutrition

A percentage estimate of the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normally active and healthy life.

Gender statistics

The proportion of women subject to any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life

Crime & justice

The total count of unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury per unit of population, the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area, and the number of persons held in prison per unit of population.

Poverty & income

The share of population living in households with income or consumption expenditure below a stated national or international poverty line, and the number or percentage of households divided into 10 income groups.

National accounts

The sum of the gross values added of all resident producers at basic prices, plus all taxes fewer subsidies on products.

Labor

The percentage distribution of those employed by their industry or occupation as well as the percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Price indexes

A measure of the change in the cost of purchasing a given “basket” of consumer goods and services, whereas a cost of living index is defined as measuring the change in the cost of maintaining a given standard of living, or level of utility.

Government finance

Government revenue is reported at the end of the fiscal year and government expenditures are reported at the end of the fiscal year.

Money & banking

The money supply is the total amount of money in circulation in a country and the interest rates that are available for various lending instruments.

International trade

Exports of goods and services – merchandise trade comprise goods leaving the statistical territory of a country.

Balance of payments

The number of transactions (other than those in financial items) that involve economic values and occur between resident and non-residents entities.

Agriculture & Land Use

The established land area under either public or private ownership that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives, presented in physical units.

Resource use

The volume of fish brought ashore, the amount of forest area or trees cut in physical units or value as well as the value of raw materials extracted from the earth presented in physical units or value.

Energy

Total energy consumed by end-users, such as households, industry, and agriculture.

Pollution

The amount of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone, and chloro-fluorocarbons occurring naturally and resulting from human (production and consumption) activities, and contributing to the greenhouse effect (global warming), presented in physical units.

Built environment

Percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources and the percentage of the population having access to and using improved sanitation facilities. It includes also the number or percentage of households by a total number of rooms or bedrooms, the number or percentage of households that have access to electricity, and the number or percentage of households by construction material type for roofs, floors, walls, etc.

Population & vital statistics

The number of people living in a given area at a certain time, the number of babies born every year per inhabitant, and the number of people who died every year per inhabitant.

Education facilities

The number of educational institutions in a country, rooms where classes are held in educational institutions in a country, professional personnel directly involved in teaching students, and the amount of money spent on education in a country in any currency.

Education outcomes

The number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, is expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Health facilities

The number of hospitals, primary care centers, health clinics in a country, hospital beds for the care of admitted patients, the number of employed people whose primary intent is to enhance health, and the amount of money spent on health in a country in any currency.

Health outcomes

The number of people who have been immunized against certain diseases per any number of inhabitants, and the number of existing cases (new and old) from certain diseases at the end of a specific year.

Reproductive health

The number of maternal deaths during a given period per live birth during the same period, the number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per live births in a given year or another period, and the quotient between the number of deaths in children under 5 year of age in a given year and the number of live births in that year.

Food security & nutrition

A percentage estimate of the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normally active and healthy life.

Gender statistics

The proportion of women subject to any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life

Crime & justice

The total count of unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury per unit of population, the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area, and the number of persons held in prison per unit of population.

Poverty & income

The share of population living in households with income or consumption expenditure below a stated national or international poverty line, and the number or percentage of households divided into 10 income groups.

National accounts

The sum of the gross values added of all resident producers at basic prices, plus all taxes fewer subsidies on products.

Labor

The percentage distribution of those employed by their industry or occupation as well as the percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Price indexes

A measure of the change in the cost of purchasing a given “basket” of consumer goods and services, whereas a cost of living index is defined as measuring the change in the cost of maintaining a given standard of living, or level of utility.

Government finance

Government revenue is reported at the end of the fiscal year and government expenditures are reported at the end of the fiscal year.

Money & banking

The money supply is the total amount of money in circulation in a country and the interest rates that are available for various lending instruments.

International trade

Exports of goods and services – merchandise trade comprise goods leaving the statistical territory of a country.

Balance of payments

The number of transactions (other than those in financial items) that involve economic values and occur between resident and non-residents entities.

Agriculture & Land Use

The established land area under either public or private ownership that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives, presented in physical units.

Resource use

The volume of fish brought ashore, the amount of forest area or trees cut in physical units or value as well as the value of raw materials extracted from the earth presented in physical units or value.

Energy

Total energy consumed by end-users, such as households, industry, and agriculture.

Pollution

The amount of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone, and chloro-fluorocarbons occurring naturally and resulting from human (production and consumption) activities, and contributing to the greenhouse effect (global warming), presented in physical units.

Built environment

Percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources and the percentage of the population having access to and using improved sanitation facilities. It includes also the number or percentage of households by a total number of rooms or bedrooms, the number or percentage of households that have access to electricity, and the number or percentage of households by construction material type for roofs, floors, walls, etc.

Population & vital statistics

The number of people living in a given area at a certain time, the number of babies born every year per inhabitant, and the number of people who died every year per inhabitant.

Education facilities

The number of educational institutions in a country, rooms where classes are held in educational institutions in a country, professional personnel directly involved in teaching students, and the amount of money spent on education in a country in any currency.

Education outcomes

The number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, is expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Health facilities

The number of hospitals, primary care centers, health clinics in a country, hospital beds for the care of admitted patients, the number of employed people whose primary intent is to enhance health, and the amount of money spent on health in a country in any currency.

Health outcomes

The number of people who have been immunized against certain diseases per any number of inhabitants, and the number of existing cases (new and old) from certain diseases at the end of a specific year.

Reproductive health

The number of maternal deaths during a given period per live birth during the same period, the number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per live births in a given year or another period, and the quotient between the number of deaths in children under 5 year of age in a given year and the number of live births in that year.

Food security & nutrition

A percentage estimate of the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normally active and healthy life.

Gender statistics

The proportion of women subject to any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life

Crime & justice

The total count of unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury per unit of population, the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area, and the number of persons held in prison per unit of population.

Poverty & income

The share of population living in households with income or consumption expenditure below a stated national or international poverty line, and the number or percentage of households divided into 10 income groups.

National accounts

The sum of the gross values added of all resident producers at basic prices, plus all taxes fewer subsidies on products.

Labor

The percentage distribution of those employed by their industry or occupation as well as the percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Price indexes

A measure of the change in the cost of purchasing a given “basket” of consumer goods and services, whereas a cost of living index is defined as measuring the change in the cost of maintaining a given standard of living, or level of utility.

Government finance

Government revenue is reported at the end of the fiscal year and government expenditures are reported at the end of the fiscal year.

Money & banking

The money supply is the total amount of money in circulation in a country and the interest rates that are available for various lending instruments.

International trade

Exports of goods and services – merchandise trade comprise goods leaving the statistical territory of a country.

Balance of payments

The number of transactions (other than those in financial items) that involve economic values and occur between resident and non-residents entities.

Agriculture & Land Use

The established land area under either public or private ownership that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives, presented in physical units.

Resource use

The volume of fish brought ashore, the amount of forest area or trees cut in physical units or value as well as the value of raw materials extracted from the earth presented in physical units or value.

Energy

Total energy consumed by end-users, such as households, industry, and agriculture.

Pollution

The amount of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone, and chloro-fluorocarbons occurring naturally and resulting from human (production and consumption) activities, and contributing to the greenhouse effect (global warming), presented in physical units.

Built environment

Percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources and the percentage of the population having access to and using improved sanitation facilities. It includes also the number or percentage of households by a total number of rooms or bedrooms, the number or percentage of households that have access to electricity, and the number or percentage of households by construction material type for roofs, floors, walls, etc.

Education outcomes

The number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, is expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.

Health facilities

The number of hospitals, primary care centers, health clinics in a country, hospital beds for the care of admitted patients, the number of employed people whose primary intent is to enhance health, and the amount of money spent on health in a country in any currency.

Health outcomes

The number of people who have been immunized against certain diseases per any number of inhabitants, and the number of existing cases (new and old) from certain diseases at the end of a specific year.

Reproductive health

The number of maternal deaths during a given period per live birth during the same period, the number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per live births in a given year or another period, and the quotient between the number of deaths in children under 5 year of age in a given year and the number of live births in that year.

Food security & nutrition

A percentage estimate of the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normally active and healthy life.

Gender statistics

The proportion of women subject to any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life

Crime & justice

The total count of unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury per unit of population, the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area, and the number of persons held in prison per unit of population.

Poverty & income

The share of population living in households with income or consumption expenditure below a stated national or international poverty line, and the number or percentage of households divided into 10 income groups.

National accounts

The sum of the gross values added of all resident producers at basic prices, plus all taxes fewer subsidies on products.

Labor

The percentage distribution of those employed by their industry or occupation as well as the percentage of persons in the labor force who are unemployed.

Price indexes

A measure of the change in the cost of purchasing a given “basket” of consumer goods and services, whereas a cost of living index is defined as measuring the change in the cost of maintaining a given standard of living, or level of utility.

Government finance

Government revenue is reported at the end of the fiscal year and government expenditures are reported at the end of the fiscal year.

Money & banking

The money supply is the total amount of money in circulation in a country and the interest rates that are available for various lending instruments.

International trade

Exports of goods and services – merchandise trade comprise goods leaving the statistical territory of a country.

Balance of payments

The number of transactions (other than those in financial items) that involve economic values and occur between resident and non-residents entities.

Agriculture & Land Use

The established land area under either public or private ownership that is regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives, presented in physical units.

Resource use

The volume of fish brought ashore, the amount of forest area or trees cut in physical units or value as well as the value of raw materials extracted from the earth presented in physical units or value.

Energy

Total energy consumed by end-users, such as households, industry, and agriculture.

Pollution

The amount of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone, and chloro-fluorocarbons occurring naturally and resulting from human (production and consumption) activities, and contributing to the greenhouse effect (global warming), presented in physical units.

Built environment

Percentage of the population having access to and using improved drinking water sources and the percentage of the population having access to and using improved sanitation facilities. It includes also the number or percentage of households by a total number of rooms or bedrooms, the number or percentage of households that have access to electricity, and the number or percentage of households by construction material type for roofs, floors, walls, etc.

Population & vital statistics

The number of people living in a given area at a certain time, the number of babies born every year per inhabitant, and the number of people who died every year per inhabitant.

Education facilities

The number of educational institutions in a country, rooms where classes are held in educational institutions in a country, professional personnel directly involved in teaching students, and the amount of money spent on education in a country in any currency.

Life expectancy at birth-female

The average number of years that a newborn could expect to live, if he or she were to pass through life exposed to the sex- and age-specific death rates prevailing at the time of his or her birth, for a specific year, in a given country, territory, or geographic area.

Life expectancy at birth-male

The average number of years that a newborn could expect to live, if he or she were to pass through life exposed to the sex- and age-specific death rates prevailing at the time of his or her birth, for a specific year, in a given country, territory, or geographic area.

Expected years of schooling-female

Expected years of schooling is the number of years a child of school entrance age is expected to spend at school, or university, including years spent on repetition. It is the sum of the age-specific enrolment ratios for primary, secondary, post-secondary non-tertiary and tertiary education

Mean years of schooling-female

estimates the average number of years of total schooling adults aged 25 years and older have received.

Expected years of schooling-male

Expected years of schooling is the number of years a child of school entrance age is expected to spend at school, or university, including years spent on repetition. It is the sum of the age-specific enrolment ratios for primary, secondary, post-secondary non-tertiary and tertiary education

Mean years of schooling-male

estimates the average number of years of total schooling adults aged 25 years and older have received.

Gross national income (GNI) per capita-female

GNI per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP). PPP GNI is gross national income (GNI) converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GNI as a U.S. dollar has in the United States. GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in constant 2017 international dollars.

Gross national income (GNI) per capita-male

GNI per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP). PPP GNI is gross national income (GNI) converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GNI as a U.S. dollar has in the United States. GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in constant 2017 international dollars.

Labor force participation rate

Proportion of a country’s working-age (15–64) female population that engages actively in the labor market, either by working or looking for work. (i.e. ratio of the number of women participating in the labor force to total labor force). Labor force data doesn’t take into account workers employed abroad. It includes ILO estimates for missing data.

Wage equality for similar work

Response to the survey question, “In your country, for similar work, to what extent are wages for women equal to those of men?” (1 = not at all, significantly below those of men; 7 = fully, equal to those of men).

Estimated earned income

The estimated female earned income is a proxy for how much command women have over a country’s economic resources. For each country, it is computed using female and male shares of the economically active population, the ratio of the female to male wages (both sourced from (both indicators are sourced from ILO), gross domestic product valued at constant 2017 international dollars (IMF), and female and male shares of population (World Bank). The methodology used to compute this indicator is adapted from the methodology developed by the United Nations Development Program’s Human Development Report Office for computing the Gender Development Index (UNDP, 2020, page 6-7). Female and male wage measures used in the computation of the gender wage ratio correspond to the mean nominal monthly earnings of female and male employees, respectively. In the absence of wage data, a gender wage ratio of 0.75 is used in the computation of the wage bill. ILO’s measure of earning corresponds to the mean of monthly earnings of all employees in nominal terms. The earnings of employees relate to the gross remuneration in cash and in kind paid to employees, as a rule at regular intervals, for time worked or work done together with remuneration for time not worked, such as annual vacation, other type of paid leave or holidays. Earnings exclude employers’ contributions in respect of their employees paid to social security and pension schemes and also the benefits received estimated average annual earned income per capita in constant 2017 international dollars for women and men, respectively, and the ratio of the two values.

Legislators, senior officials and managers

Ratio of women to men employed in senior roles, defined by the International Labor Organization as those who plan, direct, coordinate and evaluate the overall activities of enterprises, governments and other organizations, or of organizational units within them, and formulate and review their policies, laws, rules and regulations. It corresponds to Major Group 1 of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08)

Professional and technical workers

Ratio of women to men employed in professional and technical roles, defined by the International Labor Organization as those who increase the existing stock of knowledge, apply scientific or artistic concepts and theories or those who perform technical and related tasks that require advanced knowledge and skill. It corresponds to the sum of Major Groups 2 and 3 of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08).

Literacy rate

Percentage of the adult population (over 15 years of age) of each gender with the ability to both read and write and make simple arithmetic calculations.

Enrollment in primary education

Percentage of girls and boys in the official primary school age range (net rate) who are enrolled in primary education (International Standard Classification of Education [ISCED] 1)

Enrollment in secondary education

Percentage of girls and boys in the official secondary school age range (net rate) who are enrolled in secondary education (ISCED 2 and 3). It excludes ISCED 4, which is post-secondary, non-tertiary education. Whenever data on this indicator is not available, the “Percentage of students in secondary education (ISCED 2 and 3) who are female” variable is used instead.

Enrollment in tertiary education

Total enrolment in tertiary education (gross rate), regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the most recent five-year age cohort that has left secondary school. Tertiary education consists of ISCED levels 5 to 8, and gross enrolment data should be examined within the context of a country structure regarding military service as well as propensity of students to seek education abroad.

Sex ratio at birth

Sex ratio at birth refers to male births per female births. The data are 5 year averages.

Healthy life expectancy

Average number of years that a person of each gender can expect to live in full health, calculated by taking into account years lived in less than full health due to disease and/or injury.

Women in parliament

Percentage of women holding parliamentary seats as a share of total parliamentary seats. In instances where a parliamentary system is bicameral, the figure used is the one for the lower house.

Women in ministerial positions

Percentage of women holding ministerial portfolios as a share of total ministry positions in each government. Some overlap between ministers and heads of government that also hold a ministerial portfolio may occur.

Years with female/male head of state (last 50)

The number of years in the past fifty-year period for which a woman has held a post equivalent to an elected head of state or head of government in the country. It takes into account prime ministers and/or presidents, royalties are not considered. It takes into account prime ministers and/or presidents, and royalties are not considered.

Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on a woman choosing where to live. The answer is “No” if there are explicit restrictions on a woman choosing where to live, if there are legal restrictions on a woman choosing where to live, if the husband chooses the marital home or has more weight in determining where the family will live, or if a woman’s domicile automatically follows that of her husband.

Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on a woman traveling alone domestically. The answer is “No” if permission, additional documentation, or the presence of her husband or guardian is required for a woman to travel alone domestically; or a woman must justify her reasons for leaving the home; or leaving the home without a valid reason is considered disobedience with legal consequences, such as loss of right to maintenance.

Can a woman apply for a passport in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if there are no gender differences in passport application procedures. The answer is “No” if an adult woman needs the permission or signature of her husband, father or other relative or guardian to apply for a passport; or passport application procedures or forms require a woman to provide details about her husband, father, or other relative or guardian; or passport application procedures or forms require a woman to provide details about her husband, father, or other relative or guardian or additional documents such as a marriage certificate and if the same is not required of a man.

Can a woman travel outside the country in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on a woman traveling alone internationally. The answer is “No” if permission, additional documentation, or the presence of her husband or a guardian is required for a woman to leave the country; or the law requires a married woman to accompany her husband out of the country if he wishes her to do so.

Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on a woman’s legal capacity and ability to get a job or pursue a trade or profession. The answer is “No” if a husband can prevent his wife from working; or permission or additional documentation is required for a woman to work but not a man; or it is considered a form of disobedience with legal consequences, such as loss of maintenance, for a woman to work contrary to her husband’s wishes or the interests of the family.

Does the law prohibit discrimination in employment based on gender

The answer is "Yes" if the law prohibits employers from discriminating based on sex or gender or mandates equal treatment of women and men in employment. The answer is "No" if the law does not prohibit such discrimination or only prohibits it in one aspect of employment, such as pay or dismissal.

Is there legislation on sexual harassment in employment

The answer is “Yes” if legal provisions specifically protect against sexual harassment in employment, including unwelcome verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature. The answer is “No” if there is no legislation specifically addressing sexual harassment in employment; or the law addresses harassment in general but makes no reference to acts of a sexual nature or contact; or states only that the employer has a duty to prevent sexual harassment but no provisions prohibit it or provide sanctions or other forms of redress.

Are there criminal penalties or civil remedies for sexual harassment in employment

The answer is “Yes” if the law establishes criminal sanctions, such as fines or imprisonment, for sexual harassment in employment; or the provision in the criminal code provides for reparation of damages for offenses covered by the code; or the law provides for civil remedies or compensation for victims of sexual harassment in employment or the workplace, even after dismissal of the victims. The answer is “No” if the law establishes neither criminal sanctions for sexual harassment in employment nor civil remedies or compensation for victims of sexual harassment in employment; or the law only prohibits sexual harassment in employment and sets forth that the employer should apply discretionary sanctions.

Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value

The answer is "Yes" if employers are legally obliged to pay equal remuneration to male and female employees who perform work of equal value in accordance with these definitions. The answer is "No" if the law limits the principle of equal remuneration to equal work, the same work, similar work or work of a similar nature; or the law limits the broad concept of “remuneration” to only basic wages or salary.

Can a woman work at night in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if a woman who is not pregnant and not nursing can work at night in the same way as a man; or restrictions on women’s ability to work at night do not apply to the food retail sector; or women’s consent to work at night is required; or an employer needs to comply with safety measures. The answer is “No” if the law broadly prohibits a woman, including one with children over the age of one, from working at night or limits the hours that she can work at night; or the law gives the relevant authority the power to restrict or prohibit a woman’s ability to work at night, regardless of the content of any decisions issued by that authority.

Can a woman work in a job deemed dangerous in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if no laws prohibit or restrict a woman who is not pregnant and not nursing from working in a broad and subjective category of jobs deemed hazardous, arduous, or morally inappropriate. The answer is “No” if the law prohibits or restricts a woman’s ability to work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous, or morally inappropriate; or the relevant authority can determine whether particular jobs are too hazardous, arduous, or morally inappropriate for a woman but not for a man, regardless of the content of any decisions issued by that authority.

Can a woman work in an industrial job in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if a woman who is not pregnant and not nursing can work in the mining, construction, manufacturing, energy, water, agriculture, and transportation industries in the same way as a man. The answer is “No” if the law prohibits a woman from working in any of these industries; or a woman’s employment in the relevant industries is restricted in any way, such as by prohibiting her from working at night in “industrial undertakings;” or by giving the relevant authority the power to prohibit or restrict her ability to work in certain jobs or industries, regardless of the content of any decisions issued by that authority.

Is there no legal provision that requires a married woman to obey her husband

The answer is "Yes" if there is no provision requiring a married woman to obey her husband. The answer is "No" if there is an explicit provision stating that a married woman must obey her husband or if disobeying the husband has legal ramifications for a married woman, such as loss of her right to maintenance.

Can a woman be head of household in the same way as a man

The answer is "Yes" if there are no restrictions on a woman being head of household or head of family. The answer is "No" if the law designates the husband as head of household or stipulates that he leads the family; or a male is designated as the default family member who receives the family book or equivalent document that is needed for accessing services.

Is there legislation specifically addressing domestic violence

The answer is “Yes” if there is legislation addressing domestic violence that includes criminal sanctions or provides for protection orders for domestic violence. The answer is “No” if there is no legislation addressing domestic violence, if the domestic violence legislation does not provide for sanctions or protection orders, or if only a specific category of women or family member is protected; or there is only a provision that increases penalties for general crimes covered in the criminal code if committed between spouses or within the family.

Can a woman obtain a judgment of divorce in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if the process to obtain a judgment of divorce is equal for a woman and a man or provides additional protections for a woman, such as prohibiting a husband from initiating divorce proceedings while his wife is pregnant. The answer is “No” if there are procedural or evidentiary differences for a woman seeking a judgment of divorce; or only a man can initiate divorce proceedings; or divorce is not legally allowed.

Does a woman have the same rights to remarry as a man

The answer is “Yes” if a woman and a man have equal rights to remarry. The answer is “No” if the law limits a woman’s right to remarry, such as by requiring a waiting period before remarriage to which a man is not subject; or divorce is not legally allowed.

Is paid leave of at least 14 weeks available to mothers

The answer is “Yes” if mothers are legally entitled to at least 14 weeks (98 calendar days) of paid leave for the birth of a child through maternity leave, parental leave or a combination of both. The answer is “No” the law does not establish paid leave for mothers, or if the length of paid leave is less than 14 weeks.

Does the government administer 100% of maternity leave benefits

The answer is “Yes” if leave benefits are fully administered by a government entity, including compulsory social insurance schemes (such as social security), public funds, government-mandated private insurance or employer reimbursement of any maternity leave benefits paid directly to an employee. The answer is “No” if any of the cost is shared by the employer; or contributions or taxes are mandated only for female employees, if the social insurance scheme that provides maternity leave benefits is optional, or if no paid leave is available to expectant and new mothers.

Is there paid leave available to fathers

The answer is “Yes” if fathers are legally entitled to at least one day of paid paternity leave for the birth of a child, or if the law reserves a portion of paid parental leave specifically for fathers—that is, through “use-it-or-lose-it” policies or fathers’ quotas; or fathers are individually entitled to paid parental leave. The answer is “No” if the law does not guarantee fathers any paid paternity leave or other specific leave for the birth of a child; or allowances for the birth of a child must be deducted from annual or sick leave.

Is there paid parental leave

The answer is “Yes” if parents are legally entitled to some form of full-time paid parental leave, either shared between mother and father (at least two weeks) or as an individual entitlement that each can take regardless of the other (at least one week each); or the duration of paid maternity leave and paid paternity leave is the same. The answer is “No” if the law does not mandate any form of paid parental leave.

Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited

he answer is “Yes” if the law explicitly prohibits the dismissal of pregnant women, if pregnancy cannot serve as grounds for termination of a contract, or if dismissal of pregnant workers is considered a form of unlawful termination, unfair dismissal, or wrongful discharge. The answer is “No” if there are no provisions prohibiting the dismissal of pregnant workers, or if the law only prohibits the dismissal of pregnant workers during maternity leave, for a limited period of the pregnancy, or when their pregnancy results in illness or disability.

Does the law prohibit discrimination in access to credit based on gender

The answer is “Yes” if the law prohibits discrimination by creditors based on sex or gender or prescribes equal access for both men and women when conducting financial transactions or entrepreneurial activities, or if the law prohibits gender discrimination when accessing goods and services. The answer is “No” if the law does not prohibit such discrimination or if the law does not provide for effective remedies.

Can a woman sign a contract in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if a woman obtains full legal capacity upon reaching the age of majority and there are no restrictions on her signing legally binding contracts. The answer is “No” if a woman has limited legal capacity to sign a contract or needs the signature, consent, or permission of her husband or guardian to do so.

Can a woman register a business in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on a woman registering a business. The answer is “No” if a woman has limited legal capacity to register a business, including situations in which she needs her husband’s or guardian’s permission, signature or consent to register a business.; or the registration process at any stage requires a woman to provide additional information or documentation that is not required of a man.

Can a woman open a bank account in the same way as a man

The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on a woman opening a bank account. The answer is “No” if a woman has limited legal capacity or is required to provide any additional permission or documentation that is not required of a man; or legal provisions limit the ability of a woman to open a bank account, such as stating that only a married woman who is separately employed from her husband may open a bank account in her own name.

Do men and women have equal ownership rights to immovable property

The answer is “Yes” if there are no restrictions on women’s legal capacity and rights to immovable property. The answer is “No” if women's rights to own or administer property are legally restricted, or if there are gender differences in the legal treatment of spousal property, such as granting the husband administrative control of marital property, or for cases in which customary law is prevalent, if there is no statutory law that recognizes equal property rights.

Do sons and daughters have equal rights to inherit assets from their parents

The answer is “Yes” if sons and daughters have the same rights to inherit assets from their parents. The answer is “No” if there are gender-based differences in the recognition of children as heirs to property .

Do male and female surviving spouses have equal rights to inherit assets

The answer is “Yes” if surviving spouses of either gender with no living children have the same inheritance rights. The answer is “No” if there are gender-based differences in the inheritance rights of surviving spouses.

Does the law grant spouses equal administrative authority over assets during marriage

The answer is “Yes” if spouses retain administrative power over those assets each brought to the marriage or acquired during marriage, and their accrued value, without the need for spousal consent; or spouses administer their separate property, but for major transactions, such as selling or pledging the property as collateral, spousal consent is required or if both spouses have equal rights in the administration and transaction of joint property. The answer is “No” if the husband has administrative rights over all property, including any separate property of the wife, or if the husband's word prevails in case of disagreement; or customary law (which often discriminates against women) is prevalent, if there is no statutory law that recognizes equal property administration.

Does the law provide for the valuation of nonmonetary contributions

The answer is “Yes” if there is an explicit legal recognition of such contributions and the law provides for equal or equitable division of the property or the transfer of a lump sum to the stay-at-home spouse based on nonmonetary contributions; or the default marital property regime is full community, partial community, or deferred community of property because these regimes implicitly recognize nonmonetary contributions at the time of property division and benefit both spouses regardless of who purchased the property or holds title to it. The answer is “No” if the default marital property regime is not a form of community of property and there is no explicit legal provision providing for equal or equitable division of property based on nonmonetary contributions.

Is the age at which men and women can retire with full pension benefits the same

The answer is “Yes” if the statutory age at which men and women can retire and receive an irrevocable minimum old-age pension is the same. The answer is “No” if there is a difference in the statutory age or if there is no mandatory pension scheme implemented for private sector workers.

Is the age at which men and women can retire with partial pension benefits the same

The answer is “Yes” if the age at which men and women can retire and receive partial pension benefits is the same or if the age at which men and women can retire and receive partial benefits is not mandated. The answer is “No” if the age at which men and women can retire and receive partial pension benefits is different or if there is no mandatory pension scheme implemented for private sector workers.

Is the mandatory retirement age for men and women the same

The answer is “Yes” if the legally established age at which men and women must retire is the same or if there is no mandatory retirement age. The answer is “No” if the age at which men and women must retire is different.

Are periods of absence due to childcare accounted for in pension benefits

The answer is “Yes” if pension contributions are paid or credited during maternity or parental leave or the leave period is considered a qualifying period of employment used for the purpose of calculating pension benefits; or there are mechanisms to compensate for any contribution gaps and to ensure that the leave period does not reduce the assessment base or pension amounts or if there are no mandatory contributory pension schemes, but there is a noncontributory universal social pension conditioned on noncontributory requirements with no means test attached. The answer is “No” if there are no compensating pension arrangements for periods of childcare or if there is no mandatory contributory pension scheme for private sector workers and no noncontributory universal social pension.

Does the law address child marriage?

A score of 1 is assigned if (1) the legal age of marriage—the age at which girls and boys are free to marry without parental or an authority’s consent—is at least 18 for both girls and boys; (2) the law does not provide for exceptions to the legal age of marriage based on parental consent; (3) marriage in violation of the age requirements is void or voidable; and (4) the law establishes penalties for anyone who allows, registers, or celebrates marriages in violation of the age requirements or for any party to the marriage who is over the legal age and knowingly enters into such a marriage. A score of 0 is assigned if the legal age of marriage is lower than 18 or the law allows marriage below the legal age with parental consent or the law does not provide that marriage in violation of the age requirements is void or voidable and does not establish penalties for celebrating or authorizing marriage in violation of the age requirements.

Does the law address sexual harassment?

A score of 1 is assigned if the law addresses at least two of the following forms of harassment: (1) sexual harassment in employment—including providing criminal penalties or civil remedies for such conduct; (2) sexual harassment in education establishments against students over the age of 18—including providing criminal penalties or civil remedies for such conduct; (3) sexual harassment in public places, in the public life or sphere, or in transportation—including providing criminal penalties or civil remedies for such conduct—that is not limited to the relationship between the service provider and the user; (4) cyber-harassment or cyber-stalking—that is, any act directed at assisting in or committing any form of violence such as abusive comments, threats, sexual harassment, harassment, or stalking perpetrated through the internet or other electronic means, including applications—that is not limited to the relationship between the provider and the user and includes criminal penalties or civil remedies. A score of 0 is assigned if the law does not address any of the above forms of harassment or addresses only one.

Does the law address domestic violence?

A score of 1 is assigned if the law addresses physical, sexual, psychological, and economic domestic violence, includes criminal sanctions, or provides for protection orders for domestic violence and addresses marital rape. A score of 0 is assigned if the law does not address domestic violence, if the domestic violence law does not address all forms of domestic violence (physical, sexual, psychological, and economic violence), if the domestic violence law does not provide for sanctions or protection orders, or if only a specific category of woman or family member is protected or if the law does not explicitly criminalize marital rape or entitle a wife to file a criminal complaint of rape against her husband or if there is only a provision that increases penalties for general crimes covered in the criminal code if committed between spouses or within the family.

Does the law address femicide?

A score of 1 is assigned if the law criminalizes femicide—that is, the intentional killing of a woman with a gender-related motivation or if the law provides for aggravated penalties for the murder of a woman. A score of 0 is assigned if there is no law criminalizing femicide or establishing aggravated penalties for the murder of a woman.

Can a woman choose where to live in the same way as a man?

A score of 1 is assigned if there are no restrictions on a woman choosing where to live. A score of 0 is assigned if there are legal restrictions on a woman choosing where to live, if the husband chooses the marital home or has more weight in determining where the family will live, or if a woman’s domicile automatically follows that of her husband.

Can a woman travel internationally in the same way as a man?

A score of 1 is assigned if there are no restrictions on a woman traveling alone domestically or if permission, additional documentation, or the presence of her husband or guardian is required for a woman to travel alone domestically. A score of 0 is also assigned if a woman must justify her reasons for leaving the home or if leaving the home without a valid reason is considered disobedience with legal consequences, such as loss of right to maintenance.

Can a woman travel outside her home in the same way as a man?

A score of 1 is assigned if there are no restrictions on a woman traveling alone internationally or if there are no legal restrictions on a woman applying for a passport. A score of 0 is assigned if permission, additional documentation, or the presence of her husband or a guardian is required for a woman to leave the country or if the law requires a married woman to accompany her husband out of the country if he wishes her to do so or if an adult woman is added to the passport of her husband or needs the permission or signature of her husband, father, or other relative or guardian to apply for a passport.or the law requires a woman to provide details about her husband, father, or other relative or guardian or if she needs to submit additional documents such as a marriage certificate that are not required of a man.

Do a woman and a man have equal rights to confer citizenship on their spouses and their children?

A score of 1 is assigned if there are no legal or procedural differences between women and men in conferring nationality on their children and spouses or if there is no legal difference in the treatment of a foreign wife and a foreign husband. A score of 0 is assigned if the law restricts the capacity of a woman to confer nationality on her foreign spouse or her children or provides different rules for women and men and also assigned if a woman cannot freely access documents required for children to acquire her nationality.

Can a woman get a job in the same way as a man?

A score of 1 is assigned if there are no restrictions on a woman’s legal capacity and ability to get a job or pursue a trade or profession. A score of 0 is assigned if a husband can prevent his wife from working or if permission or additional documentation is required for a woman to work but not a man or if it is considered a form of disobedience with legal consequences, such as loss of maintenance, for a woman to work contrary to her husband’s wishes or the interests of the family.

Does the law explicitly prohibit discrimination in recruitment based on marital status, parental status, and age?

A score of 1 is assigned if the law specifically prohibits employers from discriminating based on marital status, parental status, and age during pre-employment (that is, recruitment and hiring). A score of 0 is assigned if no law specifically prohibits employers from discriminating based on marital status, parental status, and age during pre-employment or if the law prohibits discrimination in recruitment in only one of the aspects analyzed or if the prohibition of discrimination is not applicable to pre-employment practices.

Does the law prohibit discrimination in employment based on gender?

A score of 1 is assigned if the law prohibits employers from discriminating based on gender or mandates equal treatment of women and men in employment. A score of 0 is assigned if the law does not prohibit such discrimination or prohibits it in only one aspect of employment, such as pay or dismissal.

Does the law allow employees to request flexible work?

A score of 1 is assigned if the law grants employees the option of requesting flexible work arrangements, either through flexible time or through remote work. A score of 0 is assigned if the law does not contemplate such options for employees or if the option to request flexible work arrangements is conditional on certain characteristics such as parental status, disabilities, or age of children.

Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value?

A score of 1 is assigned if employers are legally obliged to pay equal remuneration to male and female employees who perform work of equal value in accordance with these definitions. A score of 0 is assigned if the law limits the principle of equal remuneration to equal work, the same work, similar work, or work of a similar nature or if the law limits the broad concept of “remuneration” to only basic wages or salary.

Can a woman work at night in the same way as a man?

The answer is “Yes” if a woman who is not pregnant and not nursing can work at night in the same way as a man; or restrictions on women’s ability to work at night do not apply to the food retail sector; or women’s consent to work at night is required; or an employer needs to comply with safety measures. The answer is “No” if the law broadly prohibits a woman, including one with children over the age of one, from working at night or limits the hours that she can work at night; or the law gives the relevant authority the power to restrict or prohibit a woman’s ability to work at night, regardless of the content of any decisions issued by that authority.

Can a woman work in a job deemed dangerous in the same way as a man?

The answer is “Yes” if no laws prohibit or restrict a woman who is not pregnant and not nursing from working in a broad and subjective category of jobs deemed hazardous, arduous, or morally inappropriate. The answer is “No” if the law prohibits or restricts a woman’s ability to work in jobs deemed hazardous, arduous, or morally inappropriate; or the relevant authority can determine whether particular jobs are too hazardous, arduous, or morally inappropriate for a woman but not for a man, regardless of the content of any decisions issued by that authority.

Can a woman work in an industrial job in the same way as a man?

The answer is “Yes” if a woman who is not pregnant and not nursing can work in the mining, construction, manufacturing, energy, water, agriculture, and transportation industries in the same way as a man. The answer is “No” if the law prohibits a woman from working in any of these industries; or a woman’s employment in the relevant industries is restricted in any way, such as by prohibiting her from working at night in “industrial undertakings;” or by giving the relevant authority the power to prohibit or restrict her ability to work in certain jobs or industries, regardless of the content of any decisions issued by that authority.

Is the law free of legal provisions that require a married woman to obey her husband?

The answer is "Yes" if there is no provision requiring a married woman to obey her husband. The answer is "No" if there is an explicit provision stating that a married woman must obey her hushusband or if disobeying the husband has legal ramifications for a married woman, such as loss of her right to maintenance.

Can a woman be “head of household” or “head of family” in the same way as a man?

The answer is "Yes" if there are no restrictions on a woman being head of household or head of family. The answer is "No" if the law designates the husband as head of household or stipulates that he leads the family; or a male is designated as the default family member who receives the family book or equivalent document that is needed for accessing services.

Can a woman obtain a judgment of divorce in the same way as a man?

The answer is “Yes” if the process to obtain a judgment of divorce is equal for a woman and a man or provides additional protections for a woman, such as prohibiting a husband from initiating divorce proceedings while his wife is pregnant. The answer is “No” if there are procedural or evidentiary differences for a woman seeking a judgment of divorce; or only a man can initiate divorce proceedings; or divorce is not legally allowerd.

Does a woman have the same rights to remarry as a man?

The answer is “Yes” if a woman and a man have equal rights to remarry. The answer is “No” if the law limits a woman’s right to remarry, such as by requiring a waiting period before remarriage to which a man is not subject; or divorce is not legally allowed.

Is paid leave of at least 14 weeks available to mothers?

The answer is “Yes” if mothers are legally entitled to at least 14 weeks (98 calendar days) of paid leave for the birth of a child through maternity leave, parental leave or a combination of both. The answer is “No” the law does not establish paid leave for mothers, or if the length of paid leave is less than 14 weeks.

Are leave benefits for mothers paid solely by the government?

A score of 1 is assigned if leave benefits are paid by a government entity, including compulsory social insurance schemes (such as social security), public funds, governmentmandated private insurance, or employer reimbursement of any maternity leave benefits paid directly to an employee. A score of 0 is assigned if any of the cost is shared by the employer or if contributions or taxes are mandated only for female employees, if the social insurance scheme that provides maternity leave benefits is optional, or if no paid leave is available to expectant and new mothers.

Is paid leave available to fathers?

The answer is “Yes” if fathers are legally entitled to at least one day of paid paternity leave for the birth of a child, or if the law reserves a portion of paid parental leave specifically for fathers—that is, through “use-it-or-lose-it” policies or fathers’ quotas; or fathers are individually entitled to paid parental leave. The answer is “No” if the law does not guarantee fathers any paid paternity leave or other specific leave for the birth of a child; or allowances for the birth of a child must be deducted from annual or sick leave.

Is dismissal of pregnant workers prohibited?

The answer is “Yes” if the law explicitly prohibits the dismissal of pregnant women, if pregnancy cannot serve as grounds for termination of a contract, or if dismissal of pregnant workers is considered a form of unlawful termination, unfair dismissal, or wrongful discharge. The answer is “No” if there are no provisions prohibiting the dismissal of pregnant workers, or if the law only prohibits the dismissal of pregnant workers during maternity leave, for a limited period of the pregnancy, or when their pregnancy results in illness or disability.

Does the law establish the provision of center-based childcare services?

A score of 1 is assigned if the law establishes the provision of childcare services for children ages 0–2 years (including 2 years and 11 months) in center-based settings (nurseries, day cares, creches, or formal preschools) by at least one of the following: (1) government, (2) private centers, or (3) employers. A direct legal mandate is not conditional on the number of female employees. A score of 0 is assigned if the law does not establish any provision of center-based childcare services. A score of 0 is also assigned if the law establishes childcare provision solely through a direct government mandate for employers, contingent on the number of female employees.

Does the law establish any form of support for families for childcare services?

A score of 1 if various forms of financial aid or tax benefits are provided to parents for childcare services, including subsidies, allowances, grants, tax credits, deductions, exemptions, and free universal childcare services. Additionally, if financial support is directed to childcare providers or childcare expenses are tax-deductible.a score of 0 is assigned if there is no specific support for childcare services or if the government support lacks clarity on entitlement conditions. Also, if parents receive government aid not explicitly intended for childcare, such as maternity or parental benefits.

Does the law establish any form of support for nonstate childcare providers?

A score of 1 is given if the law provides financial or tax-based support to private childcare centers or employers offering childcare services, with additional points for public-private partnerships. Non-state providers may also receive points for meeting certain criteria or benefiting from tax incentives. Conversely, a score of 0 is given if there's no support or unclear eligibility criteria.

Does the law establish quality standards for the provision of center-based childcare services?

A score of 1 is given if the law mandates quality standards for center-based childcare, including structural requirements like educator-to-child ratios or group sizes, workforce qualifications, and quality assurance mechanisms such as inspections or reporting. A score of 0 is assigned if there are no quality standards mandated by law, if only one or two parameters are covered, or if compliance is recommended but not required.

Can a woman undertake entrepreneurial activities in the same way as a man?

A score of 1 is assigned if the law prohibits discrimination by creditors based on gender or prescribes equal access for both women and men when conducting financial transactions or entrepreneurial activities. A score of 1 is also assigned if the law prohibits gender discrimination when accessing goods and services (and services are defined to include financial services). A score of 0 is assigned if the law does not prohibit such discrimination or if the law does not provide for effective remedies.

Does the law prohibit discrimination in access to credit based on gender?

The answer is “Yes” if the law prohibits discrimination by creditors based on sex or gender or prescribes equal access for both men and women when conducting financial transactions or entrepreneurial activities, or if the law prohibits gender discrimination when accessing goods and services. The answer is “No” if the law does not prohibit such discrimination or if the law does not provide for effective remedies.

Does the law prescribe a gender quota for corporate boards?

A score of 1 is assigned if the law mandates a specific numerical or percentage-based quota for the inclusion of women on corporate boards of private sector enterprises or publicly listed companies. A score of 0 is assigned if the law does not mandate a specific numerical or percentage-based quota for the inclusion of women on the corporate boards of private sector enterprises or if the law only outlines voluntary targets for female representation on boards, emphasizes the importance of diversity at the board level, or requires diversity reporting or if private sector initiatives that are not legally binding prescribe a quota.

Does the law include gender-sensitive procurement provisions for public procurement processes?

A score of 1 is assigned if the law mandates gender-sensitive criteria in the public procurement process or if the relevant laws either explicitly establish measures that benefit women in the award process, such as exclusion grounds, selection criteria, award criteria, or tie-breaker provisions, or, more broadly, seek to promote gender-responsive business practices. A score of 0 is assigned if the law does not mandate any gender-sensitive criteria in the public procurement process or if meas ures related to the promotion of socially responsible public procurement are included in the relevant laws without specifically mentioning gender or women.

Do a woman and a man have equal administrative power and ownership rights to immovable property, including land?

A score of 1 is given if spouses have equal administrative authority and ownership rights over immovable property, including land, without needing spousal consent for transactions or If spousal consent is required for major transactions or if both spouses have equal rights in managing joint property. A score of 0 is assigned if the husband has sole administrative authority over marital property, or if a woman's property rights are legally restricted in any manner.

Do sons and daughters have equal rights to inherit assets?

A score of 1 is assigned if sons and daughters have the same rights to inherit assets from their parents. A score of 0 is assigned if there are gender-based differences in the recognition of children as heirs to property.

Do male and female surviving spouses have equal rights to inherit assets?

A score of 1 is assigned if surviving spouses of either gender with no living children have the same inheritance rights. A score of 0 is assigned if there are gender-based differences in the inheritance rights of surviving spouses.

Does the law provide for the valuation of nonmonetary contributions?

A score of 1 is given if the law explicitly recognizes nonmonetary contributions in property division and ensures equal or equitable distribution based on such contributions. Additionally, if the default marital property regime acknowledges nonmonetary contributions implicitly, such as through community property regimes. A score of 0 is given if there is no explicit legal provision for equitable property division based on nonmonetary contributions, and if the default regime does not recognize community property principles.

Are the ages at which a woman and a man can retire with full pension benefits the same?

The answer is “Yes” if the statutory age at which men and women can retire and receive an irrevocable minimum old-age pension is the same. The answer is “No” if there is a difference in the statutory age or if there is no mandatory pension scheme implemented for private sector workers.

Are the ages at which a woman and a man can retire with partial pension benefits the same?

The answer is “Yes” if the age at which men and women can retire and receive partial pension benefits is the same or if the age at which men and women can retire and receive partial benefits is not mandated. The answer is “No” if the age at which men and women can retire and receive partial pension benefits is different or if there is no mandatory pension scheme implemented for private sector workers.

Is the mandatory retirement age for a woman and a man the same?

The answer is “Yes” if the legally established age at which men and women must retire is the same or if there is no mandatory retirement age. The answer is “No” if the age at which men and women must retire is different.

Are periods of absence due to childcare accounted for in pension benefits?

The answer is “Yes” if pension contributions are paid or credited during maternity or parental leave or the leave period is considered a qualifying period of employment used for the purpose of calculating pension benefits; or there are mechanisms to compensate for any contribution gaps and to ensure that the leave period does not reduce the assessment base or pension amounts or if there are no mandatory contributory pension schemes, but there is a noncontributory universal social pension conditioned on noncontributory requirements with no means test attached. The answer is “No” if there are no compensating pension arrangements for periods of childcare or if there is no mandatory contributory pension scheme for private sector workers and no noncontributory universal social pension.

Education (years)

Average number of years of education received by women ages 25 and older, converted from educational attainment using official durations of each level.

Financial inclusion (%)

The percentage of women ages 15 and older who reported having an account alone or jointly at a bank or another type of financial institution or personally using a mobile money service.

Employment (%)

The number of employed women ages 25–64, expressed as a percentage of the total female population in that age group

Cell phone use (%)

The percentage of women ages 15 years and older responding 'Yes' to Gallup World Poll question' Do you have a mobile phone that you use to make and receive personal calls?

Parliamentary representation (%)

The percentage of seats held by women in lower and upper houses of national parliaments.

Absence of legal discrimination (aggregate score)

The absence of legal discrimination indicator measures the degree (0 to 100) to which the laws and regulations differentiate between women and men, or protect womens opportunities, across 35 aspects of life and work.

Sex ratio at birth (male to female ratio)

Ratio of male births per female births

Discriminatory norms (%)

Percentage of males ages 15 years and older who responded 'No' to the Gallup World Poll question' Is it acceptable any woman in your family to have paid jobs outside their home if she wants one?

Access to justice

Extent (on a scale of 0–4) to which women are able to exercise justice by bringing cases before the courts without risk to their personal safety, participating in a free trial, and seeking redress if public authorities violate their rights

Maternal mortality ratio

Number of maternal deaths due to pregnancy- related causes per 100,000 live births

Perception of community safety (%)

Percentage of females ages 15 years and older who responded 'Yes' to the Gallup World Poll question' Do you feel safe walking alone at night in the city or area where you live?

Intimate partner violence (%)

The percentage of women who experienced physical or sexual violence committed by their intimate partner 12 months preceding the survey from which the information is gathered.

Organized violence (battle deaths per 100,000 people)

Total number of battle deaths from state and non-state, or one-sided conflicts per 100,000 people. State-based conflict is armed conflict between two states or between a state and rebel groups or militias or between groups with different ethnic, clan, or religious identification. One-sided violence is use of armed force by the government or a formally organized group against civilians.

Community safety (%)

Percentage of women and girls ages 15 and older who responded “Yes” to the Gallup World Poll question “Do you feel safe walking alone at night in the city or area where you live?”

Political violence targeting women

Number of civilian- targeting events in which women or girls are the primary target of the violence, expressed as the number of events per 100,000 women

Proximity to conflict

Percentage of women who lived within 50 kilometers of at least one armed conflict event during the period 2021–2022

Share of individuals using the Internet

All individuals who have used the Internet in the last 3 month are counted as Internet users. The Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV etc

Share of individuals with an account

The percent of population that ages 15+ and has an account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider

Secure Internet servers

The number of distinct, publicly-trusted TLS/SSL certificates found in the Netcraft Secure Server Survey

UPU postal reliability score

UPU postal reliability index considers the reliability, reach, relevance and resilience of the postal service

Mandatory to Verify and to Have the Company Name Approved

Does the legislation require entrepreneurs to verify and tohave the company name approved in order to register a new business? Does the legislation provide for clear, exhaustive, and specific rules for rejecting proposed company names?

Mandatory to Verify the Identity of Entrepreneurs

Does the legislation require verifying the identity of the entrepreneurs willing to start a new business?

Mandatory to Register Shareholders' Information

Does the legislation require registration of shareholders details?

Mandatory to File Annual Returns/Financial Statements

Does the legislation require companies to file annual company returns and financial statements?

Mandatory to Register Changes to the Company Name

Does the legislation require registration to the new company name?

Mandatory to Register Changes to the Shareholders' Details

Does the legislation require registration of shareholders details?

Mandatory to Register Changes in the Articles of Association

Does the legislation require registration of shareholders details?

Mandatory to Register Beneficial Owners' Information

Does the legislation require new companies to register beneficial ownership information?

Mandatory Type of Information Required for Beneficial Owners

Does the legislation require companies to register the following type of information about beneficial owners? . Full name . Identification number and information Date of birth . Address . Other

Mandatory Time Limit to Register Beneficial Owners' Information

Does the legislation specify a time limit for registering the required beneficial owner information in the case of a newly registered company?

Nominee Shareholders and Directors

Does the legislation allow nominee shareholders and directors?Does the legislation require registering their status as nominee shareholders and directors with public authorities?

Mandatory to Verify Beneficial Owners' Identity

Does the legislation require verifying the identity of beneficial owners?

Mandatory to Register Changes to the Beneficial Ownership Information

Does the legislation require registering changes to the company name at the business registry or another relevant agency?

Simple Registration Form without the Use of Intermediaries

Does the legislation allow entrepreneurs to register a business by themselves using a simple standard registration form without the mandatory use of third-party intermediaries?

Simple Registration Form for All Entrepreneurs

Does the legislation allow all entrepreneurs and limited liability companies to use simple standard registration forms without the mandatory use of third-party intermediaries?

Changes without the Use of Intermediaries

Does the legislation allow entrepreneurs to make updates to company’s statutory information without the mandatory use of third-party intermediaries? Does the legislation allow all entrepreneurs and limited liability companies to make company statutory updates without the mandatory use of third-party intermediaries?

Risk-Based Regulations for Business Licensing

Does the legislation provide for a risk-based approach for issuing business operating licenses?

Risk-Based Regulations for Environmental Permitting

Does the legislation provide for a risk-based assessment for issuing environmental operating licenses?

Paid-In Minimum Capital Requirements

Does the legislation require a mandated paid-in minimum capital for domestic private limited liability companies?

Minimum Education or Training

Minimum education or training

Criminal History Records or Affidavits

Criminal history records or affidavits

Approval of Business Plan, Feasibility Plan, or Financial Plan

Approval of business plan, feasibility plan, or financial plan

General Operating License

Obtaining a general operating license

Sociodemographic Restrictions for Domestic Entrepreneurs

Does the legislation mandate specific requirements for domestic entrepreneurs from different sociodemographic groups that wish to undertake the following processes? To register a company & To open a bank account

Sector-Specific Restrictions for Domestic Entrepreneurs Related to Service Industries

Does the legislation limit full private domestic participation/equity ownership in any of the following sectors?1-Banking and Insurance 2-Health Care 3- Retail and tourism 4- Media

Sector-Specific Restrictions for Domestic Entrepreneurs Related to Manufacturing and Infrastructure Industries

Does the legislation limit full private domestic participation/equity ownership in any of the following sectors? 1-Construction 2-Light Manufacturing 3- Electricity and Telecommunications 4- transportation

Sector-Specific Restrictions for Domestic Entrepreneurs Related to Agriculture and Extractive Industries

Does the legislation limit full private domestic participation/equity ownership in any of the following sectors?1- Agriculture and Forestry 2- Metals and Mining 3- Oil and Gas 4- Waste Mnagement and Disposal

Paid-in Minimum Capital Requirements

Does the legislation require a mandated paid-in minimum capital for foreign private limited liability companies?

Ownership and Participation Restrictions

Does the legislation impose any of the following restrictions for foreign entrepreneurs?1-Limitations on the proportion of shares that can be held in a company 2-Limitations on the number of joint ventures

Screening and Approval

Does the legislation impose any of the following restrictions for foreign entrepreneurs?1-Investment screening or approval by government authority 2-Minimum size of investment, different from the amount for domestic firms

Restrictions on the Nationality of Key Personnel and Directors

Does the legislation impose any of the following restrictions for foreign entrepreneurs?1-Restrictions on the nationality of the management of foreign subsidiaries 2-Restrictions on the nationality/legal residency of company board members or managers

Restrictions on Employment of Foreign and Local Personnel

Does the legislation impose any of the following restrictions for foreign entrepreneurs?1-Restrictions on hiring foreign nationals 2-Minimum required number or percentage of national employees

Local Engagement Requirements

Does the legislation impose any of the following restrictions for foreign entrepreneurs?1-Obligation to have a local partner 2-Local sourcing requirements

Financial Restrictions

Does the legislation impose any of the following restrictions for foreign entrepreneurs?1-Limitations on dividend distribution 2-Restrictions on setting up or holding a foreign currency commercial bank account

Sector-Specific Restrictions for Foreign Entrepreneurs Related to Service Industries

Does the legislation limit the full foreign ownership in the following sectors?1-Banking and Insurance 2-Health Care 3-Retail and Tourism 4-Media

Sector-Specific Restrictions for Foreign Entrepreneurs Related to Manufacturing and Infrastructure Industries

Does the legislation limit the full foreign ownership in the following sectors?1-Construction 2-Light Manufacturing 3-Electricity and Telecommunications 4-Transportation

Sector-Specific Restrictions for Foreign Entrepreneurs Related to Agriculture and Extractive Industries

Does the legislation limit the full foreign ownership in the following sectors?1-Agriculture and Forestry 2-Metals and Mining 3-Oil and Gas 4-Waste Management and Disposal

Company Name Verification

Does an electronic and fully automated system to verify the uniqueness and compliance of company names exist?

Entire Company Registration Process

Does an electronic system that covers the entire company registration process from submitting the application to receiving the company documents exist?

Update of Company Information

Does a fully electronic system for businesses to update their statutory information exist?

Registration and Update of Beneficial Ownership Information

Does a fully electronic platform to register and update information on beneficial owners exist? Does a fully electronic system for businesses to update their statutory information exist?

Payment of Incorporation Fees

Does an electronic payment option for all fees, such as business registry fees, related to company incorporation exist?

Issuance of Company Incorporation Certificate

Does the business registry issue the certificate of company incorporation fully electronically?

Database on Company Information

Please indicate whether or not the following features apply to the company information database at the business registry. Fully electronic . Centralized with full national coverage . Covers all types of companies and establishments

Company Information Records Digitally Stored

Does the business registry store all company registration records in digital form? (Y/N)

Database on Beneficial Ownership

Please indicate whether or not each of the following features applies to the beneficial ownership database. (Y/N) . Fully electronic . Centralized with full national coverage . Covers all types of companies and establishments

Availability of Electronic Signature and Authentication

Is an electronic signature or another electronic form of authentication identification available for online company registration?

Identity Document Verification Process

Is there an electronic and fully automated process to verify the identity of entrepreneurs and beneficial owners?

Exchange of Information Among Public Sector Agencies

Do key public sector agencies for business entry exchange information on companies automatically and electronically?

Update of Company Information Fully Automated

Are changes to company information automatically updated for all relevant government agencies? (Y/N)

Unique Business Identification Number Existence

Does the business registry or another relevant authority assign a Unique Business Identification number (UBI) for all companies? (Y/N)

Unique Business Identification Number Used by All Agencies

Do all relevant government agencies use the UBI? (Y/N)

List of Documents

List of documents needed to incorporate an LLC

List of Fees

List of all fees required for company incorporation at the business registry

Service Standards

Service standards for company incorporation at the business registry

Environmental-Related Requirements

Regulatory information about environmental-related requirements for new business conducting activities with low or negligible environmental impact

Information on Publicly Funded Programs to Support SMEs and Women Entrepreneurs

Do publicly funded programs to support small and medium limited liability companies exist in [economy]? Is information on publicly funded programs to support small and medium limited liability Do publicly funded programs to support women-owned small and medium liability companies exist? 4-Is information on publicly funded programs to support women-owned small and medium limited liability companies publicly available online? companies publicly available online?

Electronic Search Available for All Company Records

Is electronic search available for all company records?

Types of Company Information Available Online to the Public

Please indicate whether or not it is possible to obtain the following corporate information on individual companies online from the database of the business registry. (Y/N) 76a. Name of the company 76b. Company ID 76c. Name of company’s directors 76d. Name of company’s shareholders 76e. Name of company’s beneficial of owners 76f. Year of company’s incorporation 76g. Company’s annual financial accounts 76h. Company’s legal address 76i. Company’s physical address 76j. Company’s type of activity

Statistics Publicly Available on Business Entry (General)

Are statistics about limited liability companies newly registered in 2022 in [economy] available online to the public?

Statistics Publicly Available on Business Entry (Gender)

Are data on male and female ownership and/or staff composition of limited liability companies collected by the business registry of [economy]? Are the data available for the most recent calendar year (2022)?

Total Time to Register a New Domestic Firm

What is the total time to complete the entire company entry process for a domestic firm (calendar days)?

Total Cost to Register a New Domestic Firm

What is the total cost to complete the entire company entry process for a domestic firm (local currency)?

Total Time to Register a New Foreign Firm

What is the total time to complete the entire company entry process for a foreign firm (calendar days)?

Total Cost to Register a New Foreign Firm

What is the total cost to complete the entire company entry process for a foreign firm (calendar days)?

Legal Obligation to Check Compliance of Documents with the Law

Is there a legal obligation to verify the compliance of documents necessary for a property transaction with the law?

Legal Obligation to Verify Identities of the Parties

Does the legal system require verification of the identity of each party engaged in a property transaction?

Legal Obligation to Register Sales Transactions

Does the legal framework require that all property sale transactions be registered at the land registry to make them opposable to third parties?

Legal Provision on the Legality of Online Documents

By law, which of the following documents, if obtained online, would have the same legal value as a paper-based one? 1. Property title certificate 2. Title search certificate 3. Tax certificate 4. Company profile document 5. Cadastral plans

Legal Provisions for Arbitration as an Alternative Land Disputes Resolution Mechanism

According to the legal framework, is arbitration offered as an out-of-court resolution mechanism for land disputes?

Legal Provisions for Conciliation and Mediation as Alternative Land Disputes Resolution Mechanisms

According to the legal framework, are conciliation and mediation offered as an out-of-court resolution mechanism for land disputes? (

Legal Provisions to Provide Out-of-Court Compensation for Losses due to Erroneous Information from the Land Registry

By law, does the land registry have an out-of-court compensation mechanism to allow for compensation payments to parties who suffer losses due to an error in title registration? (

Legal Provision for Protection of Property Title

By law, is the property title subject to a guarantee?

Disclosure of Land Registry Information

Does the legal framework specify who can obtain information on land ownership at the immovable property registration agency?

Disclosure of Cadastral Information

Does the legal framework specify who can consult cadastral plans of private land plots in [BREADY largest city]?

Infrastructure for Land Administration

By law, is there a cadaster/mapping agency in your economy?

Building Codes/Standards Applicable to All Constructions

Is there a National Building Code and/or a unified set of building standards applicable to all construction in [B-READY largest city]?

Clear Provisions or Guidelines Regarding Safety Standards

whether the National Building Code and/or a unified set of building standards provide clear provisions or guidelines for each of the following: a. Natural disaster resistant construction (e.g., floods, storms, earthquakes, etc.) b. Building classification according to certain criteria (e.g., usage; size) c. Active and passive fire safety measures d. Soil testing requirements for certain permanent building types 2e. Structural strength (materials to be used)

Regulation of Health Risk Related to Construction Materials

Does the regulatory framework require permits for the handling, removal, and disposal of regulated construction materials (such as asbestos, lead, mercury-containing devices, polychlorinated biphenyls [PCB]) that pose health risks?

List of Regulated Materials

Which of the below materials are regulated? a. Asbestos b. Lead-containing pipes, components, paints c. Mercury-containing fluorescent lamps, thermostats, and electric devices d. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in electric transformers, fluorescent light ballasts, caulk, and masonry joints

Responsibility for Compliance with Legal Requirements

According to the law, who is responsible for verifying compliance of building plans with existing building regulations? a. Public agency (i.e., technical department of the municipality) b. Private and external firms of certified architects and/or civil engineers (third party professionals to be hired by the builder)

Type of Inspections Carried Out during Construction

What types of technical inspections for structural safety (if any) are required by law to be carried out during construction?a. Phased inspections b. Risk-based inspections

Requirement of Final Inspection by Law

According to the law, is the construction company held liable for structural defects or problems once the building is in use?

Materials Required to Be Inspected/Tested by Law

Which of the below materials are required to be inspected/tested by law? a. Asbestos b. Lead-containing pipes, components, paints c. Mercury-containing fluorescent lamps, thermostats, and electric devices d. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in electric transformers, fluorescent light ballasts, caulk, and masonry joints

Liability for Structural Flaws/Problems

Is liability for structural defects in [B-READY largest city] defined by law once a building is in use or occupied? Or If there are structural problems in a building once it is in use, are the responsible architects or engineers legally held liable according to the law? or According to the law, is the professional or agency conducting technical inspections during construction held liable for structural defects or problems once the building is in use? or According to the law, is the construction company held liable for structural defects or problems once the building is in use?

Qualifications to Conduct Technical Supervision/Inspections

What type of qualification is legally required to conduct technical supervisions/inspections of construction projects? a. Being an accredited architect or engineer b. Having a minimum number of years of practical experience c. Being a registered member of the order (association) of architects or civil engineers d. Having to pass a qualification exam

Ability to Dispute Building Permit Decisions

Does the building regulation/code/standard have any provisions to dispute the decision of the building authority? (Y/N)

Mandatory Minimum Energy Efficiency Performance Standards

Are there legally required minimum energy-efficiency performance standards in the building code or any other building regulations?

Pre-Condition to Provide Proof of Design Compliance with the Energy Efficiency Performance Standards

Is proof of compliance with energy-efficiency standards included as a precondition for obtaining a building permit?

Energy Efficiency Performance Standards are Verified as Part of the Building Plans Review Process

which elements of the energy-efficiency performance standards are verified as part of the building plans review process? a. Thermal transmittance or insulation calculations for building envelope b. Solar heat gain calculations for building envelope c. Glazing factors for fenestration d. Heating/cooling demand calculations e. Daylighting and orientation f. Permanent shading g. Air barrier, air leakage or air infiltration h. Efficiency of heating and cooling equipment and controls i. Efficiency of water heating equipment and controls j. Efficiency of lighting fixtures and controls

Incentives to Promote Green Building Standards

Are there any incentives provided to builders in order to promote green building standards?

Requirements for Trunk Infrastructure Service Access (Water, Electricity, Sanitation)

Requirements for trunk infrastructure availability (water, electricity, sanitation)

Maps that Identify Areas Allocated to Residential, Commercial, Agricultural, Recreational, Public/Institutional, Mixed Use

Maps that Identify Areas Allocated to Residential, Commercial, Agricultural, Recreational, Public/Institutional, Mixed Use

Hazard Maps that Identify Areas in which Building is Not Permitted due to Natural Hazards

Hazard Maps that Identify Areas in which Building is Not Permitted due to Natural Hazards

Hazard Maps that Identify Minimum Separation between Residential and Hazardous Occupancies

Hazard Maps that Identify Minimum Separation between Residential and Hazardous Occupancies

Maps that Identify Areas in which Building is Not Permitted in relation to Natural Resources

Maps that Identify Areas in which Building is Not Permitted in relation to Natural Resources

Restriction on Ownership Based on the Area of the Land for Domestic Firms

Restriction on Ownership Based on the Area of the Land for Domestic Firms

Restriction on Ownership Based on the Location of Property for Domestic Firms

Restriction on Ownership Based on the Location of Property for Domestic Firms

Restriction on Ownership of Agricultural Land for Domestic Firms

Restriction on Ownership of Agricultural Land for Domestic Firms

Restriction on Ownership Based on the Height of Building for Domestic Firms

Restriction on Ownership Based on the Height of Building for Domestic Firms

Restriction on Leasehold Based on the Area of the Land for Domestic Firms

Restriction on Leasehold Based on the Area of the Land for Domestic Firms

Restriction on the Duration of the Lease for Domestic Firms

Restriction on the Duration of the Lease for Domestic Firms

Restriction on Leasehold Based on the Location of Property for Domestic Firms

Restriction on Leasehold Based on the Location of Property for Domestic Firms

Restriction on Leasehold of Agricultural Property for Domestic Firms

Restriction on Leasehold of Agricultural Property for Domestic Firms

Restrictions on Leasehold Based on the Height of Building for Domestic Firms

Restrictions on Leasehold Based on the Height of Building for Domestic Firms

Restriction on Ownership Based on the Area of the Land for Foreign Firms

Restriction on Ownership Based on the Area of the Land for Foreign Firms

Restriction on the Duration of Ownership for Foreign Firms

Restriction on the Duration of Ownership for Foreign Firms

Restriction on Property Ownership Based on Location of Property for Foreign Firms

Restriction on Property Ownership Based on Location of Property for Foreign Firms

Restriction on Ownership of Agricultural Land for Foreign Firms

Restriction on Ownership of Agricultural Land for Foreign Firms

Restriction on Ownership Based on the Height of Building for Foreign Firms

Restriction on Ownership Based on the Height of Building for Foreign Firms

Restriction on Leasehold Based on the Area of the Land for Foreign Firms

Restriction on Leasehold Based on the Area of the Land for Foreign Firms

Restriction on the Duration of Lease for Foreign Firms

Restriction on the Duration of Lease for Foreign Firms

Restriction on Leasehold Based on the Location of Property for Foreign Firms

Restriction on Leasehold Based on the Location of Property for Foreign Firms

Restriction on Leasehold of Agricultural Land for Foreign Firms

Restriction on Leasehold of Agricultural Land for Foreign Firms

Restrictions on Leasehold Based on the Height of Building for Foreign Firms

Restrictions on Leasehold Based on the Height of Building for Foreign Firms

Existence of National Environmental Regulations during Construction

Does the legal framework in [B-READY economy] clearly define environmental risks in new building construction projects? (Y/N)

Update or Revision of National Environmental Regulations during Construction

Have these regulations or standards been updated or revised in the past five years to reflect new environmental and technological developments related to pollution and waste management in construction activities? (Y/N)

Penalties or Fines in Place for Non-Compliance with the Regulations

Penalties or Fines in Place for Non-Compliance with the Regulations

Environmental Risks as Defined by Legal Framework

Environmental Risks as Defined by Legal Framework

Qualified Professional/Professional Agency to Conduct EIA

Is it mandatory by law that an environmental impact assessment (EIA) must be conducted by a qualified professional or professional agency?

Criteria that Trigger an EIA

Based on the legal framework, for a housing development project as described earlier, what criteria would trigger an environmental impact assessment (EIA)? a. Size of project b. Geographical location c. Nature of industry d. Other (please specify)

Requirements for an EIA Process

Based on the existing legal framework, does the environmental impact assessment (EIA) process include each of the following mandatory requirements: a. Scoping (Identification of the scope of the assessment, including the issues to be addressed and the potential environmental impacts of the proposed project) b. Impact assessment (Identification and evaluation of the potential positive and negative environmental impacts of the proposed project, including direct and indirect impacts, short-term and long-term impacts, and cumulative impacts) c. Mitigation measures (Development of measures to avoid, minimize, or compensate for the negative environmental impacts of the proposed project, and enhancement of positive impacts) d. Public participation (Consultation with the public and other stakeholders to obtain their views on the proposed project and the potential environmental impacts, and consideration of their concerns and suggestions in the decision-making process) e. Monitoring and follow-up (Implementation of a monitoring program to verify the accuracy of the impact predictions, and to ensure that the mitigation measures are effective in reducing the negative environmental impacts)

Legal Responsibility for Checking Compliance

Legal Responsibility for Checking Compliance

Legal Framework Mandates Public Consultations with Concerned Stakeholders

Is public participation with concerned stakeholders mandatory by law for environmental impact assessments (EIAs)? (Y/N)

Public Consultations Requirement Elements

Does the legal framework for EIAs include the following activities and approaches that enable stakeholders to contribute to the decision-making? a. Information in a form and language understandable to project-affected parties and other interested parties b. Clear and accessible information (in an accessible place, online, in gazettes, media etc.) c. Surveys and polls to capture inputs and feedback from the stakeholders 9d. Capacity buildings (training, resources, and technical assistance to stakeholders, as needed)

Ability to Dispute Environmental Clearances and Permits

According to the legal framework can environmental permits in [B-READY economy] be disputed by any party?

Out-of-Court Resolution Mechanisms for Environmental Disputes

According to the legal framework are conciliation and mediation offered as an out-of-court resolution mechanism for disputes in [B-READY economy]? (Y/N) According to the legal framework are conciliation and mediation offered as an out-of-court resolution mechanism for disputes in [B-READY economy]? (Y/N)

Online Platform Encumbrance Checking

a -Title search (ownership) b-Encumbrances (liens, charges) c-Outstanding taxes (tax agency) d-Bankruptcy search e-Company profile

Single Online Platform for Encumbrance Checking

a-Accurate (precise, no errors) b-Current (latest information) c-Detailed (all information provided) d-Verifiable (information obtained can be confirmed

Online Platform for Property Transfer

Online Platform for Property Transfer

Processes Available Online for Property Transfer

a-Downloading forms b-Uploading documents c-Getting notifications d-Processing payment

Complaint Mechanisms for Immovable Property Registry

a-Online platform for complaints b-Responses to complains made publicly available

Complaint Mechanisms for Cadaster

a-Online platform for complaints b-Responses to complains made publicly available

Electronic Database for Checking Encumbrances

Electronic Database for Checking Encumbrances

Format of Land Title Certificates

Format of Land Title Certificates

Format of Cadastral Plans

Format of Cadastral Plans

Method to Conduct Cadastral Surveying

Method to Conduct Cadastral Surveying

National Database for Checking Identification

National Database for Checking Identification

Property Registration Coverage at Main Business City Level

Property Registration Coverage at Main Business City Level

Property Registration Coverage at National Level

Property Registration Coverage at National Level

Cadastral Coverage at Main City Level

Cadastral Coverage at Main City Level

Cadastral Coverage at National Level

Cadastral Coverage at National Level

Online Platform for Issuing Building Authorizations

Online Platform for Issuing Building Authorizations

Online Permitting Systems with Several Functionalities

Online Permitting Systems with Several Functionalities

Online Permitting Systems to Submit Building and Occupancy Permits

Online Permitting Systems to Submit Building and Occupancy Permits

File Dispute Online on Building Permits

File Dispute Online on Building Permits

Online Environmental Permitting Systems with Several Functionalities

Online Environmental Permitting Systems with Several Functionalities

File Dispute Online on Environmental Licensing

File Dispute Online on Environmental Licensing

Interoperability between Land Registry and Cadaster

Which of the following best describes the format in which information is recorded by the immovable property registration agency and the cadaster/mapping agency in [B-READY largest city]: a. A single database containing both legal and geographical information b. Different but linked databases (where information is automatically updated and shared between the two institutions) c. Separate databases

Interoperability between Land Registry and Other Services

Do the immovable property registration and the cadastral/mapping agencies in [B-READY largest city] use the same unique identifier to search for properties? (Y/N)

Existence of a Geographic Information System (GIS)

Is there a Geographical Information System (GIS) used by the land administration agency in [BREADY largest city]? (Y/N)

Existence of a Unique Identifier between Land Registry and Cadaster

Do the immovable property registration and the cadastral/mapping agencies in [B-READY largest city] use the same unique identifier to search for properties? (Y/N)

Availability of Spatial Plans and Zoning Requirements to All Stakeholders

Availability of Spatial Plans and Zoning Requirements to All Stakeholders

Integration of GIS or National Spatial Platforms

Integration of GIS or National Spatial Platforms

Publication of Property Transactions Requirements

Is the list of documents required to complete all types of property transactions available online and up to date (all latest changes are provided)? (Y/N)

Transparency of Property Transactions Costs

Is the applicable fee schedule for all types of property transactions at the immovable property registration agency available online and up to date (all latest changes are provided)? (Y/N)

Service Standards at the Land Registry

Does the land registry publish online the time it will take to deliver a legally binding document proving property ownership? (Y/N)

Transparency of Cadaster Costs

Is the applicable fee schedule to access cadastral plans publicly available online and up to date (all the latest changes are provided)? a. Available online and regularly updated b. Available online but not regularly updated

Service Standards at the Cadaster

Does the cadaster/mapping agency publish online the time it will take to deliver a certified most updated cadastral plan (for example, 5 working days to obtain a certified most updated cadastral plan)? (Y/N)

Availability of Statistics on Land Transactions

Availability of Statistics on Land Transactions

Availability of Statistics on Number and Type of Land Disputes

How many years of statistics tracking the average time it takes to resolve land disputes are available? a. Available for 1 year b. Available for 2 years c. Available for 3 years d. Available for 4 years e. Available for 5 years or more f. Not publicly available

Availability of Statistics on the Average Time to Resolve Land Disputes

How many years of statistics tracking the average time it takes to resolve land disputes are available? a. Available for 1 year b. Available for 2 years c. Available for 3 years d. Available for 4 years e. Available for 5 years or more f. Not publicly available

Availability of Sex-Disaggregated Data on Property Ownership

Does the land registry in [B-READY largest city] collect data separately on male and female ownership? (Y/N)

Public Accessibility of Planning and Building Control Regulations

Public Accessibility of Planning and Building Control Regulations

Public Online Availability of Requirements to Obtain All Types of Building Related Permits

Public Online Availability of Requirements to Obtain All Types of Building Related Permits

Public Online Availability of Requirements Needed to Obtain Occupancy Permit

Public Online Availability of Requirements Needed to Obtain Occupancy Permit

Applicable Fee Schedules for All Types of Construction Publicly Available and Up to Date

Applicable Fee Schedules for All Types of Construction Publicly Available and Up to Date

Availability of Official, Updated and Publicly Available Online Statistics Tracking the Number of Issued Building Permits

Availability of Official, Updated and Publicly Available Online Statistics Tracking the Number of Issued Building Permits

Updated City Master Plan/Zoning Plan

Updated City Master Plan/Zoning Plan

Steps to Modify Zoning/Land Use Plan

Steps to Modify Zoning/Land Use Plan

Adherence to Zoning Regulations

Adherence to Zoning Regulations

Public Online Availability of Environmental Licensing Requirements for Moderate-Risk Construction Project

Public Online Availability of Environmental Licensing Requirements for Moderate-Risk Construction Project

Applicable and Up-to-Date Fee Schedule for Environmental Clearances

Applicable and Up-to-Date Fee Schedule for Environmental Clearances

Major Constraints on Access to Land

To what degree is Access to Land an obstacle to the current operations of this establishment? (0 - no obstacle, 1 - minor obstacle, 2 - moderate obstacle, 3 - major obstacle to 4 - very severe obstacle)

Time to Obtain a Property Transfer

What is the total time to complete the entire process to transfer the ownership of a commercial property from one domestic company to another domestic company (calendar days)?

Cost to Obtain a Property Transfer

What is the total cost to complete the entire property transfer process between two domestic companies (in local currency)?

Time to Obtain Construction-Related Permits

Time to Obtain Construction-Related Permits

Time to Obtain a Building Permit

Time to Obtain a Building Permit

Cost to Obtain a Building Permit

Cost to Obtain a Building Permit

Time to Obtain an Environmental Permit

Time to Obtain an Environmental Permit

Cost to Obtain an Environmental Permit

Cost to Obtain an Environmental Permit

Monitoring of Tariffs

Is there a regulatory agency overlooking the electricity sector? (Y/N) Per the regulatory framework, what role does the electricity regulator play in approving tariffs? Please select one. a. The regulator has final decision-making role in approving electricity tariff b. The regulator shares decision-making role in approving electricity tariffs with other government agency or ministry c. The regulator plays consultative role in electricity tariff setting or approval d. The regulator is not involved in electricity tariff setting or approval

Monitoring of Service Quality

Per the regulatory framework, what role does the electricity regulator play in monitoring the quality and reliability of electricity services? Please select all that apply: a. The regulator sets performance standards to ensure service quality and the reliability of electricity services b. The regulator monitors adherence to performance standards to ensure service quality and the reliability of electricity services

Joint Planning and Construction

Are there provisions in the regulation requiring joint planning and construction (such as electrical poles, overhead or underground cables, water pipes, telephone wires), including provisions on common excavation permits, joint excavation, “dig once” policies?Are there provisions in the regulation requiring joint planning and construction (such as electrical poles, overhead or underground cables, water pipes, telephone wires), including provisions on common excavation permits, joint excavation, “dig once” policies?

Mechanisms on Service Quality Assurance

Are there provisions in the regulation requiring joint planning and construction (such as electrical poles, overhead or underground cables, water pipes, telephone wires), including provisions on common excavation permits, joint excavation, “dig once” policies?

Professional Certifications

What qualification requirements for the parties carrying out the electrical wiring installation are in place? Please select all that apply: a. Minimum number of years of experience b. Education qualification (for example, university degree in the relevant field) c. Registered member of the national association of electricians or electrical engineers d. Pass a qualification exam

Inspection Regimes

a.Does the law mandate that a final inspection is carried out by a third party to ensure the quality of internal electricity installations?b.Does the law mandate that a final inspection is carried out by a third party to ensure the quality of external electricity installations?

Liability Regimes

In cases of faults discovered when the electricity connection was in use, can any party (besides the investor) involved in providing the electricity connection be held liable by law?

Sustainability of Electricity Provision

1- Specify the applicable environmental standards for electricity generation stipulated in the regulatory framework a. Energy efficiency requirements imposed on electricity generation plants c. Requirements for reduction on emissions of local air pollutants (nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide, particulate matter) for fossil fuel plants 2-Per the regulatory framework, are there any deterrence or enforcement mechanisms in place to ensure compliance with environmental standards for electricity generation (for example, fines, penalties)? 3-specify the applicable standards for electricity transmission and distribution stipulated in the regulatory framework. Please select all that apply: a. Energy efficiency requirements imposed on electricity transmission and distribution utilities b. Requirement by law to roll-out smart meters to commercial customers free of charge

Sustainability of Electricity Use

1-Does the law set requirements for businesses to switch to energy efficiency practices? 2-Per the regulatory framework, are there any deterrence or enforcement mechanisms in place (for example, fines, penalties, volume-differentiated tariffs) to ensure businesses’ compliance with energy-saving standards?

Incentives to Adopt Energy-Saving Practices

Are there any financial incentives for businesses to adopt energy-saving practices stipulated in the regulatory framework?

Monitoring of Tariffs

Are there provisions in the regulation requiring joint planning and construction (such as electrical poles, overhead or underground cables, water pipes, telephone wires), including provisions on common excavation permits, joint excavation, “dig once” policies? (Y/N)

Monitoring of Service Quality

Does the regulatory framework stipulate financial deterrence and incentive mechanisms (such as compensations or penalties paid by utilities or rewards for reliable service supply) aimed at limiting electricity supply interruptions? (Y/N)

Joint Planning and Construction

Joint Planning and Construction

Mechanisms on Service Quality Assurance

Mechanisms on Service Quality Assurance

Professional Certifications

Professional Certifications

Inspection Regimes

Inspection Regimes

Liability Regimes

Liability Regimes

Sustainability of Water Provision

Does the law set requirements and standards for water quality to ensure that utilities supply clean water? Examples of standards for water quality include requirements to carry out aesthetic, microbiological parameters, physical-chemical, and radiological tests of treated water. (Y/N) If yes, please specify the applicable tests to ascertain water quality standards are met for end user consumption (i.e., tests that are conducted at consumer tap): a. Requirement to carry out aesthetic tests (for example, taste, odor, appearance) 20b. Requirement to carry out microbiological parameters’ tests c. Requirement to carry out physical-chemical tests d. Requirement to carry out radiological tests. Are there deterrence or enforcement mechanisms imposed on utilities (for example, fines or penalties) to promote compliance with the water quality standards? (Y/N)

Sustainability of Water Use

Are there any requirements and programs promoting adherence to demand-side water management practices? (Y/N) Are there any deterrence or enforcement mechanisms, (for example, fines, penalties, volumedifferentiated water tariffs) aimed at ensuring businesses compliance with demand side water management practices? (Y/N)

Incentives to Adopt Water Saving Practices

Are there any financial incentives to businesses to adopt water-saving practices? (Y/N) Are there any nonfinancial incentives for businesses to adopt demand side water management practices? (Y/N)

Sustainability of Wastewater Treatment

Is there a designated entity responsible for regulating wastewater discharge to the local sewerage system? Are there wastewater treatment requirements that require wastewater to be treated before it is discharged to water bodies or land (for example, discharge limits, conditions for discharges)? (Y/N)

Wastewater Reuse

Does the regulatory framework establish rules on wastewater reuse (for example, guidelines for the use of reclaimed water, effluent quality limits and treatment process/type)? (Y/N)

Monitoring of Tariffs

Is there a regulatory agency overlooking digital connectivity operators (first, middle, and last mile) and internet service providers? (Y/N) Per the regulatory framework which of the following functions on tariff setting and anticompetitive practices in the digital infrastructure service sector does the regulator perform? a. Overseeing wholesale connectivity tariffs (interconnection agreements) b. Initiating investigations for anticompetitive practices and setting fines for anticompetitive practices c. Establishing price caps on retail prices for end users

Monitoring of Service Quality

Per the regulatory framework, what role does the internet regulator play in monitoring the quality and reliability of internet services? Please select all that apply: The regulator sets performance standards to ensure service quality and the reliability of internet services b. The regulator monitors adherence to performance standards to ensure service quality and the reliability of internet services

Joint Planning and Construction

Are there provisions in the regulation requiring joint planning and construction (for example, for the deployment of electrical poles, overhead or underground cables, water pipes, telephone wires), including common excavation permits, joint excavation, or other “dig once” policies? (Y/N) Are there provisions in the regulation which set time limits for agencies involved in new digital infrastructure for new internet connections to take a decision on approvals or issue consents (for example, for construction licenses or internet service provision licenses)? (Y/N)

Rights of Way

Are there provisions in the regulation guaranteeing equal access to government-owned infrastructure (such as roads, railways, towers and water and power lines) available to internet service providers for backbone/backhaul infrastructure as well as last mile infrastructure? (Y/N) Are there provisions in the regulation establishing rights of way for digital infrastructure service providers? (Y/N) Are there provisions in the regulation establishing rights of way for digital infrastructure service providers? (Y/N) Are there provisions stipulating obligations for operators owning active infrastructure (for example, RAN Access, lit fiber, access node switches and broadband remote access servers) to share access for the last mile? (Y/N)

Open Infrastructure

Are utility partnerships for infrastructure sharing (such as leasing excess capacity of fiber optic infrastructure, spectrum leasing/sharing, interconnection agreements, co-investment in networks expansion or other voluntary market arrangements) allowed in the current telecommunication regulations? a. Yes, the law allows partnerships for infrastructure sharing b. No, the law forbids partnerships for infrastructure sharing c. The law is silent on partnerships for infrastructure sharing

Mechanisms on Service Quality Assurance

Does the regulatory framework stipulate financial deterrence or incentives mechanisms (such as compensations or penalties paid by internet service providers or rewards for reliable service supply) aimed at limiting internet service outages or slowdowns? (Y/N)

Liability Regimes

Does the regulatory framework establish liability and a legal right to pursue compensation for personal data protection breaches? (Y/N) Are there clear provisions in the law establishing data breach incident reporting? (Y/N)

Cybersecurity Coordination

Is there an agency responsible for cybersecurity coordination at a national level? (Y/N)If yes, please specify the functions of the agency: a. Carrying out risk-assessment strategies b. Carrying out cybersecurity audits, drills, exercises, or trainings c. Leading collective efforts against cyber threats 21d. Enforcing cybersecurity laws and regulations

Cybersecurity Safeguards

Does the regulatory framework establish minimum cybersecurity protections or mandate minimum cybersecurity standards and cybersecurity safeguards? (Y/N) Does the regulatory framework define a modus operandi for incident response in a case of a major cyberattack or a compromise of service availability (including the government authorities' level of engagement)? (Y/N)

Environmental Reporting or Disclosure Standards for Digital Connectivity Infrastructure

Are there environmental reporting or disclosure standards, mandatory or voluntary, for digital connectivity infrastructure and data infrastructure that together add up to digital infrastructure? (for example, energy consumption, CO2 equivalents, use of renewable energy, energy intensity, e-waste metrics, or water consumption). (Y/N)

Emissions and Energy Efficiency of Infrastructure

Are there any national targets for emissions or energy efficiency of electronic communication networks and data infrastructure, including data centers, such as power usage effectiveness, renewable energy use, or coefficient of performance (COP)? (Y/N)

Electronic Application

1.Is it possible to apply electronically for new commercial water connections? 2. Is it possible to track online the application for water connection?

Electronic Payment

1.Is it possible to pay electronically the fee for new water connections? 2. Is it possible to pay electronically for the water monthly tariffs?

Information on Existing Infrastructure and Planned Works

1.Is there a national/local infrastructure database that would allow the identification of existing infrastructure networks such as underground lines (for example, “dial before you dig” or GIS)? a. Shared database for the network lines of multiple utilities, including electricity, water, and internet b. Database for water networks 2. Is there an online platform or a website with information about the planned works on utility networks that are carried out in the city?

Coordination Mechanisms for Excavation Permits

Are the following in place to facilitate collaboration between agencies for excavation permit applications and approvals? a. An online system b. An agency in charge of coordination c. Other coordination mechanism

Connection Requirements

Are the connection requirements for new business electricity connections available online? (Y/N) What connection requirements are published online? a. Required documents b. Required procedures c. Connection cost d. Stipulated connection time standards

Tariffs and Tariff Settings

Are the current electricity tariffs available online (on the website of the utility or the regulator)? Are changes in electricity tariffs communicated to the public at least one billing cycle in advance? (for example, published in the press, regulations, or website, through letters, bills, emails, SMS). (Y/N) Is a formula prescribing how end-user electricity tariff levels are determined publicly available? a. Yes, formula is published online only b. Yes, formula is published in the customer bill only c. Yes, formula is published online and in customer bill d. No, not available

Planned Outages

Are planned power outages made publicly available/communicated to the customers? (Y/N) a. Made publicly available b. Communicated to the customer

Complaint Mechanisms

What type of information is available online to guide customers to file a complaint about electricity service supply? a. Information on the entity in charge of managing the complaints b. Documents necessary to make a complaint c. Criteria/scope of complaint mechanism (i.e., what issues can be reported) d. Steps necessary to make a complaint

Service Quality Indicators

Are the indicators on duration and frequency of electricity outages made available online for the public? (Y/N)

Sustainability Indicators

Are there KPIs to monitor the environmental sustainability of electricity supply available online? (Y/N)

Reliability and Quality of Electricity Supply

Are electricity outages (duration and frequency) monitored? (Y/N)

Sustainability of Electricity Supply

Are there Key Performance Indicators to monitor the environmental sustainability of electricity supply (for example, % energy used from renewable sources)?

Access to Electricity for Women Entrepreneurs

Does the electricity utility in [largest city] carry out sex-disaggregated customer surveys in order to measure the quality of services provided by the utility from the perspective of women-owned businesses? (Y/N)

Implementation of Inspections for Electricity Connections

Are internal electricity installation works typically carried out by a licensed professional/company in practice? Does the contractor/company that performed internal installations conduct inspection/ issue certificate of compliance/check quality of installation works? Is the quality check or final inspection by a third party (other than the one that did installation) conducted in practice to ensure the quality and safety of internal electricity installations? Are external electricity installation works typically carried out by a licensed professional/company in practice? Does the contractor/company that performed external installations conduct inspection/issue certificate of compliance/ check quality of external installation works? Is the quality check or final inspection by a third party conducted in practice to ensure the quality and safety of external electricity installations?

Independent Complaint Mechanism

Is there a complaint mechanism to report issues in provision of electricity services (such as incorrect billing or inadequate electricity supply)? Is there a complaint mechanism independent from the electricity utility to escalate the complaints?

Electronic Application

Is it possible to apply electronically for new commercial water connections? (Y/N) Is it possible to track online the application for water connection? (Y/N)

Electronic Payment

Is it possible to pay electronically the fee for new water connections? (Y/N) Is it possible to pay electronically for the water monthly tariffs? (Y/N)

Information on Existing Infrastructure and Planned Works

Is there a national/local infrastructure database that would allow the identification of existing infrastructure networks such as underground lines (for example, “dial before you dig” or GIS)? a. Shared database for the network lines of multiple utilities, including electricity, water, and internet b. Database for water networks . Is there an online platform or a website with information about the planned works on utility networks that are carried out in the city? (Y/N)

Coordination Mechanisms for Excavation Permits

Are the following in place to facilitate collaboration between agencies for excavation permit applications and approvals? a. An online system b. An agency in charge of coordination c. Other coordination mechanism

Connection Requirements

Are the connection requirements for new business water connections available online? (Y/N) What connection requirements are published online? a. Required documents b. Required procedures c. Connection cost d. Stipulated connection time standards

Tariffs and Tariff Settings

Are the current water tariffs available online? (Y/N) Are changes in water tariffs communicated to the public at least one billing cycle in advance? (for example, as published in the press, regulations, or website, through letters, bills, emails, SMS). (Y/N) Is a formula prescribing how end-user water tariff levels are determined publicly available? a. Yes, formula is published online only 68b. Yes, formula is published in the customer bill only c. Yes, formula is published online and in the customer bill d. No, not available

Planned Outages

Are planned water outages made publicly available/communicated to the customers? a. Made publicly available b. Communicated to the customer

Complaint Mechanisms

What type of information is available online to guide customers to file a complaint about water service supply? a. Information on the entity in charge of managing the complaints b. Documents and steps necessary to make a complaint c. Criteria / scope of complaint mechanism (i.e., what issues can be reported) d. Steps necessary to make a complaint

Service Quality Indicators

Are the indicators on quality of supplied water made available online for the public? (Y/N)

Sustainability Indicators

Are the KPIs to monitor the environmental sustainability of water supply available online? (Y/N)

Reliability and Quality of Water Supply

Is the reliability of water supply monitored (for example, continuity and frequency of water service)? Is quality of water monitored (for example, percentage of water receiving chemical treatment, percentage of water unfitted for use)? (Y/N)

Sustainability of Water Supply

Are there Key Performance Indicators to monitor the environmental sustainability of water supply (for example, of disposal of sludge from the water treatment, percentage of wastewater that has been reused)? (Y/N)

Access to Water for Women Entrepreneurs

Does the water utility in [largest city] carry out sex-disaggregated customer surveys in order to measure the quality of services provided by the utility from the perspective of women owned businesses? (Y/N)

Implementation of Inspections for Water Connections

Are internal water installation works typically carried out by a licensed professional/company in practice? (Y/N) Does the contractor/company that performed internal water installations works conduct inspection/ issue certificate of compliance/ check quality of internal installation works? (Y/N) Is the quality check or final inspection by a third-party (other than the one that did installation) conducted in practice to ensure the quality and safety of internal water installation works? (Y/N) Are external water installation works typically carried out by a licensed professional/company in practice? (Y/N). Does the licensed contractor/company that performed external installations conduct inspection/ issue certificate of compliance/ check quality of external water installation works? (Y/N)

Independent Complaint Mechanism

Is there a complaint mechanism available to report issues faced by customers in provision of water (such as incorrect billing or inadequate water supply)? (Y/N) . Is there a complaint mechanism independent from the water utility to escalate the complaints? (Y/N)

Electronic Application

Is it possible to apply electronically for new commercial internet connections? (Y/N) Is it possible to apply electronically for new commercial internet connections? (Y/N)

Electronic Payment

Is it possible to pay electronically for the internet monthly tariffs? (Y/N) Is it possible to pay the fee for the new fixed broadband connection electronically? (Y/N)

Information on Existing Infrastructure and Planned Works

Is there a national/local infrastructure database that would allow the identification of existing infrastructure networks such as underground lines (for example, “dial before you dig,” GIS)? a. Shared database for the network lines of multiple utilities, including electricity, water, and internet b. Database for internet service providers networks . Is there an online platform or a website with the information about the planned works on utility networks that are carried out in the city? (Y/N)

Coordination Mechanisms for Excavation Permits

Are the following in place to facilitate collaboration between agencies for excavation permit applications and approvals? a. An online system b. An agency in charge of coordination c. Other coordination mechanism

Connection Requirements

Are the connection requirements for high-speed broadband internet connection available online? (Y/N) What connection requirements are published online? a. Required documents b. Required procedures c. Connection cost d. Stipulated connection time standards

Tariffs and Tariff Settings

Are the current internet monthly fees available online? (Y/N) Are changes in high-speed broadband connection tariffs communicated to the public at least one billing cycle in advance? (for example, as published in the press, regulations, or website, through letters, bills, emails). (Y/N)

Planned Outages

Are planned internet outages (including government-led outages) made publicly available/communicated to the customers?

Complaint Mechanisms

What type of information is available online to guide customers to file a complaint about digital connectivity? a. Information on the entity in charge of managing the complaints b. Documents necessary to make a complaint c. Criteria and scope of complaint mechanism (i.e., what issues can be reported) d. Steps necessary to make a complaint

Service Quality Indicators

Are the KPIs to monitor reliability and quality of internet supply available online? (Y/N)

Reliability and Quality of Internet Supply

Are there Key Performance Indicators to monitor reliability and quality of internet supply? (download/upload speed, latency, minimum uptimes, throughput, jitter, recovery time etc.) (Y/N)

Access to Internet for Women Entrepreneurs

Does the internet service provider in [largest city] carry out sex-disaggregated customer surveys in order to measure quality of services provided by the utility from the perspective of womenowned businesses? (Y/N)

Cybersecurity Protocols

Which cybersecurity protocols stipulated in the legal and regulatory framework implemented in practice? a. Cybersecurity breaches are reported by the relevant cybersecurity agency to the private sector in practice b. Computer Incident Response Teams or Computer Emergency Readiness Team respond to reported cyberattacks or cybersecurity breaches in practice c. Cyber security incident response drills, trainings or exercises are carried out in practice to test capabilities to prevent, detect, respond and/or recover from cyberattacks or cybersecurity breaches d. Cyber security audits are carried out in practice for critical infrastructure operators to detect vulnerabilities and recommend or enforce remedial actions to prevent cyberattacks or cybersecurity breaches

Independent Complaint Mechanism

Is there a complaint mechanism available to report issues faced by customers in provision of internet services (such as breach of service level agreement performance standards, billing issues, issues with equipment, etc.)? (Y/N) Is there a complaint mechanism independent from the internet provider to escalate complaints? (Y/N)

Time to Obtain an Electricity Connection (from the moment the client submits the connection request until the service is received)

How many days did it take to obtain electrical connection from the day of the application to the day the service was received?

Reliability of Electricity Supply

Number of outages: In a typical month, how many power outages did this establishment experience? Number of outages: In a typical month, how many power outages did this establishment experience? Over the course of fiscal year [Insert last complete fiscal year], did this establishment own or share a generator?

Time to Obtain a Water Connection (from the moment the client submits the connection request until the service is received)

Time to Obtain a Water Connection (from the moment the client submits the connection request until the service is received)

Reliability of Water Supply

Over fiscal year [Insert last complete fiscal year], did this establishment experience insufficient water supply?

Time to Obtain Internet Connection (from the moment the client submits the connection request until the service is received)

How many days did it take to obtain the fixed broadband connection from the day of the application to the day the service was received?

Reliability of Internet Supply

Over fiscal year [Insert last complete fiscal year], did this establishment experience any disruptions to its internet connection, including complete downtime and connection slowdowns? Please exclude disruptions that are directly due to power outages.

Equal Remuneration for Work of Equal Value

Does the law mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value?

Prohibition of Discrimination

Does the law explicitly prohibit discrimination in hiring based on the following criteria? (Y/N) a. Race and ethnicity b. Gender c. Religion or belief d. Political opinion e. Sexual orientation f. Disability g. National extraction (place of birth, ancestry, or foreign origin) or social origin h. Trade-union membership . Does the law explicitly prohibit discrimination in employment based on the following criteria? (Y/N) a. Race and ethnicity b. Gender c. Religion or belief d. Political opinion e. Sexual orientation f. Disability 3g. National extraction (place of birth, ancestry, or foreign origin) or social origin 3h. Trade-union membership 4. Does the law explicitly prohibit discrimination in dismissal based on the following criteria? (Y/N) 4a. Race and ethnicity b. Gender c. Religion or belief d. Political opinion e. Sexual orientation f. Disability g. National extraction (place of birth, ancestry, or foreign origin) or social origin h. Trade-union membership

Freedom of Association and Assembly

Does the law grant all workers the right of freedom of association and assembly?

Right to Collective Bargaining

Does the law grant all workers the right to collective bargaining?

Prohibition of Forced Labor

1.Does the law expressly prohibit forced labor? 2. Does the law mandate labor inspectorates to enforce national legislation on forced labor (that is, to check for forced or compulsory labor, identify vulnerable employees, inspect for abusive employment relationship, etc.)

Minimum Legal Age for Employment

1. Does the law set a minimum legal age for admission to employment? 2. What is the minimum age for employment as specified in the law?

Prohibition of Child Labor

1.Does the law prohibit children from performing work that is likely to harm their health, safety, or morals? 2. Does the law require labor inspectorates to enforce national legislation on child labor? (that is, minimum age of workers, types of work young workers are involved in, working hours, not prejudice to their education or ability to benefit from education)

Existence of Health and Safety Legislation

Is there a national or federal Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) legislation?

Periodic Review of Health and Safety Legislation

Does the law mandate a periodic review of OHS regulations?

Law on Workplace Violence, Discrimination, Harassment, Bullying

Is there a law on? (Y/N) a. Workplace violence b. Discrimination c. Harassment d. Bullying

Protection Against Workplace Violence, Discrimination, Harassment, Bullying through Grievance Mechanisms, Information, and Training

Does the law require employers to provide workers with training on how to identify hazards and risks at the workplace, including prevention and protection measures for the following issues? (Y/N) a. Violence b. Discrimination c. Harassment d. Bullying

Legally Mandated Paid Annual Leave

1. Does the law mandate paid annual leave for workers on a permanent contract? 2. Per calendar year, how many fully paid working days of annual leave a worker on a permanent contract with more than 1 year of employment but less than 5 years is entitled to?

Legally Mandated Paid Sick Leave

Does the law mandate paid sick leave for workers on a permanent contract?

Existence of Minimum Wage in the Private Sector

Is there a minimum wage in the private sector? (Y/N) a. There is one single statutory minimum wage set by law, applicable nationwide, across all sectors of activity and to all workers, irrespective of age or occupation b. There is one single statutory minimum wage and additional sector-specific minimum wage(s) or floor(s) applied in collective bargaining agreement(s) (CBA) c. There is no one single statutory minimum wage but there are multiple sector-specific minimum wage(s) or floors(s) applied in CBA(s) d. There is neither a minimum wage set by law nor sector-specific minimum wages(s) or floors(s) applied in CBA(s) in the private sector. e. There is a statutory minimum wage only in the public sector

Criteria for Determining Minimum Wage Level

Does the law or applicable CBA(s) mandate criteria for setting the minimum wage (i.e., economic growth, cost of living, etc.)? (

Minimum Wage Update Process

Does the law or applicable CBA(s) mandate a periodic process of minimum wage update?

Social Consultation

Does the law mandate social consultation before setting the minimum wage for the first time, if not established previously, or for updating the minimum wage, if established already?

Legally Mandated Notice Period

In case of a redundancy dismissal, does the law mandate a notice period that an employer must provide to an employee?

Legally Mandated Severance Pay

In case of a redundancy dismissal, does the law mandate a severance payment that an employer must provide to an employee?

Notification Requirement for Collective Dismissal

Does an employer have to notify a third party before terminating a group of employees’ equivalent to a collective redundancy—according to your economy's legislation—in the private sector?

No Restrictions on the Use of Fixed-Term Contracts for Any Task

Does the law allow the use of fixed-term contracts for any type of task/job?

No Restrictions on the Use of Fixed-Term Contracts for Permanent Tasks

Does the law allow the use of fixed-term contracts for permanent tasks specifically, i.e., tasks or jobs of permanent nature to the firm, not dissolved once the task is accomplished?

No Legal Mandate for Firms to Pay Wage Premium for Night Work

Does the law mandate a wage premium for night work?

No Restrictions on Overtime Work Within a Limit of 56 Hours Weekly Maximum

What is the standard number of working hours mandated by law (not including overtime)? What is the maximum number of overtime working hours per week mandated by law?

No Legal Mandate for Firms to Pay for Unemployment Protection Directly

Does the law require firms to pay for unemployment protection for a permanent (open-ended) fulltime worker on firm’s payroll? (i.e., the payment requirement could be part of labor taxes, social security contribution, or separate non–tax-related payment incurred by the firm if a worker is terminated earlier on a basis of redundancy)

No Legal Mandate for Firms to Pay for Health Care Directly

Does the law require firms to pay for health care for a permanent (open-ended) full-time worker on firm’s payroll? (i.e., the payment requirement could be part of labor taxes, social security contribution, or separate non-tax-related mandatory payment incurred by the firm)

No Legal Mandate for Firms to Pay for Pensions Directly

Does the law require firms to pay retirement pension for a permanent (open-ended) full-time worker on firm’s payroll? (i.e., the payment requirement could be part of labor taxes, social security contribution, or separate non–tax-related mandatory payment incurred by the firm)

Lawful Grounds, Including Business Needs, for Individual Dismissal

Does the law allow individual dismissal based on business needs or due to redundancy reasons?

Minimum Wage Rate

Provide the monthly minimum wage or floor in local currency for a worker on a permanent contract, over 25 years of age with lowest complexity of work and corresponding responsibilities, in the largest business city in the economy, for the following two sectors: a. Manufacturing (car parts industry): [numerical value of wage in local currency] b.Services (food retail): [numerical value of wage in local currency]

Lenght of Notice Period

Amount of Severance Payment

No Third-Party Approval Requirement for Individual Dismissal

No Third-Party Approval Requirement for Collective Dismissal

Availability of Government-Provided Unemployment Insurance

In the economy, is there government-provided unemployment protection scheme for workers in the private sector in the economy? a. Yes, there is a government-provided unemployment insurance provided to all categories of workers (including nontraditional ones such as domestic, temporary agency, or platform workers) who meet the eligibility requirements b. Yes, there is a government-provided unemployment insurance but some categories of workers such as temporary agency workers, platform workers or ot

Funding for Unemployment Insurance from General Tax Revenues

If there is a government-provided unemployment protection scheme, how is it funded? a. Through general tax revenue c. Through both general tax revenue and taxes on employers, including mandatory labor taxes or social contributions

Availability of Universal Health Care

Which of the following types of health care coverage are available to workers in the private sector in the economy? (select all that apply) (Y/N) a. Non-contributory government-funded essential health care coverage available universally (i.e., to all citizens whether or not employed) b. Contributory health care coverage available through employment only (i.e., the worker’s health care benefits are lost as he/she/they leaves one employer and are resuscitated as he/she/they starts a new employment relationship) c. Contributory health care coverage available through employment or self on a voluntary basis (i.e., a worker, including self-employed workers, can voluntarily contribute to mandatory health care scheme)

Funding for Health Care from General Tax Revenues

How is the health care system, if provided by the government in the economy, funded? (Y/N) a. Through general tax revenue b. Through taxes on employers, including mandatory labor taxes or social security contributions c. Through both general tax revenue and taxes on employers, including mandatory labor taxes or social contributions

Availability of Government-Provided Retirement Pension Scheme

Which of the following types of retirement pension schemes are available to workers in the private sector in the economy? a. Non-contributory government-funded retirement pension benefit available universally (i.e., to all citizens whether or not employed, means-tested or pension-tested) b. Contributory retirement pension benefit available through employment only c. Contributory retirement pension benefit available through employment or self-employment on a voluntary basis

Funding for Non-Contributory Retirement Pension from General Tax Revenues

How is the pension system if provided by the government in the economy funded? (Y/N) a. Through general tax revenue c. Through both general tax revenue and taxes on employers, including mandatory labor taxes or social contributions

Existence of a National Employment Service Center

Is there a national employment service center in the largest city in this economy?

No Legal Mandate for Firms to Pay for Employment Service Center Services

Does the law require firms to pay for employment service center services (i.e., the payment requirement could be part of labor taxes, social security contribution, or separate non–tax-related mandatory payment incurred by the firm)?

Legal Mandate for Vocational Guidance and Training for Unemployed and Job Seekers

Does your economy have a law or regulation that establishes vocational guidance and training for the unemployed and job seekers?

Existence of Public Training Programs for Unemployed and Job Seekers

Are public training programs for the unemployed and job seekers available?

Existence of a Functioning, Specialized, and Independent Mechanism for Resolution of a Labor Dispute

Does your economy have a functioning, specialized, and independent mechanism for resolution of a labor dispute (of any kind)?

Existence of Alternative Dispute Resolution Process for a Labor Dispute

Which of the following types of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms are available to resolve a labor dispute? a. Judicial conciliation/mediation (court-annexed) b. Non-judicial conciliation/mediation (private person to mediate) c. Arbitration

Existence of a Central Labor Inspectorate

Best Practice Initiation of Labor Inspections

Existence of Data on Reported Number of Cases/Complaints for Labor Violations

Ratio of Social Contribution

Provide the total annual costs of social security payments and employment-based taxes, excluding employee taxes that were withheld for the last fiscal year in local currency units.

Percent of Firms Identifying Labor Regulations as a Constraint

To what degree are labor regulations an obstacle to the current operations of this establishment? a. No obstacle b. Minor obstacle c. Moderate obstacle d. Major obstacle e. Very severe obstacle

Weeks to Dismiss Full-Time Permanent Worker

How many weeks did it typically take—from the time the notice of dismissal was provided to the worker until the worker was removed from the establishment’s payroll? (Please include all prenotice requirements, notifications, and wait times.) [numerical value in weeks]

Weeks Paid in Severance

How much was a typical severance payment, in weeks of paid salary, for a dismissed permanent, full-time worker? (Please include pay and benefits but exclude unpaid salaries.) [numerical value]

Percent of Firms with Formal Training Programs for its Permanent, Full-Time Workers

How many months did it typically take from the moment the dispute arose until it got resolved, whether through an agreement, court decision, or other means?

Percent of Firms Involved in Labor Dispute over Last 3 Years

Over the last three years, has this establishment been involved in any labor disputes?

Months to Resolve Labor Dispute

How many months did it typically take from the moment the dispute arose until it got resolved, whether through an agreement, court decision, or other means?

Percent of Firms Visited or Inspected for Workplace Health and Safety

Over the fiscal year in reference to workplace health and safety, was this establishment visited or inspected by a government labor inspector or has it been required to meet with one?

Percent of Firms with a Report Issued by Inspectorate for Workplace Health and Safety

As a result of these inspections, was a report issued to the establishment by the inspectorate? If there has been more than one inspection, please consider the latest completed inspection

Requirement to Conduct CDD and Risk Factors

1. Are there any legal requirements in your economy’s regulatory framework or provisions to conduct a customer due diligence (that is, screening of customers, anti-money laundering/combating the financing of terrorism [AML/CFT] measures) while evaluating a business loan application? 2. If the answer to question 1 is Yes, does the regulatory framework require that upon reviewing a commercial loan application for new customer, the lender verifies: The purpose/intended use of the loan 3. Does the economy’s regulatory framework require implementing a risk-based approach when performing a customer due diligence? 4. If the answer to question 3 is Yes, what anti-money laundering/combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) risk factors are considered: (Y/N) a. Risk factors related to the customer’s identity b. Risk factors related to the customer’s products, services, transactions, geography, or delivery channels 5. If the answer to 4a is Yes, does the regulatory framework specify the following anti-money laundering/combating the financing of terrorism risk factors related to the identity of the customer: (Y/N) a. The beneficial owner of the customer b. The ownership structure of the company appears unusual or excessively complex given the nature of the company’s business c. Applicant firm is involved in or part of an international structure (for example, owned by a foreign holding, has foreign affiliates) d. The entity/vehicle is a Personal Asset Holding Vehicle (that is, legal person or arrangement especially created to hold personal assets for investment) e. Companies that have nominee shareholders or shares in bearer form f. The business relationship is conducted in unusual circumstances (for example, significant unexplained geographic distance between the financial institution and the customer) g. Businesses that are cash-intensive/reliant h. Applicant firm is located in a high-risk geographical location 6. If the answer to 4b is Yes, does the regulatory framework specify anti-money laundering/combating the financing of terrorism risk factors related to the business activity of the applicant such as whether: (Y/N) a. The applicant is involved in private banking b. The applicant had anonymous transactions (for example, transactions which may include cash) c. Non–face-to-face business relationships or transactions are undertaken d. Payments are received from unknown or unassociated third parties e. The applicant operates or undertakes activities in a high-risk geographical location f. Other (please list)

CDD for Existing Customers and Record Keeping

1. Does the regulatory framework allow reliance on customer due diligence conducted previously for existing customers, unless there are doubts about the accuracy of that information? 2. Do commercial lenders in the economy rely on an e-KYC system (unified digital ID, RegTechs, third-party identity verification) when performing customer due diligence? 3. Does the regulatory framework require maintaining, for at least five years, all necessary records of transactions, both domestic and international, to enable them to comply swiftly with information requests from the competent authorities? 4. For high-risk cases, does the regulatory framework require that the commercial lender ensure that documents, data, or information collected under the customer due dilig

Simplified CDD

1. Are simplified customer due diligence measures available for low-risk clients applying for commercial loans, under the economy’s regulatory framework? 2. Does the framework provide guidance on how to determine a low-risk client?

Enhanced CDD

1. Are enhanced customer due diligence measures available for high-risk clients applying for commercial loans, under the economy’s regulatory framework? 2. Does the framework provide guidance on how to determine a high-risk client?

Integrated Legal Framework for Secured Transactions

1.Are at least 3 out of 4 functional equivalents (fiduciary transfer of title, financial lease, assignment or transfer of receivables and sales with retention of title) regulated under the same law and registered at the same registry to be enforceable against third parties? (Y/N) 2. Are at least 3 out of 4 functional equivalents (fiduciary transfer of title, financial lease, assignment or transfer of receivables and sales with retention of title) regulated under the same law and registered at the same registry to be enforceable against third parties? (Y/N). 3.Are at least 3 out of 4 functional equivalents (fiduciary transfer of title, financial lease, assignment or transfer of receivables and sales with retention of title) regulated under the same law and registered at the same registry to be enforceable against third parties? (Y/N) 4. Are at least 3 out of 4 functional equivalents (fiduciary transfer of title, financial lease, assignment or transfer of receivables and sales with retention of title) regulated under the same law and registered at the same registry to be enforceable against third parties? (Y/N) 5.Are at least 3 out of 4 functional equivalents (fiduciary transfer of title, financial lease, assignment or transfer of receivables and sales with retention of title) regulated under the same law and registered at the same registry to be enforceable against third parties? (Y/N)

Security Interest in a Single Category of Movable Assets

Can a debtor grant a secured creditor a non-possessory security interest over only its accounts receivable or the outstanding debts owed to the debtor by third parties? (Y/N) Can a debtor grant a secured creditor a non-possessory security interest over only its inventory? Can a debtor grant a secured creditor a non-possessory security interest over only its accounts receivable or the outstanding debts owed to the debtor by third parties? (Y/N)

Security Interest in Combined Category of Movable Assets

According to the law, can a debtor grant a secured creditor a security interest in a combined category of assets?

Security Interest over Future Assets

Can a debtor use future assets as movable assets to secure a loan? (Y/N)

Debts and Obligations

1. Can all types of fluctuating debts and obligations be secured with a single category of movable assets? (Y/N) 2. Can all types of fluctuating debts and obligations be secured with a single category of movable assets? (Y/N) 3. Can all types of fluctuating debts and obligations be secured with a single category of movable assets? (Y/N) 4.Can all types of fluctuating debts and obligations be secured with a combined category of movable assets? (Y/N)

Priority of Claims Outside of Insolvency or Bankruptcy

Does a secured creditor have an absolute priority over all other creditor claims that were never registered or that were registered afterward before any court proceedings are initiated? Please consider this question for the security interests both in one category and a combined category of movable assets

Enforcement of Security Interests

Does the law allow parties to a security agreement, at the time a security interest is created, to agree to enforce the security interest outside of court if the debtor defaults? Please consider this question for the security interests both in one category and a combined category of movable assets. (Y/N) 41. If the answer to question 40 is Yes, can a sale of the asset take place through a public auction? (Y/N) . If the answer to question is Yes, can a sale of the asset take place through a private sale? (Y/N) . If the answer to question is Yes, is a “pactum commissorium” possible in your economy? May the secured creditor automatically appropriate the encumbered asset upon default of the debtor? (Y/N) . If the answer to question is Yes, is the creditor allowed to acquire the asset as a full repayment of the debt by agreement? (Y/N)

External Review and Internal Control

Are there provisions in the regulatory framework that mandate external review of regulatory compliance of payment service providers? Please provide the answer for both banks and nonbanks. (Y/N) what is the scope of the review? a. Anti-money laundering/combating of financing of terrorism audit b. IT (information technology) risk management review c. Data protection and privacy review d. Operational and security risk management review e. Financial risk management review f. Regulatory reporting review (evaluate whether regulatory reporting requirements are properly done and in a timely manner) g. Other

Cybersecurity and Operational Risk

Are there provisions in the regulatory framework for e-payments that list requirements for cybersecurity? Please provide the answer for both banks and non-banks. (Y/N)

Liquidity Risk

Are there provisions in the regulatory framework for banks and non-bank PSPs that define requirements to ensure customers have guaranteed access to their funds (refers to funds placed with the PSP) on demand for withdrawal and payments subject to reasonable restrictions? Please provide the answer for both banks and non-banks. (Y/N) Are there any provisions in the regulatory framework that define customer usage limits for users of electronic payment services? Please provide the answer for both banks and non-banks. (Y/N)

Obligations of User and Payment Service Provider (PSP)

1. Are there provisions in the regulatory framework that limit the use of the payment instrument (for example, limiting the locations of use or the type of transactions) and the access to payment accounts by payment service provider? Please provide the answer for both banks and non-banks. (Y/N) 2.Does the regulatory framework define the obligations of the payment service user in relation to payment instruments and personalized security credentials? Please provide the answer for both banks and non-banks. (Y/N)

Cancellation of Erroneous Transactions, Protection of Funds Held by Non-Bank PSPs and Liability of Unauthorized Payments

Are there provisions in the regulatory framework that require payment service provider to allow for cancellation or modification of payment transactions by the payer unilaterally up to the time it has been executed by the payer’s payment service provider? Please provide the answer for both banks and non-banks. (Y/N)

Disclosure of Fees and Notification of Fee Changes

Are there provisions in the regulatory framework requiring the following? Please provide the answer for both banks and non-banks. (Y/N) a. Notification about suspicious activity b. Rectification of unauthorized or incorrectly executed e-payment transactions c. Other

Disclosure of Liability, Use of Data, and Dispute Mechanisms

1. Are there general provisions in the regulatory framework that regulate liability for fraud? (Y/N) 2.Are there provisions in the regulatory framework defining the payment service provider’s liability for unauthorized payment transactions? Please provide the answer for both banks and non-banks. (Y/N)

Disputing a Transaction

1. Are payment service providers required to have an independent unit in charge of dispute resolution? Please provide the answer for both banks and non-banks. (Y/N) 2.Does the regulatory framework establish an independent governmental authority that parties can resort to in case the dispute was not resolved internally? Please provide the answer for both banks and non-banks. (Y/N)

Availability of Dispute Mechanisms

In case a dispute is pending resolution, does the law allow the recipient to continue collecting undisputed charges (when applicable)? Please provide the answer for both banks and non-banks. (Y/N)

Interoperability of Payment Systems

How is the level and extent of interoperability characterized in the jurisdiction? Please provide the answer for both banks and non-banks. a. A payer can make payment from his/her payment service provider to only payees with the same payment service provider  b. A payer can make payment to payees in most payment service providers  c. A payer can make a payment to payees in all payment service providers, including non-bank PSPs d. Other

Fair Competition

a. Electronic payment service providers  b. Payment systems c. Instruments  d. Products  e. Business models f. Channels

Equal Access and Treatment of Different PSPs

1. Are the rules/procedures for registration and licensing applied for all new payment service providers, instruments, products, business models and channels, in a fair and proportionate manner and ensure a level playing field? (Y/N) 2.Does the regulatory framework set functional requirements for payment service providers? (Y/N)

Data Coverage

1. Are data on loans for individuals being shared with financial institutions (the question refers to data on individuals and not on group of individuals)? (Y/N) 2.Are data on loans for firms being shared with financial institutions? (Y/N) 3. Does your credit bureau/registry share credit information cross-border in practice? (Y/N) 4. Does the credit bureau/registry use technical reporting codes or special reporting to identify crises-related data? (for example, financial, health, and climate related arrears)? (Y/N)

Types of Data Collected and Shared

1.Are data on original amount of loan and outstanding amount of loan for individuals collected from and shared with financial institutions? 2. Are data on the loan payments of individuals collected from and shared with financial institutions? 3. Are data on original amount of loan and outstanding amount of loan for firms collected from and shared with financial institutions? 4. Are data on the loan payments of firms collected from and shared with financial institutions? 5. For how long are historical data (both positive and negative information) preserved in the database and shared in credit reports? 6. What is the minimum loan size (in local currency) that is included in the database, if any? If your credit bureau/registry has no minimum loan requirement, please enter “0”. If different minimum loan amounts apply to individuals and firms, please use the lesser amount.

Additional Services and Borrower's Access to Information

1. Is a borrower’s right to access their own credit data guaranteed by law or regulation?  (Y/N) 2. Does the law or regulation establish the right of the borrower to request corrections of any mistakes in the data? (Y/N) 3. What is the cost in local currency for borrowers to access their data? Please enter the cost in local currency. 4. Can the borrower access their credit data online? (Y/N) 5. Does the law or regulation require a notification to the customer/borrower of negative information reported to the credit bureau or registry? (Y/N) 6. Does your credit bureau/registry provide credit scores as a value-added service to banks and other financial institutions? (Y/N)

Existence of a Centralized and Publicly Available Registry

1. Is the registry in operation? (Y/N) 2. Is the collateral registry (the database) either centralized geographically for the entire economy or linked among different geographic regions within the economy? (Y/N) 3. Can everyone, including members of the public, access the data in the registry without restriction from any geographic location in the economy? (Y/N) 4. Does the registry have an electronic database searchable by debtor’s name or unique identifier? (Y/N) 5. Can the collateral be searchable by a serial number in the registry? (Y/N)

Notice-Based Registry Updates

1.Is this a notice-based registry? (Y/N) 2. Does the registry verify the legality of the transaction once the notice of security interest has been submitted? (Y/N; N – good practice) 3. Does the registry staff review the correctness, completion, and accuracy of the information in the filing of the notice? (Y/N; N – good practice) 4. Does the registry cover all types of security interests in movable assets (other than vehicles, ships, aircraft, intermediated securities, or intellectual property), including functional equivalents such as fiduciary transfers of title, financial lease agreements, assignments of receivables, and retention of title sales? (Y/N)

Autonomy of Secured Creditors to Access and Update the Registry

1. Does the collateral registry have an online system for registrations, amendments, renewals, cancellations, and searches of security interests? (Y/N) 2. Does the clerk of the registry (or any other third party) review or vet with registering or searching of a security interest? (Y/N; N – good practice) 3. Who can perform the registration? 4. What is the process of creating an account with the registry?

Time to Obtain a Loan

Time to Obtain a Loan

Obstacles to Obtaining a Loan

Obstacles to Obtaining a Loan

Operational Efficiency of Security Interest and Credit Data Update

How long does it take in practice from the moment the information is submitted to the credit bureau/registry for it to be reflected in the database used for credit reports? Please enter the number of days.

Cost to Receive e-Payments

a. Cost per transaction: As a percentage of a typical transaction, how much does it cost to accept payments. b. Other costs: What is the cost per month to accept payments? Please include all monthly fees, subscription costs, point of sales terminal costs, maintenance, and other costs.

Cost to Make e-Payments

As a percentage of a typical transaction, how much does it cost to make payments?

Time to Receive e-Payments

How many days does it take on average from when an order is placed until the money is received?

Usage Level in Receiving e-Payments

What percentage of total sales for a typical month does this establishment receive from its customers through electronic payments: that is, other than cash or check payments?

Usage Level in Making e-Payments

What percentage of the total payments that this establishment makes in a typical month is done through electronic payments that is, other than cash or check payments, excluding payments to government and payroll?

Establishment of Maritime Single Window

Has the economy implemented in practice the following international conventions governing the use of international standards? (Y/N) Convention (2005) on Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic

Temporary Admission of Goods

Has the economy implemented in practice the following international conventions governing the use of international standards? (Y/N) Convention (1990) on the Temporary Admission of Goods (Istanbul Convention)

Rules on Liability of Carriers

Has the economy implemented in practice the following international conventions governing the use of international standards? (Y/N) International Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea (Hamburg Rules-1978)

Simplified Visa Regime – Foreign Crew Members and Service Providers

According to the legal framework, are restrictions on visa processes (specifically, no visa exemption, no visa on arrival, or no crew member visa) for crew members and service providers applicable in the following service subsectors? (Y/N; N – good practice) a. Maritime freight b. Road freight c. Air freight

Reasons for License Rejection, Suspension and Cancellation (Freight Transport)

Must applicants be informed of the reasons for license rejection, suspension, and cancellation in the following service sectors? (Y/N) a. Freight transport services

Reasons for License Rejection, Suspension and Cancellation (Logistics Services)

Must applicants be informed of the reasons for license rejection, suspension, and cancellation in the following service sectors? (Y/N) b. Logistics services

Right to Appeal (Goods) - Administrative

Right to Appeal (Goods) - Judicial

Right to Appeal (Services) – Administrative (Freight Transport)

Do service providers or professionals have the right to administratively appeal regulatory decisions in the following sectors affecting international trade in services? (Y/N) a. Freight transport services

Right to Appeal (Services) – Administrative (Logistics Services)

Do service providers or professionals have the right to administratively appeal regulatory decisions in the following sectors affecting international trade in services? (Y/N) Logistics services

Right to Appeal (Services) – Judicial (Freight Transport)

Do service providers or professionals have the right to judicially appeal regulatory decisions in the following sectors affecting international trade in services? (Y/N) Freight transport services

Right to Appeal (Services) – Judicial (Logistics Services)

Do service providers or professionals have the right to judicially appeal regulatory decisions in the following sectors affecting international trade in services? (Y/N) Logistics services

De Minimis Value

What is de minimis value threshold in local currency (local currency units, LCU)?

Legal Requirements for the Imposition of Non-Tariff Measures

Are there legal provisions that regulate the imposition of the following non-tariff measures affecting international trade in goods? (Y/N) a. Sanitary and phytosanitary measures b. Technical barriers to trade c. Pre-shipment inspections d. Import quotas e. Import licensing f. Price controls g. Local content requirements h. Export restrictions

Electronic Contracts

Does the regulatory framework provide foreign issued electronic contracts with legal validity and enforceability? (Y/N)

Electronic Signatures

Does the regulatory framework provide foreign electronic signatures with legal validity and enforceability? (Y/N)

Technology Neutrality

Does the regulatory framework establish the principle of technology neutrality in the context of digital trade? (Y/N)

Cross-Border Data Flows

Is there a regulatory framework on personal data protection that regulates cross-border data flows? (Y/N)

Cross-Border Carbon Pricing Instruments

Has a cross-border carbon pricing instrument (for example, international/regional carbon emission trading scheme, border carbon adjustment mechanisms, etc.) been legally adopted? (Y/N)

Tariffs on Environmental Goods

What is the highest effectively applied tariff rate on any of [the top 5 most traded goods among the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) list of environmental goods]? (% / Local currency units per unit of measure)

Endangered Species

Have the following international conventions and their amendments been implemented? (Y/N) a. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

Oil, Chemical, Sewage and Air Pollution

Have the following international conventions and their amendments been implemented? (Y/N) b. The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)

Hazardous Chemicals or Pesticides

Have the following international conventions and their amendments been implemented? (Y/N) c. Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade

Gender Equality in Trade Agreements

Have any enforceable provisions listing minimum commitments on the following gender issues been implemented in any of the PTAs? (Y/N) a. Gender equality

Women’s Participation in Economic and Development Activity

Have any enforceable provisions listing minimum commitments on the following gender issues been implemented in any of the PTAs? (Y/N) b. Women's participation in economic and development activities

Freedom of Association and Right to Collective Bargaining

Has the following fundamental principle of the International Labour Organization (ILO) been ratified as an enforceable provision listing minimum commitments in any of the preferential trade agreements (PTAs)? (Y/N)

Absence of Non-Notified PTAs

If a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), is the economy a party to preferential trade agreements (PTAs) not notified to the WTO? (Y/N; N – good practice)

Duty Free Trade

Have commitments in the following policy areas been implemented in any of the PTAs? (Y/N) a. Tariff preferences and export taxes

Digital Trade

Have commitments in the following policy areas been implemented in any of the PTAs? (Y/N) d. Digital trade

Investment and Movement of Capital

Have commitments in the following policy areas been implemented in any of the PTAs? (Y/N) e. Investment and movement of capital measures 13c. Technical barriers to trade

Trade in Services

Have commitments on trade in services been implemented in any of the PTAs listed above? (Y/N)

Harmonization of Regulation on Non-Tariff Measures

Freight Transport Services Sector

Have commitments in the following service subsectors been implemented in any of the preferential trade agreements (PTAs)? (Y/N) a. Freight transport services (maritime; road; air)

Logistics Services Sector

Have commitments in the following service subsectors been implemented in any of the preferential trade agreements (PTAs)? (Y/N) b. Logistics services (cargo handling; storage and warehousing; customs brokers)

Competent Authorities to Oversee the Implementation of PTAs

Competent Authorities to Oversee the Implementation of PTAs

Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

When importing [FILL WITH AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT HS 6-DIGIT] from any trading partner, which of the following sanitary and phytosanitary measures are required by law? (Y/N) a. Health inspections and/or certifications b. Phytosanitary inspections and/or certifications c. Fumigation or disinfection and/or certifications d. Pest control inspection and/or certifications

Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (National Treatment)

Considering the above sanitary and phytosanitary measures required by law for the importation of [FILL WITH AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT HS 6-DIGIT] from any trading partner, do they breach the principle of national treatment? (Y/N; N – good practice)

Technical Barriers to Trade

When importing [FILL WITH MANUFACTURED PRODUCT HS 6-DIGIT] from any trading partner, which of the following types of technical barriers to trade are required by law? (Y/N) a. Product characteristics b. Product-related processes and production methods c. Terminology or symbols d. Packaging e. Labeling and marking

Technical Barriers to Trade (National Treatment)

Considering the above technical barriers to trade measures required for the importation of [FILL WITH MANUFACTURED PRODUCT HS 6-DIGIT] from any trading partner, do they breach the principle of national treatment? (Y/N; N – good practice)

Absence of Pre-Shipment Inspections

When importing [FILL WITH MANUFACTURED PRODUCT HS 6-DIGIT] from any trading partner, what measures are required by law to complete the following pre-shipment inspections (PSI) and/or Destination Inspections (DI)? (Y/N; N – good practice) a. Quality control b. Conformity verification c. Customs valuation

Absence of Contingent Trade-Protective Measures

In the last three years, when importing any product under [FILL WITH AGRICULTURAL AND MANUFACTURED PRODUCT CHAPTER (HS 2-DIGIT)] from any trading partner, which contingent trade-protective measures were enforced in practice in the last three years? (Y/N; N – good practice) a. Anti-dumping duties b. Countervailing duties c. Safeguards measures

Absence of Quantity Control Measures

When importing [FILL WITH AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT CHAPTER (HS 2-DIGIT)] from any trading partner, which of the following non-technical non-tariff measures imposed for economic purposes are required by law? (Y/N) a. Non-automatic import licensing b. Import quotas c. Import prohibitions 2.When importing [FILL WITH AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT CHAPTER (HS 2-DIGIT)] from any trading partner, which of the following non-technical non-tariff measures imposed for economic purposes are required by law? (Y/N) a. Non-automatic import licensing b. Import quotas c. Import prohibitions

Absence of Price Control Measures

When importing [FILL WITH AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT CHAPTER (HS 2-DIGIT)] from any trading partner, which of the following non-technical non-tariff measures imposed for economic purposes are required by law? (Y/N) Price-control measures 2. When importing [FILL WITH MANUFACTURED PRODUCT CHAPTER (HS 2-DIGIT)] from any trading partner, which of the following non-technical non-tariff measures imposed for economic purposes are required by law? (Y/N; N – good practice) Price-control measures

Absence of Finance Measures

When importing [FILL WITH AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT CHAPTER (HS 2-DIGIT)] from any trading partner, which of the following non-technical non-tariff measures imposed for economic purposes are required by law? (Y/N) 2. When importing [FILL WITH MANUFACTURED PRODUCT CHAPTER (HS 2-DIGIT)] from any trading partner, which of the following non-technical non-tariff measures imposed for economic purposes are required by law? (Y/N; N – good practice) Finance restrictions

Absence of Export Restrictions

When exporting any product under [FILL WITH AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS [AGRICULTURAL (HS 2-DIGIT)] to any trading partner, are any export restrictions required by law? (Y/N; N – good practice) and When exporting any product under [FILL WITH AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS [AGRICULTURAL (HS 2-DIGIT)] to any trading partner, are any export restrictions required by law? (Y/N; N – good practice)

Absence of Caps on the Number of Operating Licenses (Freight Transport)

According to the legal framework, are there any caps on the number of operating licenses applicable to the following service subsectors? (Y/N; N – good practice) a. Maritime freight b. Road freight c. Air freight d. Cargo handling e. Storage and warehousing f. Customs brokerage

Absence of Price Floors and Price Guidelines (Freight Transport)

According to the legal framework, are there any price floors and/or pricing guidelines, set by the government or other entities, in the following service subsectors? (Y/N; N – good practice) a. Maritime freight b. Road freight c. Air freight

Absence of Mandatory Use of Certified Operators (Freight Transport)

According to the legal framework, is there a mandatory requirement to use certified operators in the following service subsectors? (Y/N; N – good practice) a. Maritime freight b. Road freight c. Air freight d. Cargo handling e. Storage and warehousing f. Customs brokerage

Absence of Caps on the Number of Operating Licenses (Logistics)

According to the legal framework, are there any caps on the number of operating licenses applicable to the following service subsectors? (Y/N; N – good practice) d. Cargo handling e. Storage and warehousing f. Customs brokerage

Absence of Price Floors and Price Guidelines (Logistics)

According to the legal framework, are there any price floors and/or pricing guidelines, set by the government or other entities, in the following service subsectors? (Y/N; N – good practice) d. Cargo handling e. Storage and warehousing f. Customs brokerage

Absence of Mandatory Use of Certified Operators (Logistics)

According to the legal framework, is there a mandatory requirement to use certified operators in the following service subsectors? (Y/N; N – good practice) a. Cargo handling b. Storage and warehousing

Safety Regulations – Certification for Operators (Freight Transport)

According to the legal framework, are there any statutory certification and training requirements for operators in the following service subsectors? (Y/N) a. Maritime freight b. Road freight c. Air freight

Safety Regulations – Equipment (Freight Transport)

According to the legal framework, are there any statutory requirements on inspection intervals and recertification of equipment in the following service subsectors? (Y/N) a. Maritime freight b. Road freight c. Air freight

Safety Regulations – Maximum Hours (Freight Transport)

According to the legal framework, are there any statutory requirements on the maximum number of working hours before mandatory rest in the following service subsectors? (Y/N) a. Maritime freight b. Road freight c. Air freight

Safety Regulations – Certification for Operators (Logistics)

According to the legal framework, are there any statutory certification and training requirements for operators in the following service subsectors? (Y/N) a. Cargo handling b. Storage and warehousing

Safety Regulations – Equipment (Logistics)

According to the legal framework, are there any statutory requirements on inspection intervals and recertification of equipment in the following service subsectors? (Y/N)

Safety Regulations – Maximum Hours (Logistics)

According to the legal framework, are there any statutory requirements on the maximum number of working hours before mandatory rest in the following service subsectors? (Y/N) aa. Cargo handling b. Storage and warehousing

Absence of Additional Restrictions for Female Service Providers

According to the legal framework, are there any additional restriction(s) applicable to women service providers in any of the above measures in the following service subsectors (for example, ineligibility to apply for operating licenses or additional statutory certification and training requirements)? (Y/N; N – good practice) a. Maritime freight b. Road freight c. Air freight